ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ АГЕНТСТВО ПО ОБРАЗОВАНИЮ
ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ
ВЫСШЕГО ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ
ВОЛГОГРАДСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ
КАМЫШИНСКИЙ ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ ИНСТИТУТ (ФИЛИАЛ)
ВОЛГОГРАДСКОГО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО ТЕХНИЧЕСКОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА
Кафедра «Иностранные языки»
Английский язык
Методические указания и контрольные задания
Волгоград
2009
ББК 81.2 Англ. – 9
А 64
Английский язык: методические указания и контрольные задания / Сост. ; Волгоград. гос. техн. ун-т. – Волгоград, 2009. – 38 с.
Содержат практические советы по организации самостоятельной работы с учебной литературой и по выполнению контрольных работ.
Предназначены студентам специальности «Технология машиностроения» заочной формы обучения.
Рецензент: к. ф. н., доцент
Печатается по решению редакционно-издательского совета
Волгоградского государственного технического университета
© Волгоградский
государственный
технический
университет, 2009
ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ
Основной целью обучения студентов английскому языку в техническом вузе является достижение ими практического владения этим языком, что предполагает при заочном обучении формирование умения самостоятельно читать литературу по специальности вуза с целью извлечения информации из иноязычных источников.
Перевод (устный, письменный) используются: а) как средство обучения; б) для контроля понимания прочитанного; в) в качестве возможного способа передачи полученной при чтении информации.
В процессе достижения цели обучения решаются воспитательные и общеобразовательные задачи, способствующие повышению общеобразовательного и культурного уровня студентов.
Данная программа предусматривает, главным образом, самостоятельную работу студентов.
Студенты-заочники, как правило, изучают тот же иностранный язык, который изучался в среднем учебном заведении.
Поскольку лица, поступающие на заочную форму обучения имеют иногда значительный перерыв в занятиях, и уровень их подготовки по иностранному языку очень различен, программа по английскому языку включает грамматический и лексический материал, необходимый для овладения умениями и навыками чтения литературы по профилю вуза.
Студенты, не изучавшие английский язык в школе или утратившие навыки чтения и понимания текстов на английском языке, проходят в вузе все разделы программы. Студенты, обладающие определенными знаниями и навыками по английскому языку, проходят программу с учетом степени их подготовки.
В представленных методических указаниях студенты найдут практические советы по организации самостоятельной работы с учебной литературой и по выполнению контрольных работ.
Составитель
Контрольная работа 1
(1 курс, 1 семестр)
Выполнение и оформление контрольных заданий
1. Контрольное задание по английскому языку для студентов-заочников предлагается в 4-х вариантах. Необходимо выполнить только один. Остальные варианты можно использовать в качестве дополнительного материала для лучшей подготовки к зачету.
2. Выполнять письменное контрольное задание следует в отдельной тетради. На обложке тетради напишите свою фамилию, инициалы, адрес, номер учебной группы, номер выбранного варианта контрольного задания.
3. Контрольное задание должно быть выполнено аккуратным, четким почерком. Перед каждым разделом задания обязательно следует писать условие. Необходимо оставлять в тетради широкие поля для замечаний и методических указаний рецензента.
4. Абзацы текста, которые нужно перевести письменно, перепишите на левой стороне тетради, на правой стороне сделайте письменный перевод указанных абзацев.
5. Контрольные задания должны быть выполнены в той последовательности, в какой они даны в настоящем пособии.
6. Выполненное контрольное задание направляйте для проверки и рецензирования в установленные сроки (не позже чем за месяц до начала сессии).
7. Кафедра оставляет за собой право возвращения работы без проверки, если она выполнена без соблюдения указаний или выполнена не полностью.
Исправление контрольного задания на основе рецензии
1. При получении проверенного рецензентом контрольного задания внимательно прочитайте рецензию, ознакомьтесь с замечаниями рецензента и проанализируйте отмеченные в работе ошибки.
2. Руководствуясь указаниями рецензента, повторите плохо усвоенный Вами материал. Все предложения, в которых были обнаружены орфографические или грамматические ошибки или неточности, перепишите начисто в исправленном виде в конце контрольного задания.
3. Прорецензированные контрольные задания являются учебными документами, которые необходимо сохранять. Помните, что при сдаче зачета или экзамена проводится опрос и по контрольным заданиям, поэтому их следует иметь при себе.
Письменные консультации
Сообщайте своему рецензенту о всех затруднениях, возникающих у Вас при самостоятельном изучении английского языка и обращайтесь к нему за консультацией по вопросам, которые Вы самостоятельно не можете решить.
Условия успешного выполнения контрольного задания № 1
Для правильного выполнения данного контрольного задания необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка по рекомендованному учебнику английского языка:
1. Имя существительное. Множественное число. Артикли и предлоги как показатели имени существительного. Выражение падежных отношений в английском языке с помощью предлогов и окончания - s. Существительное в функции определения и его перевод на русский язык.
2. Имя прилагательное. Степени сравнения имен прилагательных.
3. Числительные.
4. Местоимения: личные, притяжательные, вопросительные, указательные и отрицательные.
5. Времена группы Indefinite действительного залога. Спряжение глаголов to be и to have.
6. Простое распространенное предложение: прямой порядок слов, обратный порядок слов вопросительного предложения.
7. Оборот "there+be".
8. Словообразование - основные префиксы и суффиксы. Словосложение. Использование слов, одинаковых по форме, представляющих собой различные части речи (конверсия).
После изучения всего указанного выше материала приступите к выполнению задания.
Используйте следующие образцы выполнения упражнений:
Образец выполнения 1 (к упр. 1). Грамматическая функция окончания - s.
1. Lectures and seminars are delivered by experienced lecturers. Лекции и семинары проводят опытные лекторы. Lectures-множественное число от имени существительного, а lecture-лекция.
2. Chetford Castle stands on a hill outside the town. Замок Четфорд располагается на холме за городом. Stands - 3 лицо единственного числа от стандартного глагола, to stand - Present Indefinite
3. My friend's son is a student of Kamyshin Technology Institute. Сын моей подруги - студент Камышинского технологического института
Friend's - окончание притяжательного падежа имени существительного в единственном числе.
Образец выполнения 2 (к упр. 2)
Особенности перевода на русский язык английских имен существительных, употребляющихся в функции определения, стоящего перед определяемым словом.
