МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РФ
Бийский технологический институт (филиал)
федерального государственного бюджетного образовательного
учреждения высшего профессионального образования
«Алтайский государственный технический
университет им. »
(БТИ АлтГТУ)
, ,
РАБОТА С ИНОСТРАННЫМ ТЕКСТОМ.
АННОТИРОВАНИЕ
Методические рекомендации по английскому языку
Бийск
Издательство Алтайского государственного технического
университета им.
2011
УДК 42
Х32
Рецензент: , к. филол. н., доцент кафедры БТИ АлтГТУ.
Работа подготовлена на кафедре иностранных языков.
Хворова, Л. А.
Х32 | Работа с иностранным текстом. Аннотирование: методические рекомендации по английскому языку / , , ; Алт. гос. техн. ун-т, БТИ. – Бийск: Изд-во Алт. гос. техн. ун-та, 2011. – 23 с. |
В методических рекомендациях рассмотрены назначение и структура аннотации. Даются примеры на составление учебных аннотаций и приводятся образцы аннотаций из аутентичной научной литературы. Тематика текстов для аннотирования учитывает современное формиро-вание тенденций социокультурной концепции в обучении.
Рекомендуется использовать на практических занятиях по развитию навыков чтения на I–II уровнях обучения языку и в работе с аспирантами.
УДК 42
Рассмотрены и одобрены на заседании
кафедры иностранных языков.
Протокол № 5 от 01.01.2001 г.
© , , 2011 | |||
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
1 АННОТИРОВАНИЕ.. 4
1.1 Структура аннотации. 4
1.2 Рекомендации при написании аннотации. 5
1.3 Основные компоненты авторской аннотации. 5
1.4 Критическая оценка первоисточника. 5
1.5 Некоторые выражения для аннотирования и сообщений по 6
тексту или статье. 6
2 ТЕКСТЫ ДЛЯ АННОТИРОВАНИЯ С УПРАЖНЕНИЯМИ.. 7
2.1 HUMAN CULTURE.. 7
2.2 THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION.. 7
2.3 SCIENCE, SCIENTISTS AND TECHNOLOGY.. 9
3 ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ЧАСТЬ. ТЕКСТЫ ДЛЯ АННОТИРОВАНИЯ.. 12
3.1 FROM THE HISTORY OF MICROELECTRONICS. 12
3.2 THE SCIENCE OF SOCIOLOGY.. 12
3.3 RELIGIONS AND SCIENCE.. 14
4 Образцы СПЕЦИАЛИЗИРОВАННЫХ И ОПИСАТЕЛЬНЫХ аннотациЙ 15
ЛИТЕРАТУРА.. 22
1 АННОТИРОВАНИЕ
Написание аннотации (на родном и иностранном языках) является одним из важных умений письменной речи. Развитие этого умения у обучающихся и педагогов приобретает особую актуальность в связи с постепенным повышением требований к профессиональной подготовке специалистов. Владение технологией написания аннотации необходимо в современной жизни выпускников средних школ и студентов. При подаче заявок на гранты и стипендии зарубежных организаций на обучение или участие в молодежных программах, акциях, фору - мах обучающимся требуется представлять краткое описание научно-исследовательского или социально ориентированного проекта. Неспособность правильно составлять аннотацию (резюме) своего проекта будет свидетельствовать об отсутствии у кандидата четких представлений о целях и путях реализации предлагаемого проекта. Умение написания аннотации приобретает в этой связи немалую значимость и для учителей средних общеобразовательных школ и преподавателей вузов, принимающих участие в программах международных образовательных обменов.
Многие журналы требуют сопровождения статьи аннотацией или резюме на русском и английском языках. Поэтому владение умением написания аннотации, согласно существующим в российской и мировой практике правилам, во многом поможет обучающимся и педагогам более эффективно представить себя и позиционировать свой проект или работу.
