Самаренкина с. з. учебно-методические материалы (стр. 1 )

САМАРЕНКИНА С. З. УЧЕБНО-МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ

ПО ДИСЦИПЛИНЕ: «АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК»

LONDON

London is the capital of England. In London you can find some
of the best theatres, cinemas and museums. There are many beautiful
old churches in London too. There are about 10 thousand streets in
London. Most of the streets are not very wide. You can see many shops
in London. Oxford Street is London's main shopping center. You can
buy ciothes, shoes and toys in it. Peopie from all over the worid shop in
Oxford Street. You can find many old and new beautiful narks in the
city. The largest park in London is Hyde Park. It is one of the most
popular places of Londoners on hot summer days. There are many other
pleasant parks and green squares there too.

Tourists in London always want to visit Westminster and see Big
Ben. They want to see the clock in its tower and to hear the bells. Big
Ben is really a bell. You hear it every hour. It is a big bell and you can
hear on the radio: "This is the BBC. The time is six o'clock".

The most interesting historical place is the Tower of London.
The Tower of London was a fortress, a palace, a prison and the King's
Zoo. Now it is the museum. You can see a lot of interesting things in the
halls of the White Tower. Its square walls are white and very tall.

William the Conqueror built it in the eleventh century. There are
always black ravens in the Tower of London. People keep them in the
Tower of London and look after them very well as they believe that
London will be rich while ravens live there.

One of the greatest English churches, St. Paul's Cathedral, is not
far from the Tower of London. The famous English architect Sir
Christopher Wrem built it in the 17th century after the Great Fire. It
took Sir Christopher Wren 35 years. It is a beautiful building with many
columns and towers. In one of its towers there is one of the largest bells
in the world.

The centre of London is Trafalgar Square. Some people say it is
the most beautiful place in London. In the middle of the square stands a
tall column. It is a monument to Admiral Nelson. Four bronze lions look
at the square from the monument. There are two beautiful fountains in
the square. They are in front of the National Gallery which is one of the
best picture galleries of the world. Every day many tourists visit this fine building with tall columns.

	VOCABULARY
church		церковь
wide		широкий
tower		башня
bell		колокол
hour		час
fortress		крепость
palace		дворец
prison		тюрьма
Zoo		зоопарк
Square		площадь
William the Conqueror	Вильгельм Завоеватель
century		век
raven		ворон
look after	присматривать за кем-либо, заботиться
believe		верить
rich		богатый
picture gallery		картинная галлерея

2. TRADITIONS AND CUSTOMS

Every nation and every country has its own customs and
traditions. In Britain traditions play a more important part in the life
of the people than in other countries.

Englishmen are proud of their traditions and carefully keep
them up. Foreigners coming to England are struck at once by quite a
number of customs and peculiarities in English life. Some ceremonies are
rather formal, such as the Changing of the Guard at Buckingham Palace,
Trooping the Colour, the State opening of Parliament.

To this day an English family prefers a house with a fireplace and a
garden to a flat in a modern house with central heating. Most English love
gardens. Sometimes the garden in front of the house is a little square covered
with cement painted green in imitation of grass and a box of flowers. They love flowers very much.

English holidays are also part of their traditions. Christmas for
instance is a church festival which is kept on December, 25. It is a day of
special gifts and greetings. The usual salutation is "A Merry Christmas
to you" and the reply - "The same to you". There is a custom amongst
English children of hanging up stockings at the foot of their bed on
Christmas Eve. They expect them to be fiiied with toys and sweets in the
morning. Christmas trees are not always seen in English families, but an
enormous fir-tree stands every winter in Trafalgar Square, in front of the
National Gallery. It is brightly decorated. At home rooms are decorated
with holly, ivy and misletoe. The Christmas festivities and tea-parties go
on until January, 6, known as Twelfth Night.

Another traditional holiday is February, 14 known as St.
Valentine's Day. It is customary on the day to send a Valentine, a card to
someone you love, or to your best friend. You don't sign your name and
for a person whom you send this card it is interesting to guess who has
sent the card. Of course young people look forward to Valentine's Day,
because they hope to receive many cards.

VOCABULARY

custom	обычай
to be proud	гордиться
to be struck	удивиться
peculiarity	особенность
fire place	камин, очаг
central heating	центральное отопление
to be covered	покрыться
cement	цемент
church	церковь
gift	подарок
greeting	приветствие
the same to you	и тебя так же
to hang	вешать
stocking	чулок, носок
eve	канун
to expect	ожидать, надеяться
fir-tree	ель
holly	остролист
ivy	плющ
festivity	веселье, празднование
to be customary	быть обычным
to sign	подписывать
to guess	предполагать
to receive	получать, принимать

3. NABEREZHNYE CHELNY

Naberezhnye Chelny is second in size only to Kazan. Its
population is half a million. People of more than sixty nationalities live
here. The city has two parts: the old and the new. The history of
Naberezhnye Chelny is interesting and romantic. In the sixteenth centuries
these territories belonged to the khan. In 1552, Kazan was conquered
by the army of Russian tsar Ivan the Terrible. As time passed the bank of
the River Kama became covered with settlements of Russian migrants.
Many of those settlements were called Chelny, which means "canoes" -
"Canoes on the Bank". Now we see a modern whitestoned city.

Naberezhnye Chelny is a large industrial, cultural and educational
center. As an industrial centre it has a lot of factories, they produce
many things: food, clothing, building constructions motor-cars and so
on. About half of its population is engaged in industry.