1. The 40-meter-high arch which is the entrance to the Volga-Don Navigation Canal rises in the south of Volgograd. Сорокаметровая арка, которая открывает Волго-Донской канал, возвышается к югу от Волгограда.
2. Mary studies at Kamyshin Technology Institute. Мери учится в Камышинском технологическом институте.
Образец выполнения 3 (к упр. 5)
1. The history of Moscow began on the 4th of April 1147. История Москвы началась 4 апреля 1147 г. Began - Past Indefinite, Active от неправильного глагола to begin
2. The Kremlin is the oldest part of Moscow. Кремль - самая древняя часть Москвы. Is - ед. число, Present Indefinite от нестандартного глагола to be, Active.
3. The complete course of English in our Institute lasts for four terms. Полный курс английского языка в нашем институте длится 4 семестра. Lasts - Злицо, ед. число, Present Indefinite Active от стандартного глагола to last.
Образец выполнения 4 (к упр. 8)
We study at Kamyshin Technology Institute. Who studies at Kamyshin Technology Institute? Where do we study? What Institute do we study at?
Вариант 1
I. Перепишите данные ниже предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи является слово, оформленное окончанием -s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т. е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем 3 лица единственного числа в Present Indefinite;
б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного (см. образец выполнения 1).
Переведите письменно предложения на русский язык.
1. She works as a secretary at the office.
2. When he starts work on the film he reads the script and makes notes.
3. I hate authority. It spoils the relations between parent and child.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и письменно переведите их, учитывая особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным (см. образец выполнения 2. ).
1. Annual United Towns Day was traditionally celebrated all over the world
2. This number one trade partner left for the USA lately.
3. During its four-century-old history the hero-city Volgograd experienced several dramatic events.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения и письменно переведите их на русский язык.
1. One of the most famous buildings in England is St. Paul's Cathedral.
2. Moscow University is not so old as the Russian Academy of Science.
3. Red Square is as beautiful as the Kremlin.
IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения, обращая особое внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений и наречий.
1. No park in London is as popular as Hyde Park.
2. There is nothing interesting in the newspaper today.
3. Do you need any help?
4. Somebody wants to see you.
5. Any museum of Volgograd is of great interest to us.
6. You must write down every new word in the vocabulary.
V. Перепишите данные ниже предложения, определите в них видовременные формы глаголов и укажите инфинитив; письменно переведите предложения на русский язык (см. образец выполнения 3).
1. He usually walks to the corner with Phil.
2. Even if he hates me I shall never do him any harm.
3. It will take you much time to get to this part of the town.
4. We listened to the latest news over the radio.
5. It was pleasant to bathe in the river in summer.
6. There were a lot of leaves on the ground in the park.
VI. Прочитайте и письменно переведите на русскийязык весь текст.
Great Britain
1. Great Britain or the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is formed of the following parts: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. It is situated on the British Isles, lying to the west of the continent of Europe. Great Britain is separated from the European continent by the North Sea and the English Channel. On the western coast Great Britain is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and by the Irish Sea, separating England from Ireland. The total area of the Untied Kingdom is 244.000 sq. kilometers. The population of Great Britain is more than 56 million.
2. The mountains are an important feature of the geography of the country: their position largely determines the direction, length and character of the rivers. The highest mountains are in the central and northern parts of Scotland, in Wales and in the North-West of England. There are many rivers in Great Britain: the Thames, the Severn and others, but they are not long. Most of the rivers are connected with one another by canals. Great Britain is known for its typically maritime climate with frequent rains, strong winds and continuous fogs. The weather is greatly influenced by the cool wind that blows from the sea.
3. Great Britain has a well-developed industry. Coal is the main source for the development of British industry. One of the leading industries of Great Britain is the textile industry (Liverpool, Manchester). Iron, steel and various machines are also produced there (Birmingham, Sheffield). Shipbuilding and motor industry are highly developed too (Glasgow). London, the capital of the country, situated on the river Thames, is one of the biggest commercial centres of the world. As for the agriculture, the country is famous for the cattle and sheep breeding.
4. Great Britain is a Parliamentary monarchy. The power of the Queen (or the King) is limited by the Parliament and the Cabinet. Parliament consists of the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The Cabinet is headed by the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister is usually the leader of the party that has a majority in Parliament.
VII. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы к тексту.
1. What is Great Britain formed of?
2. Where is it situated?
3. What industries are developed in Great Britain?
4. What does Parliament consist of?
VIII. Поставьте вопросы к подчеркнутым словам (см. образец 4).
1. We visited the Westminster Abbey and the British Museum.
2. London is very attractive for tourists.
3. The most striking building in the City today is St. Paul's Cathedral, designed by Wren, a famous English architect of the 17th century.
Вариант 2
I. Перепишите данные ниже предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи является слово с окончанием -s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет в предложении, т. е. служит ли оно:
1. Показателем 3 лица ед. числа глагола в Present Indefinite,
2. Признаком множественного числа имени существительного;
3. Показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного (см. образец выполнения 1).
Письменно переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. It’s difficult to understand Scottish people if you are not used to their accent.
2. We always go abroard for our holidays.
3. My brother’s friend never waits for us.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и письменно переведите их, учитывая особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным (см. образец выполнения 2).
1. A recent investigation by scientists at U. S. Geological Survey shows that strange animal behavior may help predict future earthquakes.
2. Office buildings stand on both sides of the streets.
3. The British Parliament delegation will visit the USA next week.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения и письменно переведите их на русский язык.
1. It takes less time to read a text than to translate it.
2. Reading is the most useful way of learning new words and expressions.
3. We have learnt not so many new English expressions today as we did yesterday.
IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующиепредложения, обращая особое внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений и наречий.
1. Nobody knew about it.
2. Everything is ready to open the shop.
3. Everybody in Volgograd is proud of its heroic history.
4. Some old people prefer to have a rest in the Drama Theatre of our town.
5. No speaker touched on this urgent problem.
6. Give me any magazine to read for pleasure.
V. Перепишите данные ниже предложения, определите в них видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфи
нитив, письменно переведите предложения на русский язык (см. образец выполнения 3).
1. We call our language the mother tongue.
2. Mrs. Brown called her sister on the telephone and asked her how she was feeling.
3.1 shall go to the office in the morning.