Необходимо отметить, что в русском языке термин «аннотация» используется в разных значениях и включает в себя разное понятийное содержание в зависимости от сферы употребления. Авторская аннотация к статье или проекту – это краткая характеристика работы, содержащая только перечень основных вопросов. В этом смысле слово «аннотация» может быть использовано в качестве синонима термину «резюме» (статьи) и английскому «abstract».
1.1 Структура аннотации
В общем, умение написания аннотации во многом определяется развитием умения обобщения. В аннотации необходимо определить основные идеи, разделы работы, соединить их вместе и представить в достаточно краткой форме. Аннотация как функциональный тип текста имеет свою структуру. Представляя содержание целой работы, аннотация должна включать в себя: ее основные разделы, актуальность, постановку проблемы, пути решения поставленной проблемы, результаты и выводы. На каждый из разделов может отводиться по одному предложению. Поэтому четкость изложения мысли является ключевым при написании аннотации.
1.2 Рекомендации при написании аннотации
Лимит слов | При написании аннотации необходимо придерживаться лимита 50–400 слов |
Временное единство | Аннотации к уже написанным статьям и исследованиям следует писать в прошедшем времени |
Простота в изложении | Язык аннотации должен быть простым и понятным широкому кругу специалистов в конкретной области знания. Рекомендуется использовать известные общепринятые термины |
Отсутствие деталей | В аннотации необходимо избегать лишних деталей и конкретных цифр |
Ключевые слова | Достаточно часто авторы выделяют ключевые слова работы. Желательно указать наибольшее количество ключевых слов, для увеличения шансов нахождения статьи через поисковые системы |
1.3 Основные компоненты авторской аннотации
Ø Актуальность
Ø Постановка проблемы
Ø Пути решения проблемы
Ø Результаты
Ø Вывод
1.4 Критическая оценка первоисточника
Эта рубрика может содержаться не в каждой аннотации, так как сам составитель далеко не всегда может дать такую критическую оценку, но наличие такой рубрики является весьма желательным. Обычно составитель излагает свою точку зрения на актуальность материала, указывает, на кого рассчитан данный материал, кого он может заинтересовать.
Составленная по такой структуре аннотация является ценным материалом для ориентации заинтересованных лиц в потоке информации.
1.5 Некоторые выражения для аннотирования и сообщений по тексту или статье
1. The title of the text (article) is...
Название текста (статьи) ...
2. The text (article) is about... The text deals with...
Текст (статья) о... Текст имеет дело с...
3. The text (article) covers such points as...
Текст (статья) охватывает такие вопросы как...
4. It should be underlined that...
Следует подчеркнуть, что …
5. To my mind (In my opinion) ...
По моему мнению...
6. The text (article) describes …
Текст (статья) описывает …
7. Further some information (data) on … is provided
Далее приводится информация (данные) по …
8. According to the text...
Согласно данному тексту (статье) …
9. In conclusion, I may say that...
В заключение я могу сказать...
10. I found the text (article) interesting (dull, difficult, too hard to understand, of no value, informative, cognitive, useful).
Я нахожу текст (статью) интересным(ой), (скучным (ой), трудным (ой), слишком трудным (ой) для понимания, не представляющим (ей) значимости, информативным (ой), познавательным (ой), полезным (ой).
2 ТЕКСТЫ ДЛЯ АННОТИРОВАНИЯ
С УПРАЖНЕНИЯМИ
2.1 HUMAN CULTURE
Culture is a term, which is used by social scientists for a people's whole way of life. In its narrow meaning, culture is activities in such fields as art, literature, and music. Social scientists consider that a people's culture consists of all ideas, objects, and ways how people create things. Culture includes arts, beliefs, customs, inventions, language, technology, and traditions. The term «civilization» is similar, but it refers mostly to scientifically more advanced ways of life. A culture is any way of life, simple or complex.
