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Английский язык

Готовимся к ЕГЭ

I.  Тренировочные упражнения для выполнения заданий по грамматике и лексике

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THE AGE OF CHIVALRY

Edward III and his eldest son, the Black Prince, were 1) _______ (GREAT) admired in England for their 2)_______ (COURAGEOUS) on the battlefield and for their courtly manners. They became symbols of the "code of chivalry", the way in which a perfect knight should behave. Edward introduced the idea of chivalry into his court. Once, a lady at court 3) _______ (ACCIDENT) dropped her garter (подвязка) and Edward III noticed some of his courtiers laughing at her. He picked up the garter and tied it to his own leg, saying in French "Let him be 4) _______ (SHAME) who sees wrong in it." From this strange yet 5) _______ (PROBABLE) true story, the Order of the Garter was founded in 1348. Edward chose as members of the order 24 knights, the same number the 6) _______ (LEGEND) Arthur had chosen. They met once a year at Windsor Castle, where King Arthur's Round Table was supposed to have been. Chivalry was a 7) _____ (USE) way of persuading men to fight by creating the idea that war was a noble and 8)_______(GLORY) thing.

THE CRISIS OF KINGSHIP

During the 14th century, towards the end of the Middle Ages, there was a 1) _______ (CONTINUE)

struggle between the king and the nobles. The first crisis came in 1327 when Edward II was 2) (CRUEL) murdered. Towards the end of the 14th century Richard II was the second king killed by 3) _______(AMBITION) lords. He had made himself extremely4) ________ (POPULAR) by his choice of advisers. This was always a difficult matter, because the king's advisers became5) ________ (POWER) and those not chosen lost influence and wealth. Some of Richard's strongest critics had been the most 6) _______ (INFLUENCE) men in the kingdom. King Richard II was young and very 7) __________ (PRIDE).He 8) _______ (PRISON) his uncle, John of Gaunt, who was the 9)________(WEALTH) noble of his time.

THE REFORMATION

The Church was a huge landowner, and the monasteries were no longer important to economic and social 1)________________ (GROW) in the way they had been two hundred years earlier. In fact they were 2) ________(POPULAR) because many monks no longer led a good 3)________(RELIGION) life but lived in wealth and comfort. Henry 4) ________ (LIKE) the power of the Church in England because, since it was an 5) _________(NATIONAL) organization, he couldn't completely control it. Henry had another reason for standing up to the authority of the Church. Henry tried to persuade the pope to allow him to divorce Catherine of Aragon.6) _______ (NORMAL), Henry needn't have expected any7)_______(DIFFICULT). His chief minister, Cardinal Wolsey, had already been8) ________ (SKILL) in advising on Henry's foreign and home policy. But the pope was controlled by the king of Spain who was Catherine's nephew. The pope forbade Henry's divorce. Henry was extremely angry and the first person to feel his 9) ________ (ANGRY) was Cardinal Wolsey. Wolsey only escaped 10) _ ________ (EXECUTE) by dying of natural causes on his way to the king's court.

THOMAS JEFFERSON

Jefferson was entrusted with the actual writing of the Declaration of Independence due to his1)_______(POWER) writing style, his personal character and his 2)________(EMBODY) of the political spirit of the time. It took Jefferson 2 days to complete the draft using, as he said later, neither book nor pamphlet. Adams and Franklin made minor 3)_________(ALTER) and the document was submitted to Congress. "All men are created equal", - the document proclaimed, - "with the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of 4)________(HAPPY)", adding that "the 5)________(GOVERN) derive their powers only by the consent of the governed." On July, 2, the delegates of the Congress resumed their debate on becoming free and independent the end of the day the resolution for 6)________(SEPARATE)was adopted. Two days later on July, 4, 1776, after making only a few changes the 7)________( CONTINENT ) Congress

adopted the Declaration of Independence.