The cultural life of the town is rich. Some museums, clubs,
cinemas, the Russian and Tatar Drama Theatres, Puppet's theatre open
their doors to all those who want to visit them. Many famous singers,
actors come to our town with their shows.

In Naberezhnye Chelny there are many colleges, institutes where
you can receive professional training.

The town is very nice, especially in summer, when there are many
green trees, a great deal of flowers. In the town there are some parks.
Here you can see some monuments. There is the Cenotaph and Eternal
Flame in memory of those who were killed in Great Patriotic and Civil
Wars, the memorial to Musa Jalil, the famous Tatar writer, Phoenix, a symbol of eternity and revival, which personifies the Mother land.

People living in the town are friendly and hospitable. The average
age of the inhabitants is 38.

VOCABULARY

size	размер, величина
population	население, жители
part	часть
century	столетие, век
to belong	принадлежать, относиться
to conquer	завоевывать, покорять
settlement	поселение
to call	называться
to mean	значить, означать
canoe	каноэ, байдарка
bank	берег реки
whitestoned	белокаменный
clothing	одежда, обмундирование
Cenotaph	Кенотафий, обелиск
Eternal Flame	Вечный Огонь
eternity	вечность
revival	возрождение, оживление
to personify	олицетворять, воплощать
hospitable	гостеприимный
average	средний, обычный
inhabitant	житель, обитатель

4. MY FUTURE PROFESSION

There are many interesting and useful professions. It is really not an easy task to make the right choice. I began to think about my future profession at the age of 15. I suppose, since childhood people should try to choose their way in life. If you want to be perfect in your trade, you need to pay more attention to special subjects, which will be useful to you in future. As for me, my favourite subjects at school were Mathematics and English. To become a good specialist in management and business one must know many sciences connected with business such as economics, marketing, management of personnel, advertising, promotion of goods, strategy of sales, statistics, history of economic theory and many others.

Today, our country tries to keep rapid pace of life in developing market economy. That’s why, our economics needs specialists in such new spheres of our economics as management and marketing. Management is a modern philosophy of business today. I think, it is very interesting to be engaged in management and marketing. Specialists of marketing or management are in great demand today in our society.

I've decided to get education in management, which will help me to get a well-paid and interesting job. I'll try to study to the best of my abilities, to accumulate knowledge, to develop management skills. It is very important for a specialist in business matters to be a skillful user of computers and to speak at least one foreign language. A foreign language opens the door to any foreign country, gives the possibility to communicate, to understand people and to be understood. The most popular language in the world, I think, is English. A real professional can not do without knowing a language, which can help in solving business matters, holding negotiations, making contracts.

In my opinion, my studies at the Institute will help me in getting deep knowledge and developing managerial skills all the time. I agree with the English proverb: it is never too late to learn.

Vocabulary

right choice	правильный выбор
to suppose	полагать, думать
childhood	детство
way	путь
trade	занятие
science	наука
to advertise	рекламировать
promotion	продвижение
rapid pace	быстрый темп
to be engaged in smth	заниматься чем-либо
demand	спрос
ability	способность, умение
to accumulate	накапливать
skill	мастерство
skillful user	умелый пользователь
possibility	возможность
solution	решение
negotiation	переговоры, обсуждение
knowledge	знание

5. WHAT IS BUSINESS?

Business is a word which is commonly used in many different languages. But exactly what does it mean? The concepts and activities of business have increased in modern times. Traditionally, business simply meant exchange or trade for things people wanted or needed. Today it has a more technical definition. One definition of business is the production, distribution, and sale of goods and services for a profit. To examine this definition, we will look at its various parts.

First, production is the creation of services or the changing of materials into products. One example is the conversion of iron ore into metal car parts. Next, these products need to be moved from the factory to the marketplace. This is known as distribution. A car might be moved from a factory in Detroit to a car dealership in Miami.

Third is the sale of goods and services. Sale is the exchange of a product or service for money. A car is sold to someone in exchange for money. Goods are products which people either need or want; for example, cars can be classified as goods. Services, on the other hand, are activities which a person or a group performs for another person or organization. For instance, an auto mechanic performs a service when he repairs a car. A doctor also performs a service by taking care of people when they are sick.

Business, then, is a combination of all these activities: production, distribution, and sale. However, there is one other important factor. This factor is the creation of profit or economic surplus. A major goal in the functioning of an American business company is making a profit. Profit is the money that remains after all the expenses are paid. Creating an economic surplus or a profit is, therefore, a primary goal of business activity.

Vocabulary

word	слово
commonly	обобщенно
exactly	точно
to mean	значить, означать
to increase	увеличить
definition	определение
various	различный
trade	торговля
sale	продажа
goods	товары
profit	прибыль
goal	цель
surplus	излишек
combination	соединение
primary	первичный
to remain	оставаться
to classify	классифицировать

6. THE CONCEPT OF MANAGEMENT

An early management scholar, Mary Parker Follett, defined man-
agement as "the art of getting things done through people". At one time,
that meant that managers were called bosses, and their job was to tell people what to do and watch over them to be sure they did it. Bosses
tended to reprimand those who didn't do things correctly and generally
acted stern and "bossy". Many managers still behave that way. Perhaps
you have witnessed such managers yelling at employees at fast-food
restaurants or on shop floors.