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Sigmund Freud () was born May 6, 1856 in a small town Freiberg. His father was a wool merchant with a keen mind and a good sense of humor. His mother was a lively woman, her husband’s second wife and 20 years younger. She was 21 years old when she gave birth to her first son, Sigmund. Sigmund had two older half-brothers and six younger siblings. When he was four or five the family moved to Viena, where he lived most of his life.
A brilliant child, always at the head of his class, he went to medical school, where he became involved in research under the direction of a physiology professor Ernst Brucke. Brucke believed in reductionism: “ No other forces than the common physical-chemical ones are active within the organism.”
Freud concentrated on neurophysiology, but only a limited number of positions at the university were available. Brucke helped him to get grant to study, first with great psychiatrist Charcot in Paris, then with Bernheim. Both these gentlemen were investigating the use of hypnosis with hysterics.
After spending a short time as a neurologist and director of a children’s ward in Berlin, he came back to Vienna, married his patient fiancee Martha Bernays, and set up a practice in nueropsychiatry, with the help of Joseph Breuer.
Freud’s books and lectures brought him both fame and ostracism ( остракизм, гонения) from the traditional medical community. He collected around him a number of very bright students who became the core of the psychoanalytic movement. Unfortunately, Freud rejected people who did not totally agree with him. Some separated from him on friendly terms; others did not, and continued researd to found competing schools of thought.
Freud emigrated to England just before World War II when Vienna became an increasing dangerous place for Jews, especially ones as famous as Freud. Not long afterward, he died of the cancer of the mouth and jaw that he had suffered from for the last 20 years of his life.
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Carl Gustav Jung
Carl Gustav Jung ( ) was born on July 26, 1875, in Kesswill, Switzerland, in the family of a Protestant clergyman ( священника). After graduating in medicine in 1902 from the universities of Basel and Zurich, with a wide background in biology, zoology, palaeontology, and archaeology, he began his work on world association, in which a patient’s responses to stimulus words revealed what Jung called “complexes” – a term that has since become universal These studies brought him international fame and led him to a close collaboration with Freud.
With the publication of Psychology of the Unconscious ( 1912), however, Jung declared his independence from Freud’s narrowly sexual interpretation of the libido by showing the close parallels between ancienmyth and psychotic fantasies and by explaining human motivation in terms of a larger creative energy. He gave up the presidency of the International Psychoanalytic Society and founded a movement called analytical psychology.
During his remaining 50 years Jung developed his theories, drawing on a wide knowledge of mythology and history; on his travels to diverse cultures in New Mexico, India, and Kenya; and especially, on the dreams and fantasies of his childhood. In 1921 he published a major work, Psychological Types, in which he dealt with the relationship between the conscious and unconscious and proposed the now well-known personality types – extrovert and introvert.
He late made a distinction between the personal unconscious, or the repressed feelings and thoughts developed during an individual’s life, and the collective unconscious, or those inherited feeling, thoughts, and memories shared by all humanity. The collective unconscious, according to Jung, is made up of what he called “archetypes.” These correspond to such experiences as confronting death or choosing a mate and manifest themselves symbolically in religions, myths, fairy tales, and fantasies.
Jung wrote many works on analytical methods and the relationships between psychotherapy and religious belief. He died on June 6, 1961.
Контрольная работа по английскому языку для студентов 2 курса
Вариант 1 (4 чел)
I.Заполните пропуски притяжательными местоимениями:
1. We are cadets of the Krasnodar University. This is … University.
2. They read books in … library.
3. I study at the Krasnodar University and … friend studies at the Medical Institute.
4. Pete, where is … car now?
5. I know that … name is Nick and what is the name of … sister?
6. Tell me please, where is … brother? He is in … room.
II. Выпишите в две колонки количественные и порядковые числительные. Подчеркните суффиксы, с помощью которых они образуются:
Seven, the seventh, seventy, eighty, eighteen, the first, the third
III. Перепишите предложения, заполнив пропуски соответствующей формой глагола “to be”.
1. Nick … my friend. He … a future psychologist.
2. I … a cadet of the Krasnodar Un iversity.
3. My friend … a student. … you a student too? Yes, I … .
4. Psychology … a very interesting subject.
5. They … first-year students.
IV. Употребите правильную форму глагола “ to have’’
1. We ( to have) six lessons a day
2. I ( to have) a lecture on Psychology
3. You ( to have) many friends in our University
4. He ( to have) only one child.
5. The train ( to have) to arrive at midnight.
V. Поставьте следующие предложения в вопросительную и отрицательную формы.
1. My friends are students.
2. His mother is a teacher
3. We have a good club in our University
4. Nick has a new flat
5. She is a second-year student
6. You are future militia officers.
VI.Употребите в предложениях оборот “ there is/are”:
1. … two Houses in English Parliament
2. … 650 members in the House of Commons.
3. … any beautiful buildings in our city?
4. … any University in Krasnodar?
Контрольная работа по английскому языку для студентов 2 курса
Вариант 2 (3 чел)
I. Заполните пропуски притяжательными местоимениями:
1. We are students. This is … classroom.
2. I am at home now. … room is small, but it’s light and clean
3. Those girls are sisters. … names are Mary and Ann.
4. Sit down Nick, … mark is good.
5. This man is a doctor. … name is Tomson.
6. Is she a teacher? Are these boys and girls …students?
II. Выпишите в две колонки количественные и порядковые числительные. Подчеркните суффиксы, с помощью которых они образуются:
Sixteen, the ninth, ninety, forty, seventeen, the thirteenth, ten, the tenth
III. Перепишите предложения, заполнив пропуски соответствующей формой глагола “ to be”:
1.Ben … my friend. He … a worker.
2. I … at home now.
3. My friends … students. … you a student? Yes, I … . I … a student.
4.Moscow … a large city. … Pskov a large city? No, it … not. It … not a large city.
5. We … students.
IV. Употребите правильную форму глагола “to have”
1. My friend ( to have) a wife and a son.
2. I ( to have) a good flat in the center of Krasnodar
3. They ( to have) a large family
4. His friend ( to have + not) a sister but he ( to have) two brothers.
5. We ( to have) six lessons a day.
V. Поставьте следующие предложения в отрицательную и вопросительную формы:
1. These girls are future psychologists.
2. Ann is a teacher.
3. My friend has a good flat.
4. These books are interesting.
5. We have much work to do.
6. You have a small family.
VI. Употребите в предложения оборот “ there is/are:
1. … … many cadets at the English class?
2. … … not any traffic in our street.
3. … … any Universities in our town?
4. … …. a faculty of psychology in our University.