4. There were many interesting detective stories in this book.
5. It is pleasant to walk in such modern shoes.
6. Did you belong to any society at the Institute?
VI. Прочитайте и письменно переведите на русский язык весь текст.
The United States of America
1. The USA is situated in the central part of the North American Continent. The USA also includes Alaska on the edge of the Arctic. The total area of the USA is over nine million square kilometres.
2. The main rivers of the USA are the following: the Mississippi, the greatest and the largest in the USA (2348 miles), the Colorado and the Columbia, the Saint Lawrence River and the Hudson River. The country has thousands of lakes in all kinds and sizes. It is important to remember that the great Lakes make up the largest group of lakes in the country and the greatest collection of fresh - water lakes in the world.
The USA is a highly developed industrial country. It is necessary to know that the USA produces coal, iron and natural gas. There are many large industrial centres in the USA. New York is the largest financial and business centre in the world 
Chicago and Detroit are the biggest centres of heavy industry. California is the biggest centre of the automobile industry and all kinds of machine building. San Francisco and Seattle are the centres of shipbuilding. Philadelphia produces agricultural machines and locomotives.
4. The USA is a federal republic consisting of 50 states each of which has its own government. The capital of the country is Washington in the District Columbia (D. C). The President of the country elected for four years is the head of the state and the government. The congress consists of two houses, the House of Representatives and the Senate, hi the USA there are two main political parties: the Democratic Party and the Republican Party.
VII. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы к тексту.
1. Where is the USA situated?
2. Does the USA include Alaska?
3. Is the USA a highly developed country?
4. Who is the head of the state and the government?
5. How many political parties are there in the USA?
VIII. Поставьте вопросы к подчеркнутым словам в письменной форме (см. образец 4).
1. The flag of the US popularly called "The Stars and Stripes and Old Glory" was adopted in 1787.
2. The flag of the US consists of thirteen horizontal stripes red and white equal to the number of the original states.
3. The red stripes proclaim courage, the white stripes proclaim liberty and the field of blue stands for loyalty.
Вариант 3
1. Перепишите данные ниже предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи является слово с окончанием -s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет в предложении, т. е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем 3 лица единственного числа в Present Indefinite
б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного (см. образец выполнения 1).
Письменно переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. These urgent measures can stop the crisis.
2. Most of London’s places of interest are situated to the north of the river Thames.
3. Hyde Park covers 360 acres.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и письменно переведите их, учитывая особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным (см. образец выполнения 2).
1. The students of our group will go to the State History Museum tomorrow.
2. Teams of figure skaters and ice-hockey players undergo intensive training at the Sports Centre of Volgograd.
3. A well-known architect told us about the master- plan of reconstruction of Volgograd.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и письменно переведите их на русский язык.
1. The more we study, the more we know. The more we know, the more we forget. The more we forget, the less we know. The less we know, the less we forget. The less we forget, the more we know. So why study?
2. East or West, home is best.
3. Better late than never.
IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения, обращая особое внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений и наречий.
1. Nobody will believe me unless I show them the picture.
2. He thought that something had happened.
3. Lately he told us everything about this accident.
4. If anybody can fill in this form, they’re brighter than me.
5. Some new visitors came to him that day.
6. But no news calmed him down.
V. Перепишите данные ниже предложения, определите в них видовременные формы глаголов и укажите на инфинитив; письменно переведите предложения на русский язык (см. образец выполнения 3).
1. The weather was charming, so I decided to take a walk.
2. There were not many customers in the bar.
3. I shall have a drink before having my lunch.
4. It is pleasant to have a cup of coffee after lunch.
5. The man did not understand the meaning of the traffic sign.
6. He said: "Drive on and be more attentive".
VI. Прочтите и письменно переведите на русский язык весь текст.
Washington D. С.
Washington D. С. is the capital of the USA. The city is named after George Washington, the first president of the United States of America. For ten years Philadelphia was the capital of the country, but as many states wanted to be the capital-city of their territory, it was agreed to build the capital-city on a neutral territory, belonging to no state. That is why it was built in the District of Columbia (D. C). The territory was found between Virginia and Maryland. Washington is not the largest city in the United States. It has a population of 900, 000 people. Washington is a one-industry town. That industry is government. It does not produce anything, except very much scrap paper.
Washington has many historical places. In the very centre of the city risesthe huge dome of the Capitol. The US Congress sits there. It is the biggest building of the city, situated on the Capitol Hill. It is not allowed to build houses higher than the Capitol in Washington.
There is White House in Washington, the home of the President. All the Presidents of the USA lived there except George Washington, who only laid the foundation of the building.
The tall structure of the Washington Memorial "the pencil" (500 feet high) can be seen from miles around. Visitors to Washington are shown the Lincoln Memorial and the Jefferson Memorial as well. Vernon is a place not far from Washington. George Washington's plantation and residence were situated there. It is there where he died. Now it is George Washington's Museum.
VII. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы к тексту.
1. What city is the capital of the USA?
2. Whom is the city named after?
3. Why is Washington built in the District of Columbia?
4. Is Washington the largest city in the USA?
5. Washington is a one-industry town, isn't it?
6. What historical places are there in Washington?
VIII. Поставьте вопросы к подчеркнутым словам в письменной форме (см. образец 4).
1. The US has one of the most effective constitutions in the world.
2. The great convention gathered in New York in 1787.
3. Both rich and poor were represented in the convention.
Вариант 4
I. Перепишите данные ниже предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи является слово с окончанием -s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет в предложении, т. е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем 3 лица единственного числа в Present Indefinite;
б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного (см. образец выполнения 1).
Письменно переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. St. Paul's Cathedral is the best Renaissance Church in Europe.
2. London is situated on both banks of the Thames.
3. London consists of many parts and they are all very different from each other.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и письменно переведите их, учитывая особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным (см. образец 2).
1. The Nelson Column is in the centre of the Trafalgar Square.
2. The world public opinion is a powerful factor for the solution of international problems.
3. The new study rooms were equipped with modern furniture.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и письменно переведите их на русский язык.
1. There are many beautiful parks in London; the largest of them is Hyde Park, which is famous for its Speaker's Corner.
2. Say well is good, do well is better.
3. Those do least, who speak most.
IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения, обращая особое внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений и наречий.
1. I think, something is wrong with you.
2. We found this material nowhere.
3. Nobody told us to bring notebooks for today's lesson.
4. Some interesting people were among the guests.
5. No one can make you feel inferior without your consent.
6. Ask anybody for help.
V. Перепишите данные ниже предложения, определите в них видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив, письменно переведите предложения на русский язык (см. образец выполнения 3).