All cultures have features that result from basic needs, which are shared by all people. Every culture has methods of obtaining food and shelter. There is also a way to keep order: a system of police, courts, and prisons. Every culture has ways to protect itself against invaders. It also has family relationships, religious beliefs. All societies have forms of artistic expression, such as painting, music, etc. In addition, each culture has some type of scientific knowledge.
Cultures differ in their details from one part of the world to another. For example, eating is a biological need. But what people eat, when and how they eat, and how food is prepared differ from culture to culture. People do not realize how greatly culture influences their behaviour until they come across other ways of doing things. People feel most comfortable within their own culture, and they prefer the company of others who share their culture. When people have to deal with persons of another culture, even small differences in behaviour may make them uneasy.
2.1.1 Прочитайте текст, постарайтесь сосредоточиться на главном. Выберите подходящее название для каждого абзаца.
1. Specific Features of Different Cultures;
2. What is Culture?
mon Features of Different Cultures
2.2 THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The Russian Federation (Russia) is the world's largest country in area. It extends from the Arctic Ocean to the Black Sea, and from the Baltic Sea to the Pacific Ocean. It is located in Europe and Asia. Its total area is over 17 million square *****ssia borders many countries, such as Finland, the Ukraine, the Baltic States, China, Mongolia, and others.
The surface of Russia is various. You can see lowlands and highlands, forests and wide grasslands on its territory. The Russian Federation is situated on two plains. The longest mountain chains are the Urals, which separate Europe and Asia, the Caucasus, the Altai. There are many rivers and lakes in our country. Major rivers include the Volga in Europe, the Yenisei, the Ob, the Lena in Asia. Lake Baikal in Siberia is the world's deepest lake.
There are different climatic zones on the vast area of our country. In the north, it is very cold, even in summer. The central part of the country has a mild climate. In the south, it is warm, even in winter. The climate of Siberia is continental: summers are hot and dry and winters are very cold.
Russia has abundant natural resources, which, besides large areas of forests, vast fertile soils, and a great water supply, include large deposits of gas, coal, iron ore, etc. Three quarters of the minerals wealth are concentrated in Siberia and the Far East.
The population of Russia is over 150 million people. Most of Russia's people (over 80 per cent) are ethnic Russians, but more than 100 minority nationalities also live in our country. The European part of the country is densely populated. Most of the people (about 70 per cent) prefer to live in cities, towns, and their outskirts. The official language of the country is Russian.
The head of the state is the President, who is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The President appoints the ministers, but they must be approved by the Federal Assembly. The head of the government is the Prime Minister.
The Russian flag was adopted in 1991. It has three horizontal stripes which symbolize: white – the earth, blue – the sky, red – the freedom. Besides the Russian flag, there is another national symbol of Russia – a two-headed eagle.
2.2.1 Переведите следующие словосочетания, обращая внимание на предлоги.
Extends from the Arctic Ocean to the Black Sea, on its territory, a lot of rivers, on the vast area of our country, in the North, in summer, the central part of the country, the climate of Siberia, deposits of gas, three-quarters of the mineral wealth, the population of Russia, most of Russia’s people, in cities, the official language of the country, the head of the state, is named after, are proud of the capital, at last, about the state system, in brief.
2.2.2 Заполните пропуски, применяя для этого инфинитив.
1. They want... a report about the political structure of this country.
2. ... ministers is the function of the President.
3. They began … the climate of Russia.
4. The flag... is approved by the people.
5. ... the people of the country, you should know their customs and traditions.
(To appoint, to be adopted, to make, to understand, to describe)
2.2.3 Прочитайте текст и попытайтесь сосредоточиться на его существенных фактах. Выберите самый подходящий за-головок для каждого абзаца.
1. The National Symbols;
2. The Territory of the Russian Federation;
3. The Climate;
4. The Natural Resources;
5. The Population;
6. The Head of the State;
7. The Surface of the Country.
2.2.4 Составьте аннотацию к тексту, используя следующие фразы.
