Применение интерактивных технологий при обучении чтению.
(Методические рекомендации для преподавателей по использованию интерактивных технологий для обучения всем видам речевой деятельности).
Теория взаимодействия утверждает, что студенты усваивают язык лучше, если взаимодействуют со всеми аспектами своего окружения. Поэтому необходимо подключать мысли и чувства студентов, использовать личный, социальный и культурный контексты их деятельности. Понимание содержания литературного произведения во многом зависит от того, как читатель интерпретирует слова автора.
Таким образом, понимание текста при чтении происходит тогда, когда студенты активизируют свои прошлые знания, связывают их с новой информацией, полученной при чтении, взаимодействуют с текстом, интерпретируют его, обсуждают, слушают друг друга, оценивают свои чувства по поводу прочитанного.
Для развития умения интерактивного чтения предлагаются 3 группы заданий вовлекающие студентов в чтение. Некоторые из этих заданий выполняются до чтения текста, другие могут быть использованы по мере «продвижения» читателя в тексте, третьи являются наиболее эффективными после прочтения литературного произведения.
Первая группа заданий предназначена для активизации прошлого опыта студентов, их знаний в той или Инной области. Сюда включены следующие задания: KLW Chart; Knowledge Chart.
KLW Chart.
После объявления темы или названия произведения студенты аккумулируют свои знания о предмете, заполняя первую часть таблицы – Know, представленную на доске или плакате. Преподаватель предлагает студентам высказаться по поводу того, что они хотели бы узнать в данной области, заполнить вторую часть таблицы – Want. После коллективного обсуждения наиболее интересные идеи вносятся в эту часть таблицы. Третья часть таблицы – Learnt – заполняется после прочтения всего произведения или его части.
Вторая группа заданий фокусирует внимание читателя на содержании рассказа, включая его основные элементы: место действия (setting), главных героев (main characters), проблему (problem), разрешение проблемы (solution), тему (theme) и нравственные ценности (moral values).
Эта группа заданий является наиболее эффективной при обучении чтению и доступной для понимания большинства студентов. Преподаватель может выбрать любое, из этих заданий исходя из уровня знаний студентов.
Рассмотрим на примере аутентичного текста данную группу заданий с предполагаемыми ответами студентов.
Robin Hood and the Golden Arrow
Robin Hood was a legendary hero who was well known and loved by the poor people of England. He lived in a forest far from the towns, and when the poor were oppressed by the rich, he helped them by giving them food and shelter. The sheriffs tried to arrest him but they did not succeed in doing so. Once the sheriff of N. decided to organize a shooting contest in order to catch him because he knew Robin Hood to be a very good shot and was sure that he would take part in the contest by all means. The prize was a golden arrow.
On learning about the forthcoming contest Robin Hood gathered his men and discussed whether they should take part in it. Finally it was decided that although the risk of participating in the contest was great, they should all go, Robin Hood among them. The day of the contest was fine and clear. The town was decorated with flags, and the field for the contest was full of people. The sheriff looked for Robin Hood and his men everywhere. He knew that they were always dressed in green. To his disappointment, however, he could not find anybody who looked like them. The contest was won by a fellow dressed in red, who had come from a village with a whole company of young men. After receiving the prize the fellow left the town, and nobody ever thought that it was Robin Hood. While leaving the town Robin Hood shot an arrow through the sheriff's open window. There was a paper attached to it with the following words: "Robin Hood thanks the sheriff for the Golden Arrow."
Story Frame. Схема содержит достаточно информации для того, чтобы студенты представили основное содержание произведения и смогли его пересказать. Некоторые задания подходят для детального описания содержания текста.
Story Frame.
The story takes place in England.
Robin Hood is a character of the story who helped poor people giving them food and shelter.
Another character of the story is the sheriff of N. who organised a shooting confest to catch Robin Hood.
A problem occurs when the sheriff did not find anybody who looked like Robin., who was always dressed in green.
After that the contest was won by a fellow dressed in red and who received a golden arrow as a prize.
The problem is solved when the fellow with a company of young men left the town and nobody thougth that is was Robin Hood.
The story ends when Robin Hood shot an arrow through the sheriff `s window with a paper attached to it: « Robin Hood thanks the sheriff for the Golden Arrow.»