1. The City is the country's financial and business centre.
2. The talks resulted in adoption of documents reflecting the wide range of questions.
3. The heads of governments discussed the problems of war and peace.
4. A delegation will arrive in two days to Delhi's Palam Airport.
5. London is very old and full of historical places, full of customs and traditions.
6. There are also beautiful parks in this part of London.
VI. Прочтите и письменно переведите на русский язык весь текст.
LONDON
London can be divided into several parts among which Westminster, the West End, the City and the East End are most well - known.
Westminster is the historic and government part of London. Buckingham Palace is the London residence of the Queen. 
Running in a straight line from Buckingham Palace to Admiralty Arch is a roadway, which has on its northern side St. James's Palace and on the other side St. James Park. Originally today the Palace is the official residence of the Court.
The West End. It is at all times crowded with busy people. For most people who are thinking of having good time the West End offers an opportunity of having it. The largest and the best hotels, the best theatres and restaurants, the last word shops of all kinds are to be found in the West End. The most important of the national museum are in the West End with the exception of the British Museum, which is in Bloomsbury. The national Gallery, which contains one of the most important collections of pictures, is on the North side of the Trafalgar Square.
The City. The City of London officially covers about one square mile. To most people the City of London means the Bank of England, the Royal Exchange, the Lord Mayor, the Mansion House, St. Paul's Cathedral, the old Bailey (the Central Criminal Court) and the Tower of London. Originally intended as a fortress the Tower of London has served both as a palace and as a Prison.
London's East End. This district is far from being picturesque. The streets are narrow, old and drab. The buildings are low and unimpressive. Millions of Londoners live here. Most of them are workers of London. It is the people whom you will notice in the East End. Here is an uninhabited cheerfulness that you will not find elsewhere in the capital, or in the whole Britain.
VII. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы к тексту.
1. What is the historic, the government part of London? Where do Londoners or visitors to London who are thinking of having a good time and can afford it usually go?
2. Where are the best London theatres, hotels, restaurants and most fashionable shops situated?
3. What is the working class area of London?
4. What is characteristic of the East End?
VIII. Поставьте вопросы к подчеркнутым словам (см. образец 4).
1. This lecture-hall is the largest in the building.
2. The meeting will take place in two days.
3. She has a few friends in our town.
Контрольная работа 2
(1 курс, 2 семестр)
Выполнение и оформление контрольных заданий
1. Контрольное задание по английскому языку для студентов - заочников на второй семестр предлагается в четырех вариантах. Необходимо выполнить только один остальные варианты можно использовать в качестве дополнительного варианта для лучшей подготовки к зачету.
2. Выполнять письменное контрольное задание следует в отдельной тетради. На обложке тетради напишите свою фамилию, инициалы, адрес, номер учебной группы, номер выбранного варианта контрольного задания.
3. Контрольное задание должно быть выполнено аккуратно, четким почерком. Перед каждым разделом задания обязательно следует писать условие. Необходимо остав
лять в тетради широкие поля для замечаний и методических указаний рецензента.
4. Если нужно перевести письменно, текст перепишите на левой стороне тетради, а на правой стороне сделайте письменный перевод.
5. Контрольные задания должны быть выполнены в той последовательности, в какой они даны в настоящем пособии.
6. Выполненное контрольное задание направляйте для проверки и рецензирования в установленные сроки не позже, чем за месяц до начала сессии.
7. Кафедра оставляет за собой право возвращения работы без проверки, если она выполнена без соблюдения указаний или не полностью.
Исправление контрольного задания на основе рецензии
1. По получении проверенного рецензентом контрольного задания внимательно прочитайте рецензию, ознакомьтесь с замечаниями рецензента и проанализируйте отмеченные в работе ошибки.
2. Руководствуясь указаниями рецензента, повторите плохо усвоенный материал. Все предложения, в которых были обнаружены орфографические или грамматические ошибки или неточности, перепишите в исправленном виде в конце контрольного задания.
3. Прорецензированные контрольные задания являются учебными документами, которые необходимо сохранять. Помните, что при сдаче зачета или экзамена, производится опрос по контрольным заданиям.
Условия успешного выполнения задания № 2
Для правильного выполнения данного контрольного задания необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка по рекомендованному учебнику английского языка:
1. Видовременные формы глагола: Indefinite - Present, Past, Future, формы Continuous - Present, Past, Future, Perfect - Present, Past, Future.
2. Модальные глаголы can, may, must и их эквиваленты. To be able, to be allowed, to have to, to be to.
3. Простые неличные формы глагола: Participle 1, Participle 2 и их функции.
4. Определительные и дополнительные придаточные предложения: придаточные обстоятельственные предложения времени и условия.
5. Словообразование.
После изучения указанного материала приступайте к выполнению задания. Все предложения в упражнениях выполняются письменно. Используйте следующие образцы выполнения упражнений.
Образец выполнения 1( к упражнению 1).
1. Pr. Sokolov is invited to deliver a course of lectures on Modern Techniques in Manufacturing. Профессор Соколов приглашен читать курс лекций по использованию современных технологий в производственном процессе.
Is invited - от правильного глагола to invite, Present Indefinite Passive.
2. The English language lab is very well-equipped
Лаборатория английского языка очень хорошо оснащена.
Is equipped - от правильного глагола to equip, Present Indefinite Passive.
3. I have never been to Great Britain.
Я никогда не был и Великобритании
Have been - от неправильного глагола to be, Present Perfect Active.
Образец выполнения 2 ( к упр. 2).
1. Singing people, arm in arm, filled the street.
Поющие люди, держась рука за руку, заполнили улицу
Singing - Participle 1, определение.
2. Last time the lecturer had no time to answer all the questions asked by students. Прошлый раз у лектора не было времени, чтобы ответить на все вопросы, заданные студентами.
Asked-Participle 2, определение.
3. This problem has not been discussed yet.
Эта проблема все еще не обсуждена.
Discussed - Participle2, часть глагола сказуемого в Present Perfect Passive от глагола to discuss
4. Having looked at his watch he closed the book and put it on the shelf.
Взглянув на часы, он захлопнул книгу и положил ее на полку.
Having looked - Participle I, обстоятельство
Вариант 1
I. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол - сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на особенности перевода пассивных конструкций (см. образец перевода 1.).