1. The title of the text is... .
2. The text is about... The text deals with... .
3. The text covers such points as... .
4. It should be underlined that... .
5. In conclusion, I may say that... .
6. To my mind... In my opinion... .
2.3 SCIENCE, SCIENTISTS AND TECHNOLOGY
The word «science» comes from the Latin word «scientia», which means «knowledge». Science covers the broad field of knowledge that deals with facts and the relationship among these facts.
Scientists study a wide variety of subjects. Other researchers investigate why we act the way we do, or try to solve complicated mathematical problems.
Scientists use systematic methods of study to make observations and collect facts.
Scientific study can be divided into three major groups: the natural, social, and technical sciences.
Science has great influence on our lives. It provides the basis of modern technology - the tools and machines that make our life and work easier. The discoveries and inventions of scientists also help shape our view about ourselves and our place in the universe.
Technology means the use of people's inventions and discoveries to satisfy their needs.
Nowadays, when people speak of technology, they generally mean industrial technology. Industrial technology began about 200 years ago with the development of the steam engine, the growth of factories, and the mass production of goods. It influenced different aspects of people's lives.
Science has contributed much to modern technology. Science attempts to explain how and why things happen. But not all technology is based on science. But some modern technologies, such as nuclear power production and space travel, depend heavily on science.
2.3.1 Найдите в тексте предложения с указанными словами, прочитайте и переведите эти предложения.
Wide, to research, to attempt, to believe, to examine, main, complex, difficult, to start, big, a motor, various, to study.
2.3.2 Найдите в тексте антонимы следующим словам:
narrow, easy, practice, to try, artificial, old, more, to begin, small, little.
2.3.3 Переведите и дайте грамматический анализ.
а) грамматической формы с окончанием –ing.
The cell of living plants … .
They solve problems by measuring some quantities … .
b) грамматической формы с окончанием –ed.
Complicated problems, has happened, has been tested, are closely interconnected, it influenced, the telephone revolutionized, is based on.
c) грамматической формы с окончанием –s.
Comes from, which means, among these facts, scientists, our lives, people’s inventions, to make observations.
2.3.4 Согласитесь или не согласитесь со следующими утверж-дениями, добавив своей информации:
1. Scientists study a wide variety of subjects.
2. Scientific study can be divided into two major groups.
3. Many new fields of science have appeared.
4. Numerous areas of science overlap each other.
5. Science has great influence on our lives.
3 ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ЧАСТЬ. ТЕКСТЫ
ДЛЯ АННОТИРОВАНИЯ
3.1 FROM THE HISTORY OF MICROELECTRONICS
Progress in electronics is always accompanied with an increasing sophistication of circuit functions and with widening fields of electronic devices application. That is why, the basic components, construction technology and operating characteristics of electronic equipment are further improved. The basic components used in electronic equipment have passed through a number of developmental stages.
Properties of electrons in vacuum were discovered and studied, and this formed the basis for vacuum tubes, the basic components for the first-generation electronic equipment.
The development of quantum mechanics and solid-state physics has formed a basis for the theory of semiconductors, and commercial manufacture of semiconductor devices are the basic components for the second-generation electronic apparatus.
Basic components of the third-generation electronic apparatus are associated with a new state of electronic development. A new branch of science and engineering, microelectronics, has come into being. The third-generation electronic equipment is based on integrated circuits (ICs), which consist of a large number of equivalent active and passive components. First ICs were developed between 1958 and 1960. The following scientists and engineers have made valuable contributions to the advancement of microelectronics: A. Shokin, K. Valijev, A. Malinin, I. Efimov, V. Kolesnikov, B. Vysotskii, and many others. The use of integrated circuits as basic components of electronic equipment has led to a significant improvement of its speed and reliability, and to a decrease of its size and energy consumption.
Thus, microelectronics is the next stage in the development of electronics and one of its basic branches.