Story Pyramid. В этом издании студентам предлагается заполнить пирамиду, которая включает следующую информацию:
Line 1. Name of the man character. Robin Hood.
Line 2. Two words describing the main character. Brave, clever.
Line 3. Three words describing the setting. Shooting, confest, field.
Line 4. Four words stating the problem. Sheriff, to want, to catch.
Line 5. Five words describing one main event. To look for, dressed in green, to find, anywhere, to look like.
Line 6. Six words describing the second main event. To win, a fellow, come from, a village, a company, young men.
Line 7. Seven words describing the third main event. To receive, the prize, to leave, the town, through, a window, open.
Line 8. Eight words stating the solution of the problem. Paper, attach, following, words, to thank, to shoot, golden, arrow.
Данное задание, кроме знания содержания прочитанного, требует от студентов знания английских слов, умение мыслить рационально.
Story map. После прочтения всего рассказа студенты заполняют своеобразную карту, в которой отражены основные элементы литературного произведения. Задание может выполняться индивидуально, в малых группах или коллективно. Заполненная карта рассказа являются хорошей опорой для детальнейшего обсуждения, составления пересказа или написания сочинения.
Story Map.
The setting. England, shooting contest.
The main characters. Robin Hood; the sheriff of N. town.
Statement of the problem to catch Robin Hood.
Event 1 Organising a shooting contest.
Event 2 The sheriff did not find Robin Hood among men.
Event 3 Robin Hood won the contest.
Event 4 Robin Hood shot an arrow with the words of thanks.
Statement of the solution Robin Hood outwited the sheriff.
Story theme (What is this story really about?) The story is about Robin Hood – a man who helped poor people and the sheriff who wanted to catch him.
Values brought out in the story the good is always rewarded; deception is not always the solution of the problem...
Третья группа заданий развивает мышление студентов, их умение пересказывать, анализировать, сравнивать события рассказа и поступки героев.
Prediction pare/Contrast Chart. При выполнении данного задания активизируется знание студентов о событиях и героях, возникает необходимость доказать свои предположения и опровергнуть неправильные предположения других.
Цель задания: вызвать интерес к чтению, внутреннюю мотивацию.
Применение интерактивных технологий (ролевые игры) при обучении говорению (Методическое пособие для студентов «Healthy way of life»).
Healthy way of life.
To be healthy is very important. Health is the man`s greatest weailth. Only a healthy man can enjoy his life, work well and be happy. Of course, you can inhert some health problems from your parents, but you can always keep your health if you want to.
The first rule of the healthy way of life is to have normal weight, not to be overweight and not to change your weight quickly. A human body needs about 10 % of it to be fat, otherwise it doesn`t work well. There are 2 ways of controlling your weight. You can regulate your diet and your exercise.
A correct diet helps you organism work well and be healthy. It is the second rule of the healthy lifestyle.
The third rule is regular exercise. Many people jog, walk or cycle in their free time. Physical exercises help us to keep fit, have a good gait and figure. They also help to lose weight and work out energy. It is not good to be as thin as stick, but extra weight can cause serious problems with heart and diabetes.
There are also some bad habits which can ruin ur health. The main are smoking, drinking alcohol and using drugs. I think these bad habits ruin your health and show your weak character. Speaking about smoking, I must say that smoking in some aspects is worse than other bad habits. As you know, there are active and passive smokers. Passive smoking can be very dangerous for the pregnant and babies.
Drinking alcohol is another bad habit. Some people think that alcohol can help you to relax and feel more confident. I don’t agree with this opinion. Drinking people ruin not only their health but their lives too. They even lose their families. Drinking alcohol is bad for all organs of the human body, but it first influences the liver, the organ, which purifies the blood. Then, alcohol influences the brain and a man stops being a man.
The usage of drugs is a bad habit too. Many people smoke but cigarettes don’t kill so quickly. Drugs make people their addicts very quickly – after a few doses. Some people say that drugs help people escape from their problems and enter colorful world of dreams. But later, after several doses, you can’t live without drugs. A drug addict has to take drugs every day or he suffers from the syndrome of abstinence. And the fact is that drug addicts die young.
So, you can see that smoking, drining alcohol and using drugs are not simply habits but they can be called a voluntary suicide.
