Английский язык, методические указания и контрольные задания (стр. 3 )

3.  Management is often called the art of getting things done through other people.

4.  The OPEC is an international organization established for the purpose of regulating quantities of oil sold.

5.  The Central Bank can depress the level of interest rates increasing the quantity of money in circulation.

Задание 3. Перепишите предложения, переведите, обращая внимание на правила перевода сложных форм причастия и независимого причастного оборота.

1.  The Central Bank acting as banker to commercial banks, the financial system works steadily.

2.  The world distribution of income is unjust, with poor countries having 61 percent of the world’s population, but receiving only 6 percent of the world income.

3.  Having made a diagnoses of the fiscal situation in the country, the economist can now offer ways of altering it.

Задание 4. Перепишите предложения, переведите, обращая внимание на различные функции глаголов to be, to have, to do, укажите функцию глагола.

1.  There are a lot of factors in agriculture that must be assumed as risks by the farmer.

2.  This new product had to compete with the old ones.

3.  The company is to deliver the goods in April.

4.  A public company must have at least two directors.

5.  He works as much as you do.

Задание 5. Перепишите предложения и переведите их. Определите, что выражают видовременные формы Past Simple, Past Perfect, а также формы, включающие should/ would.

Образец:

If I took a taxi I would catch the last train. –

Если бы я взял такси, то успел бы на последний поезд (took,

would catch – условное предложение II типа, относится к

настоящему или будущему времени).

1.  It was decided that joint ventures would contribute to further development of the country’s trade, economic, scientific and technical cooperation.

2.  Many companies would lose their stable position in the market if recession (спад производства) continued.

3.  The goods should be packed in strong cases.

4.  The company would have achieved a higher sales level if the retail price had been decreased.

5.  I thought that the organization had already started its work.

Задание 6. Перепишите предложения, содержащие инфинитив или инфинитивные обороты. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на различные функции инфинитива в предложении.

1.  Like physical capital, human capital is important enough to be an indicator of economic development of a nation.

2.  The dividends to be paid out this year will not be high.

3.  We did not expect them to delay delivery.

4.  The population of Russia has been found to be decreasing at a rapid rate.

5.  As the price of one good rises, the consumer has to buy another good, whose price has not risen.

Задание 7. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст.

MICROECONOMICS

The word ″micro″ means small, and microeconomics means economics in the small. The optimizing behavior of individual units such as households and firms provides the foundation for microeconomics.

Microeconomists may investigate individual markets or even the economy as a whole, but their analyses are derived from the aggregation of the behavior of individual units. Microeconomic theory is used extensively in many areas of applied economics. For example, it is used in industrial organization, labor economics, international trade, cost-benefit analysis, and many other economic subfields. The tools and analyses of microeconomics provide a common ground, and even a language, for economists interested in a wide range of problems.

At one time there was a sharp distinction in both methodology and subject matter between microeconomics and macroeconomics.

The methodological distinction became somewhat blurred during the 1970s as more and more macroeconomic analyses were built upon microeconcmic foundations. Nonetheless, major distinctions remain between the two major branches of economics. For example, the microeconomist is interested in the determination of individual prices and relative prices (i. e., exchange ratios between goods), whereas the macroeconomist is interested more in the general price level and its change over time.

Optimization plays a key role in microeconomics. The consumer is assumed to maximize utility or satisfaction subject to the constraints imposed by income or income earning power. The producer is assumed to maximize profit or minimize cost subject to the technological constraints under which the firm operates. Optimization of social welfare sometimes is the criterion for the determination of public policy.

Opportunity cost is an important concept in microeconomics. Many courses of action are valued in terms of what is sacrificed so that they might be undertaken. For example, the opportunity cost of a public project is the value of the additional goods that the private sector would have produced with the resources used for the public project.

Пояснения к тексту

aggregation – объединение, соединение частей

to blur – затуманивать, размывать

exchange ratios – ставка (соотношение) обмена

constraint – ограничение, стеснение

opportunity cost – альтернативные издержки

to sacrifice – пожертвовать, приносить в жертву

Задание 8. Перепишите вопросы и ответьте на них по-английски:

1.  What is meant by ″economics in the small″?

2.  What economic phenomena are of microeconomists’ attention?

3.  Where is microeconomic theory used?

4.  What is ″optimization″?

Задание 9. Напишите краткий реферат по данному тексту, используя клише данные в приложении.