3.2 THE SCIENCE OF SOCIOLOGY
Sociology is the study of the social lives of humans, groups and societies. It is a relatively new scientific discipline which appeared in the early 19th century. It deals with the social rules and processes that connect and separate people not only as individuals, but as members of associations, groups, and institutions. Sociology is interested in our behaviour as social beings. Thus, the sociological field of interest ranges from the analysis of short contacts between anonymous individuals on the street to the study of global social processes.
Sociology is a relatively new scientific discipline among other social sciences including economics, political science, anthropology, and psychology. It has, however, a long history and can trace its origins to a mixture of common human knowledge, works of art and philosophy.
Sociology as a scientific discipline emerged in the early 19th century as an academic response to the challenge of modernity: as the world is becoming smaller and more integrated, people's experience of the world is increasingly atomized and dispersed. Sociologists hoped not only to understand what held social groups together, but also to develop an «antidote» to social disintegration.
The term «sociology» was applied by Auguste Comte in 1838 from Latin «socius» (companion, associate) and Greek «logia» (study of, speech). Comte hoped to unify all studies of humankind including history, psychology and economics. His own sociological scheme was typical of the 19th century. He believed all human life had passed through the same distinct historical stages and that, if one could grasp this progress, one could prescribe the remedies for social ills.
The first books with term 'sociology' in their title were written in mid-19th century by the English philosopher Herbert Spencer. In the United States, the discipline was taught by its name for the first time at the University of Kansas, Lawrence in 1890 under the course title «Elements of Sociology».
Although the discipline emerged in large part from Comte's conviction that sociology eventually would subsume all other areas of scientific inquiry, in the end, sociology did not replace the other social sciences. Instead, it came to be another of them, with its own particular emphases, subject matter, and methods. Today, sociology studies humankind's organizations and social institutions, largely by a comparative method. It has concentrated particularly on the organization of complex industrial societies.
Today sociologists research macro-structures that organize society, such as race or ethnicity, social class and gender role, and institutions such as the family. It also studies social processes that represent deviation from, or the breakdown of, these structures, including crime and divorce. It also researches micro-processes such as interpersonal interactions and the socialization of individuals.
Sociologists often rely on quantitative methods of social research to describe large patterns in social relationships, and in order to develop models that can help predict social change and how people will respond to it. Other branches of sociology believe that qualitative methods – such as focused interviews, group discussions and ethnographic methods – allow for a better understanding of social processes.
3.3 RELIGIONS AND SCIENCE
The relationship between religion and science has taken a new turn. Relativity theory, quantum mechanics, and other new scientific developments have resulted in some skepticism toward older concepts about the solidity of matter, which helped separate science from «spiritual» concepts. Some congruences exist between modern physics and Buddhist and other mystical approaches to reality, which stress the fluid and relative nature of phenomena.
Moreover, optimistic belief that technological change means progress has been tempered by a realization of the natural and social environment and on individual existence. It is, perhaps, more significant than the strain put on traditional Christian, Jewish, and Islamic cosmology by astronomical discoveries that vastly increase the scale of the universe.
Modern methods of psychotherapy show a greater awareness of traditionally religious spiritual techniques, such as meditation and yoga.
An important ingredient in the interplay between religion and secular society has been the growth of studies of religion on a comparative basis. Often patterns of resemblance between the great religions have thereby been disclosed, encouraging moves to a unification of faiths through such organizations as the World Congress of Faiths.
And also it is very important how to adapt traditions that give people a sense of cultural and spiritual identity to the great changes in social existence, international relations, and scientific knowledge in today's world.
4 Образцы СПЕЦИАЛИЗИРОВАННЫХ
И ОПИСАТЕЛЬНЫХ аннотациЙ
из АУТЕНТИЧНОЙ научной литературы
Образец № 1
A generalised equation for bed expansion in low frequency, intermittent pulsed Huidisation is derived and shown to apply to both square and non-square wave pulsing in two - and three-dimensional columns using coarse and fine glass and iron particles. This equation allows for an interstitial gas flow-rate in excess of that corresponding to incipient fluidisation, bubble velocities greater than ideal, and the accumulation of gas beneath the bed. An empirical factor is also included which accounts for transient effects associated with the initial acceleration and movement of the bed and is correlated in terms of the pressure drop across the bed.