1. The exhibition of Modern Art will be opened in the Central Exhibition Hall in December.
2. The traffic officer stopped the car and prevented a possible road accident.
3. What are you doing next year? You haven’t told me your plans.
4. He said I was just the person he needed.
5. A lot of lies were told to me by the secretary.
6. The road was blocked and we couldn't get to our office in time.
7. A great number of dwelling houses have been built for the people of this city this year.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните Participle 1, Participle 2 и установите функции каждого из них, т. е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола сказуемого; предложения переведите на русский язык (см. образец 2).
1. The road is safe for crossing, but it is blocked for traffic.
2. At six o’clock this morning I was having a wonderful dream, but then the alarm went off.
3. On arriving at the office, she noticed that her secretary was absent.
4. Who is that man crossing the road where the traffic is heavy?
5. The sports facilities belonging to the University are very popular among all the students.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркнитев каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент; предложения переведите на русский язык.
1. As our meeting was to be held at 3 p. m. we had to finish our work earlier than usual.
2. You needn't go to the library; I shall bring all the necessary books for you.
3. He is very busy today, as he has to complete his work.
4. The building of the Children's Theatre is to be completed in two years.
5. He was a nice boy, but he would talk about himself allthe time.
6. Will they be allowed to pass examinations ahead of time?
7. You are so careless. You might have broken the cup.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните и определите вид придаточных предложений, переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The book we spoke about is not mine.
2. You needn't waste time if you don't want to attend this concert.
3. Everybody knows that the friend in need is a friend indeed.
4. When the lessons are over the students go to the cafeteria.
V. Прочтите и переведите на русский язык весь текст.
The Engineering Profession.
Engineering is one of the most ancient occupations in history. The first toolmakers who chipped arrows and spears from rock were the forerunners of modern mechanical engineers. The craftsmen who discovered metals in the earth and found ways to refine and use them were the ancestors of mining and metallurgical engineers. And the skilled technicians who devised irrigation systems and erected the marvelous buildings of the ancient world were the civil engineers of their time.
Engineering is often defined as making practical application of theoretical sciences such as physics and mathematics. Many of the early branches of engineering were based not on science but on empirical information that depended on observation and experience.
The great engineering works of ancient times were constructed and operated largely by means of slave labor. During the Middle Ages people began to seek devices and methods of work that were more efficient and humane. Wind, water and animals were used to provide energy for some of these new devices. This led to the Industrial Revolution which began in the eighteenth century, first steam engines and then other kinds of machines took over more and more of the work that had previously' been done by human beings or by animals.
Since the nineteenth century both scientific research and practical application of its results have escalated. The mechanical engineer now has the mathematical ability to calculate the mechanical advantage that results from the complex interaction of many different mechanisms. He or she also has new and stronger materials to work with and enormous new sources of power. The Industrial Revolution began by putting water and steam to work; since then machines using electricity, gasoline, and other energy sources have become so widespread that they now do a very large proportion of the work of the world.
VI. Прочтите весь текст еще раз и ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы.
1. Who were the forerunners of modern mechanical, mining, metallurgical and civil engineers? 2. How is engineering often defined?
3. What kind of information were many of the early branches of engineering based on?
4. What made people in the Middle Ages in Europe begin to experiment with new devices and methods of work?
6. What was the historical result of experimentation with different kinds of energy?
8. What advantages have scientific research and its applications given to the mechanical engineer?
Вариант 2
I. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол - сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обратите внимание на особенности перевода пассивных конструкций (см. образец 1).
1. A clock was given to Henry when he retired.
2. When air important problems had been discussed the conference adopted a number of resolutions.
3. The plan of research work will be carried out by him in time.
4. Business and cultural contacts contribute to mutual understanding and trust.
5. She met her husband while she was travelling in Egypt.
6. A car has been lent to me for the week.
7. We are looking for someone who wants to make money.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните Participle 1, Participle 2 и установите функции каждого из них, т. е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола сказуемого, предложения переведите на русский язык (см. образец 2).
1. Speaking at the conference he paid particular attention to the problems of peace in that region.
2. His last novel published a month ago is very popular with young people.
3. When asked I was glad to report about our scientific work at the meeting.
4. You can’t miss him. He’s wearing a white jacket, and he’s carrying a striped umbrella.
5. She opened the letter with shaking fingers.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент, предложения переведите на русский язык.
1. I have left my textbook at home. May I have yours?
2. He will not be able to finish his work in time.
3. Does the dean receive students today? No, he doesn't. He is to receive students on Monday.
4. All car drivers should wear seat belts. Seat belts make driving much safer.
5. Yesterday my friend had to return home to take his notes for the seminar.
6. Cactus plants needn’t much water. That’s why they can grow in the dry desert.
7. It’s too late to phone him now. He may be sleeping.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните и определите вид придаточных предложений, переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The man that you want to see has just left.
2. We shall settle the matter after we discuss it.
3. We know that a just and lasting peace in the world must be gained in the long struggle of all progressive people.
4. If you stay in the library you will look through the latest magazines.
V. Прочтите и письменно переведите на русский языквесь текст.
Engineering specialties.
One result of the rapid expansion of scientific knowledge was an increase in the number of engineering the end of the nineteenth century mechanical, civil, and mining and metallurgical engineering were established and the newer specialties of chemical and electrical engineering also emerged. This growth in the number of specialties is continuing with the establishment of such disciplines as aerospace, nuclear, petroleum, and electronic engineering. Many of these are subdivisions of earlier specialties — for example, electronic from electrical engineering or petroleum from chemical. Within the field of mechanical engineering the major subdivision is industrial engineering which is concerned with complete mechanical systems for industry rather than individual machines.
Engineers design and make machines, equipment and the like. Such work requires creative ability and a working knowledge of scientific principles. The engineer must also have an understanding of the various processes and materials available to him/her and could be working in any of the following areas: the organization of manufacture, research and development, design, construction, sales and education.
There are many different kinds of engineers working on large projects such as the development of nuclear power or new aircraft. In the design of a new aircraft mechanical engineers work not only on the plane's engines but on other mechanical aspects such as the braking system. When the aircraft goes into production mechanical and industrial engineers are to design the machines necessary to fabricate the different parts as well as the entire system for assembling them. In both phases of such a project mechanical engineers In such projects mechanical engineers work with specialists in fields such as aerospace and electronic engineering. Each engineer is a member of a team often headed by a systems engineer able to combine the contributions made by all the different disciplines.