Задание 10. Задайте письменно пять вопросов разного типа к тексту (Задание 7).

Задание 11. Напишите свою автобиографию в табличной и свободной форме (см. Задания к зачету и экзамену № 3 и 4).

ТЕКСТЫ И ЗАДАНИЯ К ЗАЧЕТУ И ЭКЗАМЕНУ

1.  Выучите следующую лексику и приготовьтесь побеседовать на тему: I’m a student. My study at the university.

a student

an extramural student студент-заочник

a first-year student первокурсник

to study (at) учиться (в); изучать

a university

a branch (of) филиал

a department отделение

full-time department дневное отделение

part-time department вечернее отделение

extramural / correspondence department – заочное отделение

speciality специальность

economics and management

an undergraduate = a student

to enter поступать

to graduate (from) оканчивать (высшее учебное заведение)

the course of studies курс обучения

to last длиться, продолжаться

to take... years

an academic year (a study year) учебный год

a term семестр

to take an examination сдавать экзамен

а credit test зачет

in advance заранее

to attend посещать

a lecture лекция

practical training практические занятия

to take notes вести конспект

a course paper курсовая работа

a graduation project дипломный проект

to submit (to present ) представлять

2.  Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы после текста. Подготовьтесь к собеседованию на тему Higher education in the Russian Federation, используя вопросы после текста.

HIGHER EDUCATION IN RUSSIA.

Every citizen of our country has the right to education. It is stated in the Constitution of the Russian Federation and insured by different types of educational establishments.

Education in Russia is compulsory up to the 9th form inclusive. After finishing 9 forms of a secondary school young people can continue their education in the 10th and the 11th form. They can also go to a vocational or technical school, where they study academic subjects and receive a profession.

After finishing a secondary, vocational, technical school young people can start working or go on in higher education. They can enter an institute or a university. There are the following types of higher schools in Russia: universities, institutes, various higher military schools and academies. They train specialists in different fields. There are three departments at the universities and institutes of Russia: full-time, part-time and extramural departments. The complete course of studies at an institute or a university usually takes 5 years.

Part-time and extramural students have an opportunity to study without leaving their jobs. All applicants must take competitive exams if they want to enter a higher educational establishment. Higher education institutions offer a programme of academic subjects for undergraduates in a variety of fields, as well as a graduate course. If one finishes a graduate course and writes a thesis, he or she receives a candidate’s degree or a doctoral degree.

Higher educational establishments are headed by Rectors. Prorectors are in charge of academic and scientific work. An institute or a university has a number of faculties, each specializing in a field of study.

Training specialists at our Institutes combines theoretical studies with practical work and industrial training. Students have lectures and practical lessons. They attend lectures on different subjects and they take notes. During practical lessons they study the material of the lectures.

The academic year is divided into two terms from September to January and from February to July. Students take examinations at the end of a term or a study year. To pass examinations successfully students are to work hard during the academic year. They must not miss lectures and they must study regularly. Sometimes students take examinations and credit tests in advance. At the end of each term the student submits a course paper, and at the end of course of studies he presents a graduation project or passes final state examinations.

Education in our country is free at most schools. At many institutes and universities there are also departments where students have to pay for their education. Full-time students of universities and institutes get scholarships.

Our country needs more and more specialists with higher education every year.

Notes on the Text

the right to education право на образование

compulsory обязательный

inclusive включительно

to finish a secondary school оканчивать среднюю школу

a vocational school училище

a technical school техникум

an applicant абитуриент

an academic year (a study year) учебный год

a graduate course аспирантура

a theses диссертация

a candidate degree степень кандидата наук

a doctoral degree степень доктора наук

an objective цель

to decentralize уничтожить централизацию

to be funded by the state финансироваться государством

to get a scholarship получать стипендию

to take notes вести конспект

credit tests зачеты

in advance заранее

a course paper курсовая работа

a graduation project дипломный проект

to submit (to present) представлять

What is the right to education ensured by? What programmes of study do different types of school in Russia offer? What is necessary for entering a higher education establishment? What are the advantages of instruction by correspondence? What is the structure of an institute or a university? What does training at a higher educational establishment include? Do people in our country have to pay for education? Do you think it’s necessary to get a higher education? Why?