Образец № 2
A numerical model that treats liquid and vapor as a continuum has been constructed for predicting small scale, high speed, cavitating, nozzle flow. In order to model extremely high pressures, the compressibility of both phases has been included in the scheme, and a third-order shock capturing technique was applied to the continuity equation to capture sharp jumps in density. In addition, a boundary-fitted mesh was used to treat different nozzle geometries. The scheme has been run with very high upstream pressures and with a liquid to vapor density ratio of ten-thousand to one. The model results have been compared to experimental measurements of single bubble collapse. Results are also presented for rounded and sharp nozzle entrances with varying upstream pressures. The model successfully predicted coefficient of discharge and exit velocity for a variety of nozzle geometries.
Образец № 3
Fractal geometry is used to characterize the roughness of cracked concrete surfaces through a specially built profilometer and the fractal dimension is subsequently correlated to the fracture toughness and direction of crack propagation. Preliminary results indicate that the fracture surface is indeed fractal over two orders of magnitudes with a dimension of approximately 1.20.
Образец № 4
More interferometry was used to determine the distribution of the crack opening displacement (COD) along the process zones of stably growing cracks in five crack-line wedge-loaded, double cantilever beam (CLWL-DCB) specimens and four prenotched three point bend specimens. An optimization procedure, employing the generation phase of a finite element analysis, was used to best fit a postulated continuous crack closure stress vs. COD relationship to the experimental results. The resultant continuous function agreed well with the three straight-line segments of the crack closure stress vs. COD relationship anticipated for these specimens and derivable previously only by experimental-numerical techniques. The controversy regarding the specimen geometry dependency of the crack closure stress relationship was effectively resolved by these limited tests. The fracture responses of these two types of specimens were modeled using the application phase of a finite element analysis.
Образец № 5
This paper is concerned with the signal-to-noise ratio for a four-horn type monopulse radar. The complexity of such a system lies in the nontinearity of the system which consists of two nonlinear devices with a linear device between them. A simple expression for gain is obtained for the strong signal-to-noise case under the assumption that the look angle is small.
Образец № 6
This report discusses the structural analysis and testing that was required to certify the Space Shuttle orbiter window design. The three-pane window system was analyzed and tested for aerodynamic pressure and thermal load on the external surface and for cabin pressure on the internal surface. The analysis and testing were completed for 100 mission cycles. The orbiter window design has met all its design requirements and criteria and has been certified.
Образец № 7
In the last decade atomic force microscopy has been used to measure the mechanical stability of single proteins. These force spectroscopy experiments have shown that many water-soluble and membrane proteins unfold via one or more intermediates. Recently, Li and co-workers found a linear correlation between the unfolding force of the native state and the intermediate in fibronectin, which they suggested indicated the presence of a molecular memory or multiple unfolding pathways. Here, we apply two independent methods in combination with Monte Carlo simulations to analyze the unfolding of α-helices E and D of bacteriorhodopsin (BR). We show that correlation analysis of unfolding forces is very sensitive to errors in force calibration of the instrument. In contrast, a comparison of relative forces provides a robust measure for the stability of unfolding intermediates. The proposed approach detects three energetically different states of α - helices E and D in trimeric BR. These states are not observed for monomeric BR and indicate that substantial information is hidden in forced unfolding experiments of single proteins.
Образец № 8
In ultrasonic cleaning one of the main cleaning mechanisms is the cavitation which is induced by high-intensity sound fields. To further develop ultrasonic cleaning and to be able to make predictions about the results one has to consider the propagation of the ultrasound waves as well as the cavitation.