ALEXANDER FLEMING

Having witnessed the death of many soldiers from septicemia resulting from infected wounds, after the war Fleming 1) _______(ACTIVE) searched for anti-bacterial agents. Unfortunately antiseptics killed the patients' immunological defences 2) ________ (EFFECTIVE) than they killed the invading

bacteria. "When I woke up just after dawn on September 28, 1928, I certainly didn't plan to3)_______(REVOLUTION) all medicine by discovering the world's first antibiotic, or bacteria 4)________(KILL)," Fleming would later say, "But I guess that was exactly what I did." By 1928, Fleming had developed a reputation as a brilliant 5) _______ (RESEARCH), but quite a 6)_________(CARE) lab technician; he often forgot cultures that he worked on, and his lab in general was usually in chaos. After returning from a long holiday, Fleming noticed that many of his culture dishes were contaminated with a fungus, and he threw the dishes in disinfectant. But subsequently, he had to show a 7) _________ (VISIT) what he had been researching, and so he retrieved some of the submerged dishes that he would have otherwise discarded. He then noticed a zone around an invading fungus where the bacteria could not seem to grow. Fleming proceeded to isolate an extract from the mouldy bread, correctly identified it as being from the Penicillium genus, and therefore named the agent penicillin. Fleming published his 8) ________ (DISCOVE) in 1929 in the British Journal of Experimental Pathology, but little attention was paid to his article. Fleming continued his 9) _________ (INVESTIGATE), but found that cultivating penicillium was quite difficult, and that after growing the mould, it was even more difficult to isolate the antibiotic agent. Fleming's 10) _______ (IMPRESS) was that because of the problem of producing it in quantity, and because its action appeared to be rather slow, penicillin would not be important in 11)______(TREAT) infection. Fleming also became convinced that penicillin would not last long enough in the human body to kill bacteria 12) _______ (EFFECTIVE). Many clinical tests were 13) ________ (CONCLUDE), prob­ably because it had been used as a surface antiseptic. In the 1930s, Fleming's trials occasionally showed more promise and he continued, until 1940, to try and interest a 14) ________ (CHEMISTRY) skilled enough to further refine usable penicillin.

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE

Shakespeare bought a house in Strat­ford, called New Place in 1597. While, 1)_______(PRESUME), he returned there from time to time to visit his family, he finally retired there in 1613. Close by is the house of his son-in-law Dr. Hall 2) _______ (PROSPER) and well-known physician, married to Shakespeare's daughter Susanna. In their society, and with the respect and 3) _______ (ADMIRE) of all those around, his life appears to have come 4) _______ (PEACE) to an end. His will, written

about a month before he died, gives in his 5) _______ (SIGN) one of the few scraps of his handwriting of which we can be certain. He died on his birthday April, 23, 1616 and was buried in Holy Trinity Church, Stratford-on-Avon.

The marvelous 6) __________ (BROAD) of his plays, the 7) _______ (MISERABLE) and 8) ______ (CRUEL) he depicted, the fun and laughter have helped millions of people of all races to make some sense of their lives. Through the extraordinary 9) ________ (BEAUTIFUL) of his poetry it is possible to

find in the seeming chaos of our world a 10) ________ (REASSURE) order.

GEORGE BERNARD SHAW ()

George Bernard Shaw was born in Dublin in 1856, although he left the city forever and moved to London when he was twenty. His early education was musical rather than 1) ______ (LITERATURE)

(his mother was a 2) ______ (SING)) and it was as a music critic that he first became known. However, his first play "Widower's Houses" was published in 1893 and for the next thirty years he wrote 63 plays. George Bernard Shaw was one of the 3) _______ (FOUND) of the Fabian Society (a non-revolutionary socialist organization) which was dedicated to reforms in education and to the 4) _______ (LIBERATE) of women. His plays are 5) _______ (REMARK) for their entertaining 6) _______ (EXPOSE) of the social problems. His best comedies of ideas are still performed in theatres today and seem to have stood the test of time. Shaw died aged 94. He is the only person to have been awarded both the Nobel Prize in Literature (1925) and an Oscar (1938). These were awarded for his 7) ________ (CONTRIBUTE) to literature and for his work on the film "Pygmalion", 8) _________ (RESPECTIVE).

"PYGMALION" AND "MY FAIR LADY"

The ancient Greeks tell the legend of the 1) ______ (SCULPTURE) Pygmalion, who created a statue of a woman of such great beauty that he fell in love with his own 2) _______ (CREATE). Then Aphrodite, taking pity on this man whose love could not reach beyond the barrier of stone, brought the statue to life and gave her to Pygmalion as his bride. Centuries later George Bernard Shaw captured the magic of this legend in his 3) ______ (CELEBRATE) romantic play "Pygmalion". Pygmalion became Henry Higgins, a professor of phonetics, his statue Eliza Doolittle, a common flower girl from the streets of London, and the barrier between them the 4) ________ (DIFFER) in their stations in life. "My Fair Lady" is a 5) _______ (MUSIC)

based upon George Bernard Shaw's "Pygmalion" with lyrics by Alan Jay Lerner and music by Frederick Loewe. The show's 1956 Broadway 6) ________ (PRODUCE) was a smash hit. An

Oscar winning film version was made in 1964 starring Audrey Hepburn (Eliza Doolittle) and Rex Harrison (Professor Higgins).