VI. Прочтите весь текст еще раз и ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы.
1. What was the result of the rapid expansion of scientific knowledge?
2. What kind of engineering was established by the end of the nineteenth century?
3. Which disciplines influenced the growth in the number of specialities?
4. What abilities must the engineer have nowadays?
5. Who works on large projects such as the development of nuclear power?
6. What engineering fields do engineers work in today?
7. How is the work of engineers organized nowadays?
8. What does a system endineer do?
Вариант 3
I. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видов-ременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обратите внимание на особенности перевода пассивных конструкций (см. образец 1).
1. The last session of the United Nations General Assembly contributed to the strengthening of peace and international security.
2. Washington, the capital of the United States of America, was named after the first President of the United States.
3. Tremendous changes have taken place in the world since World War II.
4. He UN emerged when World War II was coming to its final stage.
6. A full explanation was promised to us.
7. Will you be staying in this evening?
8. $ 5,000 is owed to me.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните Participle 1, Participle 2 и установите функции каждого из них, т. е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоя
тельством или частью глагола - сказуемого, предложения переведите на русский язык (см. образец 2).
1. There was nothing to be seen or heard, not enen a barking dog.
2. Great Britain is one of the leading developed countries of the world.
3. While discussing the problems the students had to look through a lot of papers.
4. We had a very good view of all the surrounding scenery.
5. He didn’t usually utter a word unless spoken to.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркнитев каждом из них модальный глагол и его эквивалент, предложения переведите на русский язык.
1. Will you be able to spend the coming vocation in Moscow? I hope I will.
2. He must know all about it as he has read a lot on the subject.
3. You will have to pay for the newspaper.
4. She was unable to explain the mistery.
5. I couldn’t see the forest through the other window because the new block of houses was erected.
6. You must repeat the modal verbs to know this grammar material well.
7. The students are not allowed to use any dictionaries doing the test.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркнитеи определите вид придаточных предложений, переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The house they live in is on the other side of the street.
2. When we want to tell other people what we think, we can do it in many ways.
3. If he returns early tonight we shall be able to discuss the problem.
4. When I got there, I found out that he had died two years ago.
V. Прочтите и переведите на русский язык весь текст письменно.
Machines through the age.
Mechanization, or the use of machines to do the work of animals or people, has been with us for centuries. There are six basic kinds of mechanization. Classification depends on whether machines, or combinations of animals and people, are responsible for the three fundamental elements r in every type of activity — power, action and control.
The first kind of mechanization is introduced by typing. In typing words, a body produces "the power" to drive a machine, but the machine produces "action"; control is with the body. In one of the early mechanized devices, the horse and cart, an animal is responsible for power, while a person controls the mechanism, but the element responsible for action — the cart's wheels and axles — is mechanical. The horse and cart is a simple example of a mechanism that saves the human body from doing something.
In the second kind of mechanization, hardware is responsible for both power and action. In a car, for example, the wheels, gears and so on provide action while the engine supplies power.
Wind-and water - mills are another kind of mechanized device. But their power sources are not within a person's control.
The next 2 types of mechanized devices are all partly automatic. They are mechanically controlled; it is not necessary for a person to supervise them.
Simple automatic devices are not new. After the first machine-tools appeared late in the 18th century, engineers modified them. So they could work by themselves for some of the time. An operator would set his machine so that it cut a piece of metal automatically. He would not have to do anything while the operation took place. The control devices here were camshafts and stops.
The fifth example of mechanization is semi-automatic equipment. Here people are required for only some elements of control. In this category are assembly lines with the conveyer systems of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Henry Ford's first factories assembled cars on such lines. In this system parts move from one part of the factory to another on an automatic conveyer. But people have to be present. They stand next to the lines to fit things onto the parts as they move past.
Finally, the sixth kind of mechanization is truly automatic devices, such as transfer lines, computer controlled machine-tools, robots.
VI. Прочтите весь текст еще раз и ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы.
1. What does the term mechanization mean?
2. How many kinds of mechanization are there? Name them.
3. What does this classification depend on?
4. Which device produces action while typing?
5. What is a simple example of a mechanism that saves the human body from doing something?
6. Where is hardware responsible for power and action?
7. Which devices are called partly automatic?
8. Which devices are semi-automatic and which are trulyautomatic?
Вариант 4
I. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол - сказуемое и определите его видов-ременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обратите внимание на особенности перевода пассивных конструкций (см. образец 1):
1. His book was commented on by the newspapers.
2. He will be remembered long after his enemies have been forgotten.
3. Julia had an uncomfortable feeling that she was being laughed at.
4. The women throughout the world are opposing war and are actively working for peace and justice.
5. The principles of equality, sovereignty and self-determination are being supported by all people interested in peace.
6. She knew that George would be waiting for her.
7. The people she met seemed to know where she had been, what she had been doing.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните Participle I, Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т. е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого; предложения переведите на русский язык (см. образец 2).
1. She told me that she would often spend a whole morning working upon a single page.
2. They sat on a fallen tree that made a convenient seat.
3. I’ve never been so deseived in a man as I was in George.
4. Nothing is so dangerous as being too modern.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент; предложения переведите на русский язык.
1. We cannot translate the text without a dictionary because it is a very difficult text.
2. You speak so loudly that I am unable to understand you.
3. He was not allowed to take books from the Institute library.
4. Shall I have to come again?
5. You needn't hurry; the train is to start only in fifteen minutes.
6. The students must study hard in order to become good specialists.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните и определите вид придаточных предложений, переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Thank you very much for the present you bought for me.
2. They will wait till we finish translating the text.
3. When autumn comes we shall return to our routine: to our work and study.
4. It is absurd that such things should happen to a family like theirs.
V. Прочтите и переведите на русский язык весь текст письменно.
Machines and Work
Defined in the simplest terms a machine is a device that uses force to accomplish something. More technically, it is a device that transmits and-changes force or motion into work. This definition implies that a machine must have moving parts. A machine can be very simple, like a block and tackle to raise a heavy weight, or very complex, like a railroad locomotive or the mechanical systems used for industrial processes.
A machine receives input from an energy source and transforms it into output in the form of mechanical or electrical energy. Machines whose input is a natural source of energy are called prime movers. Natural sources of energy include wind, water, steam, and petroleum. Windmills and waterwheels are prime movers; so are the great turbines driven by water or steam that turn the generators that produce electricity; and so are internal combustion engines that use petroleum products as fuel. Electric motors are not prime movers, since an alternating. current of electricity which supplies most electrical energy does not exist in nature.