To be healthy you have either to give up these habbits or never start them, this is the 4th rule.
There are several hygienic procedures which are necessary to perform to be healthy, such as visiting a dentist, cleaning your teeth, taking shower every day and tempering.
Complete the role – play using the topical matirial given above.
Characters:
1. Mrs. Ann Burns. - a discussion leader, an experienced psycologist who works with people having problems with their health, young people in particular.
2. Mrs. Jane Brown. – a doctor, a dietician, consulthng people with extra – weight.
3. Mr. John Copper – an expirinced coach of a fitness centre.
4. Mrs. Helen Wild – a pensioner, aged 75, still driving a car, running and doing exercises in the morning.
5. Miss. Lisa Hubble – a student, aged 20 , the leader of the Student`s Council of college, who is for healthy way of life of the youngesters. He motto is: no smoking, no alcohol, no drugs.
6. Mr. Ralf Harrison – a teacher of college, aged 46, always ready to help stedents having bad habis.
7. Miss Margaret Grey – a student, aged 19, a member of the Student`s Council, who thinks that keeping to regular hours is impossible for those who are engaged in extracarriculam activities.
8. Mr. Jeck Grey – Margaret`s father who is against his daughter`s busy way of life, is really worred about her health.
1. Mrs. Ann Burns (opening).
Dear friends, we have gathered to discuss the problems, which have always been and remained important. These are the problems connected with our health. Many people especially young people are deeply corncerned about their health. Some of them are displeased with their extra – weight, the others with their bad habits. Many people complain that because of lack of time they don`t have an apportnity to go in for sport, have a good rest and keep to regular hours. Some people can`t even have regular meal and it may course serious diseases. So, it`s necessary to persuade people to have a healthy way of life, organise their working day in such a way that they coul manadge to do everything without any damage for their health.
2. Mrs. Jane Brown.
Many young people are extra – weight. It`s very important to regulate your diet, have ballanced food, you need to get all types of substances includindg vitamins and fibre. You should also eat fruit and vegetables. But keeping to a diet is an individual thing. It`s desirable to consult a specialist before doing it. But remember that a correct diet will help your organism to work well and be healhty.
3. Mr. John Copper.
Keeping to a diet isn`t enough for yonr health. Regular exercises is the main rule of the healthy lifestyle. Physical exercises will help you to keep fit, have a good gait and figure. You won`t get tired for a long time and feel bad.
4. Mrs. Helen Wild.
All these specialists are absolutely right. Look at me! I have always had a very busy way of life, but nevertheless I have managed to do everything I had to do. In my opinion it`s very important to walk much, but most people nowdays prefer driving by car or taking a taxy to walking. Besides, a lot of people spend more time glued to their tellies. So they runin their eye – sight and weaken their muscles.
5. Miss. Lisa Hubble.
Indeed, a lot of young people can`t organise their working day properly. They go to bed late at night, because they spend a lot of time before tv – set, go to the night clubs. Besides, some of them smoke and drink alcohol that ruin their health and even their lives.
6. Mr. Ralf Harrison.
In fact, some of my students have really serious problems with their health. As far as I can judge they spend much time in youth companies smoking and drinking ing to the classes they complain of a bad headache, weekness in the body. Of course it`s dlifficult for them to preserve their mind sound and to be concentrated on the problem.
7. Miss Margaret Grey.
Everything is clear, but it`s really difficult to give up going to numerous student`s parties, sections and clubs and consequently keep to relugar hours, it`s still necessary to organise and disitribute your work properly not to do harm to your health.
8. Mr. Jeck Grey.
I suppose some, young people are too busy nowdays. They want to know everything and to learn to do everything. It`s impossible. It can ruin their health from early ages. They must understand what they need and what they can really do. But they shouldn`t think only about their parents, their relatives and friends who have real problems with their health. Now, some young people can`t get over the strain of life and become drug addicts that is really dangerous for their health.
9. Mrs. Ann Brown
We arrange seminars and lectures for people having such problems. We try to convince them that drinking alcohol and using drugs is a voluntary suicide. Drinking alcohol is bad for all organs of the human body, besides it influences the brain. A drug addict has to take drugs every day or he suffers from the syndrome of abstinence... ( to be continued)