ELIZABETH I

Elizabeth was the daughter of Henry VIII's second wife, Anne Boleyn. Anne Boleyn had

been executed because she was 1) ________ (FAITH) Anne Boleyn's fall marked a major step down in the world for young Elizabeth. Her parents' 2) ________ (MARRY) was declared null and void. She was now 3) ________ (LEGITIMATE) and unable to inherit the throne. Elizabeth's sudden 4) ________ (LOSE) of status threw the little court where she had been brought up into 5) _______ (CONFUSE).

Even her 6) ________ (GOVERN), Lady Bryan, didn't know what to do, and wrote to. the King's minister, Thomas Cromwell, for 7) ________ (GUIDE). How should the little girl be treated? By the way, could she please have some more clothes? She'd outgrown 8) _______ (ABSOLUTE) everything she had. But above all, where should she eat? Should she continue to eat in her chamber, where it would be easier to keep her away from the rich foods that were so bad for her teeth and 9) _______ (DIGEST).

BREAK WITH ROME

Henry VIII governed England through his close 1) _______ (ADVISE), men who were completely 2) _______ (DEPEND) on him for their position. But when he broke with Rome, he used Parliament to make the break legal. Through several Acts of Parliament England became 3) _______ (POLICY) a Protestant country. Once England had accepted the 4) ________ (SEPARATE) from Rome Henry took the English Reformation a step further. Wolsey's place as the king's chief minister was taken by one of his 5) ________ (ASSIST), Thomas Cromwell. Henry and Cromwell made a 6) _______ (CARE) survey of Church property.

QUEEN MARY

Mary, the Catholic daughter of Catherine of Aragon, became queen in 1553. But Mary

Was 1) _______ (WISE) and unbending in her policy and in her 2) ________ (BELIEVE). If Mary married an Englishman she would be under control of a man of lesser 3) _______ (IMPORTANT). If she married a 4) __________ (FOREIGN) it might place England under foreign control. Mary chose to marry King Philip of Spain. It was a(n) 5) _______ (FORTUNE) choice. The ordinary people 6) ________ (LIKE) the marriage. Popular feeling was so strong that a rebellion in Kent 7) ________ (ACTUAL) reached London before ending in 8) ________ (FAIL). Mary dealt cruelly with the rebel

leader, Wyatt, but she took the 9) ________ (USUAL) step of asking Parliament for its opinion about her marriage plan. Parliament 10) ________ (WILLING) agreed to Mary's marriage, but it only accepted Philip as king of England for Mary's lifetime.

THE ENGLISH REFORMATION

When Elizabeth became queen in 1558, she want­ed to find a 1) ________ (PEACE) answer to the problems of the English Reformation. She wanted to bring together those parts of English society which were in religious 2) _______ (AGREE). And she wanted to make England 3) _______ (PROSPER) Elizabeth made sure that the Church was still under her authority,4) ________ (LIKE) politically dangerous forms of Protestantism in Europe. The struggle between Catholics and Protestants continued to 5) ________ (DANGER) Elizabeth's position for the next thirty years.

By 1585 the Catholic plots and the dangers of Catholic foreign 6) ________ (INVADE) had changed people's feelings. Most English people believed that to be a Catholic was to be an enemy of England. This 7) _______ (HATE) of everything Catholic became

an important political force.

CLAUDE MONET

During the 1) ________ (ORDER) of Monet fled, first to London, where he studied the art of Constable and Turner, then to Holland and Belgium, where he was interested 2) _______ (CHIEF) in landscape. On his return to France Monet's style changed 3) ________ (RADICAL): he dissolved the object. He demonstrated that colour belongs not to the object but the moment of visual experience. This was hard for his 4) ________ (CONTEMPORARY) to accept. 5) ________ (SYSTEM) Monet studied the effects of light and colour on the fagade of Rouen Cathedral. In 1895 he exhibited 18 views of the facade and two other views of the Cathedral. Monet's moments had, in the process of 6) _________ (PAINT), become the work of art. Dazzling as the cathedral paintings are, Monet was discouraged by the 7) ________ (POSSIBLE) of registering with his hand what he saw with his eyes.