Terms like work, force, and power are frequently used in mechanical engineering, so it is necessary to define them precisely. Force is an effort that results in motion or physical change. If you use your muscles to lift a box you are exerting force on that box. The water which strikes the blades of a turbine is exerting force on those blades, thereby setting them in motion.
In a technical sense work is the combination of the force and the distance through which it is exerted. To produce work, a force must act through a distance.
If you stand and hold a twenty-pound weight for any length of time, you may get very tired, but you are not doing work in an engineering sense because the force you exerted to hold up the weight was not acting through a distance. However, if you raised the weight, you would be doing work.
Power is another term used in a special technical sense in speaking of machines. It is the rate at which work is performed.
In the English-speaking countries, the rate of doing work is usually given in terms of horsepower, often abbreviated hp. The inventor James Watt settled on a rate of 33,000 foot pounds per minute as one horsepower.
In the metric system power is measured in terms of watts and kilowatts. The kilowatt, a more widely used term, equals a thousand watts or approximately l ⅓ horsepower in the English system.
VI. Прочтите весь текст еще раз и ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы.
1. What is a machine?
2. What are simple machines used for?
3. What does a machine transform into mechanical or electrical energy?
4. What is called prime movers? Give examples.
5. Are electric motors prime movers? Why?
6. What is force?
7. What is work in a technical sense?
8. What is power?
Контрольная работа 3
(2 курс, 2 семестр)
Выполнение и оформление контрольных заданий
1. Контрольное задание по английскому языку для студентов - заочников на 3 семестр предлагается в 4-х вариантах. Необходимо выполнить только один. Остальные вари
анты можно использовать в качестве дополнительного материала для лучшей подготовки к зачету.
2. Выполнить письменное контрольное задание следует в отдельной тетради. На обложке тетради напишите фамилию, инициалы, адрес, номер учебной группы, номер выбранного варианта контрольного задания.
3. Контрольное задание должно быть выполнено аккуратным, четким почерком. Перед каждым разделом задания обязательно следует писать условие. Необходимо оставлять в тетради широкие поля для замечаний и методических указаний рецензента.
4. Абзацы текста, которые нужно перевести письменно, перепишите на левой стороне тетради, на правой стороне сделайте письменный перевод указанных абзацев.
5. Контрольные задания должны быть выполнены в той последовательности, в какой они даны в настоящем пособии.
6. Выполненное контрольное задание направляйте для проверки и рецензирования в институт в установленные сроки (за месяц до начала сессии) .
7. Кафедра оставляет за собой право возвращения работы без проверки, если она выполнена без соблюдения указаний.
Исправление контрольного задания на основе рецензии
1. По получении проверенного рецензентом контрольного задания внимательно прочитайте рецензию, ознакомьтесь с замечаниями рецензента, повторите плохо усвоенный Вами материал и проанализируйте отмеченные ошибки.
2. Все предложения, в которых были обнаружены орфографические и грамматические ошибки или неточности, перепишите в исправленном виде в конце контрольного задания.
3. Прорецензированные контрольные задания являются учебными документами. Помните, что при сдаче зачета или экзамена проводится опрос и по контрольным заданиям.
Письменные консультации
Сообщайте своему рецензенту обо всех затруднениях, возникающих у Вас при самостоятельном изучении английского языка и обращайтесь к нему за консультацией по вопросам, которые Вы самостоятельно не можете решить.
Условия успешного выполнения контрольного задания № 3
Для того, чтобы правильно выполнить задание 3, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка по рекомендованному учебнику:
1. Функции и значение слов it, that, since. Выделение отдельных членов предложения при помощи оборота it is (was). . . that (who). Заменители существительного that (those), one (ones).
2. Пассивные формы (Passive Voice) в трех временах всех групп Indefinite, Continious, Perfect.
3. Функции глаголов to be, to have, to do.
4. Инфинитив в функции подлежащего, определения, дополнения и обстоятельства цели.
5. Согласование времен. Бессоюзное подчинение.
Образец выполнения 1 (к упражнению 1 ).
1. All my books were totally disarranged in my absence. Во время моего отсутствия все мои книги были безсистемно переставлены.
Were disarranged - Past Indefinite, Passive Voice.
2. He is very easily influenced by the ideas of anyone whom he meets. Он легко попадает под влияние людей, с которыми встречается.
Is influenced - Present Indefinite, Passive Voice.
Образец выполнения 2 (к упражнению 4).
1. He was always experimenting. Он всегда экспериментировал.
Was - глагол to be - составная часть сказуемого в Past Continuous Tense
Образец выполнения 3 (к упражнению 6).
1. I had no opportunity to speak to her. У меня не было возможности поговорить с ней.
To speak – Infinitive, определение.
Вариант 1
I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видовременную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык (см. образец выполнения 1).
1. I haven’t been given a chance to explain.
2. The news will be announced after dinner.
3. He will take care that no one interferes with her.
4. Public opinion is changing. I must tell you about it
5. He was highly thought of in his village.`
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, учитывая разные значения слов "it, that, one, as, for".
1. The book was so boring that I stopped reading it.
2. It's easy to be brave from a safe distance.
3. One must take part in scientific work.
4. The investigator was working in the laboratory for four hours.
5. As Liz told you I did what I could for her.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на перевод конструкции it is (was). . . that (who).
1. It was the baby that put marmalade on Dad’s trousers this morning.
2. It was the secretary who sent Jake the photos yesterday.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, имея в виду различные значения to be, to have, to do( см. образец выполнения 2).
1. We have two ears and only one tongue in order that we may hear more and speak less.
2. It’s rained a lot, so we don’t have to water the garden.
3. She was fond of him, but I didn’t believe that she loved him.
4. To fulfil this condition was hopelessly out of my power.
5. Our task is to finish this work in time.
6. When does Tom return from his honey-moon?
7. The students are not to be late for the classes.
8. It is getting cold.
V. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, принимая во внимание правила согласования времен и бессоюзное подчинение.
1. 
He thought of how wet they were going to get in the rain.
2. It pleased me to think that he was making progress.
3. He was finally telling them what he had been concealing.
VI. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива. ( см. образец выполнения 3).