3.  Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы после текста. Подготовьтесь к собеседованию на тему Higher education in Great Britain, используя вопросы после текста.

HIGHER EDUCATION IN GREAT BRITAIN

Higher education in Great Britain is provided by a great number of universities and polytechnics. There are about 50 universities in the country. They are divided into three types: the old universities (Oxford, Cambridge and Edinburgh Universities), the 19th century universities such as London and Manchester universities, and the new universities. The new universities are divided into various faculties, e. g. the faculty of science, faculty of social and economic studies. In each faculty there may be a number of departments dealing with separate subjects. Some years ago there were also polytechnics (now universities).

After graduating from a polytechnic a student got a degree, but it was not a university degree. 30 former polytechnics were given university status in 1992. There are not only universities in Britain but also 350 colleges and institutes of higher education (some of which train teachers or professions connected with medicine). There is a competition to get into the best universities. They accept students mainly on the basis of their “A” level results (on the bases of the results of advanced level examinations).

The rules of teaching process differ from university to university. The teaching is based on the tutorial system as well as lectures. Each student has a tutor. He decides what lectures the students must attend, recommends books for reading, discusses and criticizes their written works. All lectures and examinations for all students are organized by the University authorities.

The academic year in Britain is divided into three terms, which usually run from October to December, from January to March and from April to June. Undergraduate courses normally take three years of full-time study, although a number of subjects take longer, including foreign languages (where courses include a year abroad). Medicine and dentistry courses are 5-7 years. After these years of studies and successful final examinations the students get their first degree B. A. – Bachelor of Arts or B. Sc. – Bachelor of Science. There are various postgraduate degrees, including Master and Doctor of Philosophy. The last two are awarded for research in arts and sciences.

At present, students who have been accepted by universities or other institutions of higher education receive a grant from their Local Education Authority, which covers the cost of the course, and may cover living expenses (accommodation, transport and food). This grant depends on the income of parents. Parents with higher incomes are expected to make a contribution. Until 1990 the grant did not have to be paid back, but now a system of loans has been introduced. That is why most students are to work. But students don’t usually have a job during term time because lectures and tutorials (small groups) are full time. However, many students now have to work in the evenings or during their vacation.

Most students live away from home, in flats or halls of residence.

Notes on the Text

to be provided by – обеспечиваться

to be divided into – делиться

to deal with – иметь дело, касаться

status – статус

a former polytechnic – бывший политехнический институт

to accept = to admit

on the basis of ″A″ level results – на основе результатов экзаменов продвинутого уровня

a tutorial system – система наставничества

an undergraduate course – курс для студентов

full-time study – дневное обучение

a Bachelor’s degree in Arts or Science – степень бакалавра гуманитарных или естественных наук

a postgraduate degree – ученая степень (присуждается после обучения в

аспирантуре или докторантуре)

Master of Philosophy – магистр гуманитарных наук

to be awarded for smth. – присуждается за что-либо

to receive a grant – получать стипендию

Local Education Authority – местный комитет по образованию

to cover the cost of smth. – покрывать расходы на что-либо

living expenses – стоимость проживание

to make a contribution – зд.: возместить часть расходов

to introduce a system of loans – ввести систему займов

1.  What is necessary to go on to higher education?

2.  What types of higher educational establishments are there in the U. K.?

3.  What is the teaching in GB based on?

4.  How many years does the course of studies in GB take?

5.  What is the procedure of awarding degrees?

6.  What are the conditions of receiving grants?

7.  Can you compare the system of higher education in the U. K. with the Russian one?

4.  Просмотрите данную автобиографию в анкетной форме. Составьте по аналогии свою автобиографию.