In this paper a numerical model is presented to calculate the ultrasound propagation in a cavitating fluid. The model is based on a two-phase continuum approach. Contrary to most cavitation models, a finite element approach is used to solve these equations. The extensive computational effort of simulating the whole transient response of the standing waves forming in ultrasonic cleaning systems is circumvent by a two-step procedure combining a harmonic and a transient computation.
Numerical simulations will be compared with experiments, which investigated, in addition to the pressure, the erosion and cleaning activity of cavitating water. The correlation between the simulated cavitation activity and the cleaning results will be discussed.
Образец № 9
The development of a 200-kHz air ultrasonic transducer that consists of a piezoceramic disc and metal housing, the latter acting as a radiating membrane, is discussed. Theoretical analysis of the axially symmetric transducer structure is based upon the finite-element method. Calculations of the resonance frequencies, corresponding transducer deformations and input electrical admittance are performed using triangular ring elements with six degrees of freedom. Measured values on experimentally built transducers show good agreement with theory.
Образец № 10
This paper investigates the effect of high-intensity ultrasound on the breakage characteristics of particles suspended in water. A continuous sonicated flow experimental apparatus is used involving a 24 kHz horn type transducer and continuous in-line particle chord length measurement. The effects of sonication power (150–350 W) and temperature (10–50 °C) on the breakage characteristics are investigated. Higher breakage is favored at higher sonication power. An optimum temperature in the range tested is observed to exist between 25 °C and 37 °C. The acoustic cavitation field is influenced by temperature through a complex interplay of vapor pressure, surface tension and viscosity leading to the optimum observed in particle breakage. The efficiency of ultrasound energy conversion to particle breakage is calculated using calorimetry and found along with the net breakage efficiency to initially increase with temperature followed by a decrease after the optimum. It is found to be independent of input ultrasonic power. The effects of contact time is also investigated.
Образец № 11
Holographic interferometry is used to determine the fracture process zone of mortar and concrete. The tests reveal the presence of a significant fracture process zone prior to peak load of the specimen. The fracture process zone can be subdivided into an elliptical, continuous region and a narrow but long, disrupted band along which load is transferred due to aggregate interlock. The larger the aggregates, the more pronounced is this fracture process zone.
Образец № 12
A process for producing vinegar is disclosed wherein cereals or fruits are subjected to alcoholic fermentation thereby resulting in an alcohol fermentation product which is subsequently purified by ultra-filtration membranes to obtain purified alcohol. The purified alcohol is subjected to acetic acid fermentation and vinegar is recovered therefrom.
Образец № 13
This paper elaborates the importance of subsidiary plots for the Russian agricultural production as well as their different impact on the social situation of the rural and urban population. It examines that households with their individual plots are the major producer of a wide assortment of agricultural products in the Russian transition period. In order to estimate the importance of these plots for the living standard in rural and urban areas some major results of household surveys carried out in 1995 in Orlov, Pskov and Rostov oblasts are presented. The paper concludes that the role of the individual subsidiary plots in the Russian economy can hardly be overestimated.
Образец № 14
Analytic results obtained through a recently developed preliminary design code are compared with experimental results. It is found that, especially at transonic speeds, viscous flow effects can severely distort the inviscid unsteady aerodynamic characteristics of typical tactical missile geometries. The different sources for these «anomalous» viscous effects are described, and the potential danger of using subscale experimental data as the basis for a design code is illustrated by a few well-documented examples.
Образец № 15
The experimental work of studying the adsorption of ketotifen and allopurinol by chitosan focused on determining the solubilities and the adsorption isotherms of the adsorbates employed in this study. The adsorption of the aforementioned compounds by chitosan was studied using the rotating bottle method. The concentrations, both before and after the attainment of equilibrium, were determined with the aid of a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography column. The results of these studies demonstrated that ketotifen and allopurinol are both adsorbed by chitosan. The allopurinol adsorption experiments indicated that the particle size of chitosan and therefore the surface area can significantly affect the Langmuir capacity constant, while the affinity constants are statistically the same.