RESUME

1. NAME/SURNAME Mariana Smirnova

2. AGE 14 October, 1984

3. MARITAL STATUS Single

4. CONTACT TELEPHONE

5. LANGUAGES English (fluent) - translating, interpreting

and negotiating skills

6. EDUCATION A fourth-year student at the evening department

of the Institute of Foreign Relations (MGIMO)

International Economy

7. COURSES AND PROFES­SIONAL

TRAINING Typing and computer courses

Interpreting courses

8. WORK EXPERIENCE 2JSC, Poliphondis Securities

Assistant General Director

2005 - MADI Institute (Automobile Institute,

Economics department)

Translator/Interpreter, Office Assistant

9. SALARY HISTORY $ 700 per month including lunch

10.COMPUTER SKILLS Word for Windows,

EXCEL, Norton Commander

11.PREVIOUS EXPERIENCE 1. Oral and - written translation

2. Travel arrangement

3. Meetings and negotiations arrangement

4. Business letters and contracts making

5. Carrying out administrative duties about the office

6. Working with clients, marketing experience

12. INTERPERSONAL QUALITIES Good communication skills, energetic, well-organised, flexible, friendly, honest, responsible, intelligent

Vocabulary

resume [`rezju(:)mei] – краткие анкетные данные (о поступающем на работу)

marital status – семейное положение

skills – навыки

experience – опыт

previous – предыдущий, предшествующий

securities – ценные бумаги

assistant – референт, секретарь

salary – жалование, оклад, заработная плата

arrangement – приготовление

negotiation – переговоры

quality – качество, характерная черта

5.  Напишите свою автобиографию в свободной форме. Подготовьтесь к собеседованию на тему My autobiography.

6.  Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы после текста. Подготовьтесь к собеседованию на тему Business I’d like to start, используя вопросы после текста.

HOW TO CHOOSE YOUR BUSINESS

Business is a word which is commonly used in many different languages. But exactly what does it mean? The concepts and activities of business have increased in modern times. Traditionally, business simply meant exchange or trade for things people wanted or needed. Today it has a more technical definition. One definition of business is the production, distribution, and sale of goods and services for a profit.

What kind of business will be right for you? Maybe you already have an idea for a business based on your special knowledge, skill, experience, or interests. Maybe you know you’d like to start a business, but you’re still looking around for ideas. Look around at your community and the people in it. What do they need that you can supply? Remember that, in the end, success depends on providing something your potential customers will want to buy from you. Some general rules may help you narrow down the possibilities.

Rule 1: Choose a Business You Know

Your chances of success increase greatly if you choose a business in which you’ve had previous experience or training. This rule may seem limiting, but it really isn’t. You need not do exactly what you have done before.

The trick is to pick a field in which you have an interest, contacts, a sense of the tricks of the trade – but one that’s different enough from what you were doing to keep you interested or to supply or anticipate a need.

Rule 2: Remember That Business Has Cycles

General economic conditions that you can’t control may have good or bad effects on your business. During the fuel shortage, people travelled less. Travel-related business suffered. Gasoline and motel sales went down, but more dollars were spent on home repairs.

Consumer tastes have cycles, too. For example, people will always need to eat, but today more people eat in restaurants or buy prepackaged and catered foods. Fewer people cook from scratch at home.

Rule 3: Analyze Your Interests

If you can't keep your checkbook straight and tend to put off paying bills, it’s unlikely you’ll want to start an accounting service. Are you good with your hands, or good with people? Do you like noise, action, and crowds, or shun them? Are you better with words or with numbers? Do you like gadgets or do machines conspire against you?

Maybe your friends have told you how good you are at something – a craft, or cooking, or writing letters. Be careful, though; cooking is only a small part of running a restaurant, for example. There’s ordering food, planning, decorating, scheduling, promoting, supervising to be done.

Are you good with a camera and good with children and pets? Perhaps a specialized photography service is for you. Don't be afraid to let your imagination roam. Who would have thought that hot air balloons had a future?

Once you know the general area of your interests, consider that there are three ways you can serve consumer needs in that area: Making a product (manufacturing), selling a product (retail or wholesale sales), or providing a service. These are the three basic categories of business.

Notes on the Text

narrow down the possibilities – сузить выбор

a sense of the tricks of the trade – понимание секретов профессии

to supply or anticipate a need – чтобы удовлетворить существующую потребность или

предвосхитить её

prepackaged and catered food – полуфабрикаты или приготовленная и доставленная на дом

еда

from scratch – с самого начала, зд. из продуктов

shun them – избегать их

gadgets – технические новинки, приспособления

do machine conspire against you? – вы не в ладу с техникой?

to let your imagination roam – дать свободу своему соображению

What is business? What does success in business depend on? What rules can help you to increase your chances of success? What kinds of business are there? What business would you like to start? Why? Why do you think this kind of business will be right for you? Will you start it alone? Who is going to make the decisions and control the profits in your business? Can you estimate (оценить, подсчитать) the amount of money you need, and the length of the period before you achieve profitability? Where are you going to get the capital? How many employees are you going to hire (нанять) for your business? Will you hire your relatives or friends? Yes or no? Why? Can you do your books yourself? Are you going to hire a book-keeper? What will you do if your business fails?

7.  Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы после текста. Подготовьтесь к собеседованию на тему Forms of business, используя вопросы после текста.

TYPES OF BUSINESS UNITS IN THE U. K.

Consider now different types of firms in a western economy, such as the United Kingdom:

sole proprietorship (one-man business):

partnership

joint - stock company

branch of a foreign company.

The one − man business is the most common type of firm. As the one-man business is small it can provide a personal service to its customers and can respond flexibly to the requirements of the market. Decisions can be taken quickly as the owner doesn't have to consult with any directors. But the disadvantage associated with one-man business is that there is no legal distinction between the owner and his business. The owner has, therefore, unlimited liability for any debit incurred by the business, so that in the eventually bankruptcy all his assets (for example his house and car) are liable to seizure. There are many one-man owners, for example: a farmer, a doctor, a solicitor, an estate agent, a builder, a hairdresser etc.

Partnership. An ordinary partnership contains from two to twenty partners. The major disadvantage, once again, is unlimited liability. As each partner is able to commit the other partners to agreements entered into, all of the others may suffer from the errors of one unreliable or fool hardly partner. Partnerships are often found in the professions, for example, among doctors, dentists, solicitors and architects.

Joint − stock company. The joint-stock company with limited liability developed in the second half of the nineteenth century. The liability of the shareholders is limited to the amount they have subscribed to the firm capital and each shareholder knows the extent of his potential loss if the company goes bankrupt. All joint-stock companies are required to file annually with the Registrar of Companies details of their profits, assets and other financial information, such as the remuneration of the directors. A joint-stock company can be either a private limited company or a public limited company. The shares of a private company cannot be offered for sale to the public and thus are not traded on the Stock Exchange. The shares cannot be transferred without the consent of the other shareholders. Private companies require a minimum of two and a maximum of fifty shareholders. The names of such companies end simply in Ltd. For example: Wilson and Son Ltd.

The shares of a public company can be offered for sale to the public. A public company requires as minimum of two shareholders, but there is no upper limit. The company is required to hold an annual general meeting where shareholders are able to question the directors, to change the company's articles of association, to elect or dismiss the board of directors, to sanction the payment of dividends, to approve the choice auditors and to fix their remuneration.

The names of public companies end in p. l.c. For instance: John and Michael p. l.c.

A branch of a foreign company is a part of a company incorporated outside Great Britain but acting under the law of the U. K. Usually these companies act in the U. K. under their normal foreign names.

Vocabulary

advantage – преимущество

assets – актив, средства, фонды, имущество

to commit – поручать, вверять

company

limited company – АО с ограниченной ответственностью

public company – открытое АО

private company – закрытая акционерная компания

to file – представлять, подавать к.-л. документ

joint-stock company – акционерное общество

legal – законный, правовой

liability – ответственность

owner – владелец, собственник

remuneration – вознаграждение, оплата; заработная плата

to require – требовать

requirement – требование, потребность

seizure – конфискация, опись

share – акция

shareholder – акционер, владелец акций

stock exchange – фондовая биржа

What forms of business organization are there in the UK? What are the main characteristic features of each form of business? What are advantages and disadvantages of each form? Compare the forms of business in the UK with the forms of business in the Russian Federation.

8.  Прочитайте текст и

a)  ответьте на вопросы после текста;

MANAGEMENT

All organizations, whether small or large, have to be managed. Management means the planning, controlling, directing and co­ordinating of various ideas, activities and programmes in order to achieve a stated objective.

This means that there is a need for people with special abilities and skills. There are three management levels: top management, middle management and operating management. Top management includes the president, vice presidents, and the general manager. Middle management includes department managers and plant managers. Operating management includes supervisors, foremen, etc.