What was not expected was that the capacity constants were significantly different, suggesting that further studies are needed using common ion buffers and multicomponent adsorption for the proper mechanism to be determined.
Образец № 16
Crew planning is a typical problem arising in the management of large transit systems (such as railway and airline companies). Given a set of train services to be performed every day, the problem calls for a set of crew rosters covering the train services at minimum cost. Although the cost may depend on several factors, the main objective is to minimize the number of crews needed to perform the rosters. The process of constructing the rosters from the train services has been historically subdivided into three independent phases, called pairing generation, pairing optimization, and rostering optimization, as is the case for the approach presented in Caprara et al. (1999a) for the Italian railways. In that paper, it is suggested that a feedback between the last two phases may significantly improve the quality of the final solution. In this paper, we illustrate the implementation of a new crew planning system within the EU Project TRIO. In particular, we describe the design of a new module for pairing generation, as well as an effective technique for integrating the pairing and rostering optimization phases into a unique one. The improvements over the previous approach are shown through computational results on real-world instances.
Образец № 17
Estimated rates of return to research are distorted by problems of attributing the credit for particular research results, or for particular research-induced productivity increases, to research expenditures undertaken at different times, in different places, and by different agencies. A comprehensive assessment of the evidence from past economic evaluations of the returns to agricultural R&D indicates that studies generally report high rates of return, with enormous variation among studies, but that much of this evidence has been tainted by inadequate attention to attribution problems. This paper raises these concerns in a general way, and illustrates their importance with reference to two particular types of attribution problem. First, we consider the problem of accounting for locational spillovers in attributing varietal improvement technology among research performers, using U. S. wheat varieties as an example. Second, we consider the temporal aspects of the attribution problem using the specification of research lags in econometric models to illustrate the problem of attributing aggregate productivity gains to research expenditures at different times.
Образец № 18
In this study, we proposed a new approach to foreign exchange market studies, an artificial market approach. The artificial market approach integrated fieldwork studies and multiagent models in order explain the micro and macro relation in markets.
The artificial market approach has the three steps:
First, in order to investigate the learning patterns of actual dealers, we carried out both interviews and questionnaires.
Second, we constructed a multiagent model of a foreign exchange market. Considering the result of the analysis of the field data, the interaction of agents' learning is described with genetic algorithms in our model.
Finally, the emergent phenomena at the market level were analyzed on the basis of the simulation results of the model. The results showed that rate bubbles were caused by the interaction between the agents' forecasts and the relationship of demand and supply.
This approach therefore integrates the fieldwork and the multiagent model, and provides quantitative explanation of the micro-macro relation in markets.
Образец № 19
This article examines the objective and subjective aspects of managerial careers in six large firms that have experienced organizational restructuring. We begin by assessing the dominant models of change in career structures, particularly those which emphasize the «portfolio» route to career success. Although elements of the bureaucratic career remain, we find some evidence of the shift, predicted by these models amongst the younger generation of managers. However, it is striking that not all young managers are able to take advantage of the opportunities offered by the new career model. Indeed, cultural capital has an increasing impact on career achievement. Younger managers are responding by reorienting away from organizational loyalty towards a concern with individual career projects.
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Учебное издание
Хворова Людмила Александровна
Кудрявцева Алла Александровна
Завьялкина Дарья Александровна
РАБОТА С ИНОСТРАННЫМ ТЕКСТОМ.
АННОТИРОВАНИЕ
Методические рекомендации по английскому языку
Редактор
Технический редактор
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Издательство Алтайского государственного
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РАБОТА С ИНОСТРАННЫМ ТЕКСТОМ.
АННОТИРОВАНИЕ
Методические рекомендации по английскому языку
Бийск
Издательство Алтайского государственного технического
университета им.