The main responsibility of the senior managers of any business is decision-making. These decisions are connected with planning, organizing, directing and controlling the work to be done.

Planning has to be undertaken at all levels of management. An organization without proper plans is like a ship without a rudder.

Managers have to decide what to produce, how it should be produced, and for whom. This is at the centre of the planning process. The operation also involves:

1. estimating what resources will be needed,

2. considering what problems are likely to arise,

3. deciding how these can best be overcome.

The ultimate responsibility of management is to direct. This means making decisions and issuing the necessary commands through the management structure.

If the directions issued by management are to be effective, there must be a proper communication system within the organization since, obviously, the orders must reach those who are to carry them out. It is equally important that there should be an effective ‘reporting back’ system – communication is a two-way issue.

Decision-making is a characteristic of management at all levels. The more important the matter is, the higher up the management ladder the decision is made. In large organizations – particularly in the public sector – it is often difficult to identify exactly where decisions are made. The point at which they are apparently made is often different from the point at which they are actually made.

A business is usually divided into a number of departments, each being responsible for a specific range of work (such as production, finance, personnel, marketing). The structure of the departments and sub-departments can be shown in an organization chart. This shows the departments how they are related to each other, and the lines of communication between them.

The amount of work involved in running a large business is usually too much for the senior managers to cope with entirely on their own. This means that responsibilities, authority and duties have to be passed 'down the line' to others – i. e. to middle management and first-line management. This is known as delegation. One of the arts of management is to know to whom particular tasks can be delegated – and to whom they should not. Proper delegation means the spreading of the work load. It also means that particular tasks can be delegated to those who have special experience or qualifications to deal with them. However, there is always the risk that the person a task is delegated to will prove to be incompetent. There is also the risk that unless there is proper 'reporting back', the senior manager will not know what is going on.

Plans are pointless unless there is a periodic check – a control – on what is being achieved. Whereas planning is concerned with the future, control is concerned with the (immediate) past. Problems can arise at any point during the implementation of a plan. Furthermore, unless a specific check is made on them, they can go unnoticed for so long that they become impossible to remedy. The controls should therefore be carefully planned so that they spot-light the problems which are likely to arise. Also, they should take place regularly.

There are several different types of control. Some can be measured in specific 'quantity' terms. With these, an actual figure proposed in the plan (often known as the budgeted or standard figure) can be compared with the figure actually achieved. For example, the planned quantity of raw material expected to be used, together with its anticipated cost, can be compared with the actual quantity used and the actual cost. Similarly, the 'standard' (i. e. anticipated) wage rates and the time a job is expected to take can be compared with the actual.

Vocabulary

to direct – управлять, руководить

to estimate – оценивать

implementation – выполнение, осуществление

to make decisions – принимать решения

to manage – управлять

organization chart – структура организации

to undertake – предпринимать, совершать

1.  What is management?

2.  What levels of management are there?

3.  Whom does top/ middle/ operating management include?

4.  What are the main functions of management?

5.  What decisions do managers have to take?

6.  What is necessary that the directions issued by management should be effective?

7.  What charts reflect the structure of an organization?

8.  What is known as delegation? What is its purpose?

9.  What is the purpose of control? Why is it so important?

б) Вы – руководитель фирмы, схема которой представлена на рисунке. Расскажите о своей фирме, ответив на вопросы.

Research and Development

Manager

President Marketing Research

Manager

Chief of the Credit Executive Product Research

Department Vice-President Manager

 

Sales Manager Production Manager Controller

-  How many departments are there at the company?

-  How many managers work at the company?

-  What is in your opinion the most important department?

в) Вы – руководитель фирмы. Вашу фирму должен посетить представитель британской компании. Подготовьтесь к встрече. Продумайте:

-  с чего вы начнете разговор;

-  что вы расскажете о фирме;

-  каким будет программа пребывания гостя, как вы ее обсудите.

г) Вы – представитель британской компании, приехавший для заключения контракта. Продумайте интересующие вас вопросы, в частности:

-  когда было открыто дело (бизнес) (to establish a business);

-  кто создал/ учредил компанию (to form/ set up a company);

-  кто возглавляет (to head) компанию;

-  что представляет из себя фирма согласно юридическому статусу (according to the legal status);

-  каков постоянный/ временный штат фирмы (permanent/ temporary staff);