1. Sometimes we know how to gain a victory but seldom how to use it.
2. To be or not to be - this is the question.
3. Alice arrived in time to hear Tom’s remark.
VII. Прочитайте и переведите весь текст письменно. Составьте краткую аннотацию к тексту.
Trends in the Modern Machine-Building Industry
The scientific and technological progress will continue in engineering along two main headlines. Firstly, it is automation, including the creation of "unmanned" industries. Secondly, raising the reliability and extending the service life of machines.
This certainly requires new technology. The machine modules are well suited for "unmanned" industries.
Intense work is being carried out on new robots. What we need is not merely manipulators which can take up a work piece and pass it on, but robots which can identify objects, their position in space, etc.
We also need machines that would trace the entire process of machining. Some have been designed and are manufactured. Over the past few years this country has created new automated coal-digging complexes and machine systems, installations for the continuous casting of steel, machines for spindless spinning and shuttless weaving, machine-tools for electrophysical and electrochemical treatment of metals, unique welding equipment, automatic rotor transfer lines and machine-tool modules for flexible industries.
New technologies and equipment have been designed for most branches of engineering.
In the shortest time possible we are to start producing new generations of machines and equipment, which would allow us to increase productivity several times and to find a way for the application of advanced technologies.
Large reserves in extending service life for machines can be found in the process of designing. At present, advanced methods have been evolved for designing machines proceeding from a number of criteria. Automatic design systems allow for an optimizing of the solutions in design and technology when new machines are still in the blueprint stage.
A promising reserve in increasing the life of parts is strengthening treatment. In recent years new highly efficient methods have been found.
First and foremost of them is the vacuum plasma methods for coating components with hard alloy compounds, such as nitrides and carbides of titanium, tungsten and boron. Methods have been designed for reinforcing machine parts most vulnerable to wear and tear, such as in grain harvesters, to make them last several times longer.
VIII. Прочтите еще раз текст и письменно ответьте на вопросы.
1. Which two headlines will the scientific progress continue along?
2. What does automation include?
3. In what way can automation be achieved?
4. What is the role of new technologies?
5. How can the process of designing be improved?
6 What do automatic design systems allow?
7. Which method helps increase the life of machine parts?
8. What is the main task of the engineers and scientists developing new machines and technologies?
Вариант 2
I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видовременную форму и залог глагола - сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык:
1. A University should be a place of light, of liberty, and of learning. /Disraeli/
2. This year we have taken only one assistant.
3. They wll not have prepared the documents by the end of the month.
4. No one could understand a word he said, and an interpreter was sent for.
5. Nancy looked displeased and told me she had been sent to fetch the breakfast tray.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, учитывая разные значения слов "It, that, one, as, for since".
1. Since that man is a specialist in that branch of machine-engineering it is necessary to learn his opinion on that subject.
2. It’s no use hoping he’ll ever change his mind.
3. She worked as a secretary for five years.
4. I hate to spread rumours, but what else can one do with them? (Amanda Lear)
5. He winked at me as he passed.
III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на перевод конструкций "it is (was). . . that (who).
1. It was Maria who gave her old bicycle to Pat last week.
2. It’s not the music I hate, it’s the words.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, имея в виду различные значения to be, to have, to do. ( см. образец выполнения 2).
1. English is spoken in a lot of countries
2. I’ll be surprised if you can’t answer this.
3. Things have been difficult since Carol lost her job.
4. He has to stay in town for two days.
5. You are to discuss his paper in details.
6. I’ve got a new boyfriend.
7. Could you do the ironing and the washing up?
8. It looks easy, but it does need quite a bit of practice.
V. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, принимая во внимание правила согласования времен и бессоюзное подчинение.
1. I knew she was going to regret the day she had ever written that letter.
2. I told him if he didn’t hurry up he’d get no breakfast.
3. It was remarkable that she seldom thought of Gerald.
VI. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива. ( см. образец выполнения 3).
1. Some people live to work, others work to live.
2. Old wood best to burn, old wine to drink, old friends to trust, and old authors to read.
3. I left him to solve this problem.
VII.Прочитайте и переведите весь текст письменно. Дайте краткую аннотацию к тексту.
Industrial Engineering and Automation
A major advance in twentieth century manufacturing was the development of mass production techniques. Mass production refers to manufacturing processes in which an assembly line, usually a conveyer belt, moves the product to stations where each worker performs a limited number of operations until the product is assembled. In the automobile assembly plant such systems have reached a highly-developed form. A complex system of conveyer belts and chain drives moves car parts to workers who perform the thousands of necessary assembling tasks.
Mass production increases efficiency and productivity to a point beyond which the monotony of repeating an operation over and over slows down the workers. Many ways have been tried to increase productivity on assembly lines: some of them are as superficial as piping music into the plant or painting the industrial apparatus in bright colors; others entail giving workers more variety in their tasks and more responsibility for the product.
These human factors are important considerations for industrial engineers who must try to balance an efficient system of manufacturing with the complex needs of workers.
Another factor for the industrial engineer to consider is whether each manufacturing process can be automated in whole or in part. Automation is a word coined in the 1940s to describe processes by which machines do tasks previously performed by people. The word was new but the idea was not. We know of the advance in the development of steam engines that produced automatic valves. Long before that, during the Middle Ages, windmills had been made to turn by taking advantage of changes in the wind by means of devices that worked automatically.
Automation was first applied to industry in continuous-process manufacturing such as refining petroleum, making petrochemicals, and refining steel. A later development was computer-controlled automation of assembly line manufacturing, especially those in which quality control was an important factor.
VIII. Прочтите еще раз текст и письменно ответьте на вопросы.
1. What is a major development in manufacturing in the twentieth century?
2. What does mass production refer to?
3. How is mass production often exemplified by the assembly of automobiles?
4. How is it possible to increase productivity on assembly lines?
5. When and why was the word "automation" coined?
6. Which factors is the industrial engineer to consider to balance an efficient system of manufacturing with the complex needs of workers?
7. To what kinds of industries was automation first applied?
8. What was a later development in industrial automation?
Вариант 3
I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видовременную форму и залог глагола сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык (см. образец выполнения 1).
1. I’ve often wondered what he does for a living.
2. Ever since I came into this silly house I have been made to look like a fool.
3. Adeline, who had been helping her mother, now joined them.
4. He thinks a scandal will ruin his reputation.
5. What sort of research is being done and who is doing it?
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, учитывая разные значения слов "it, that, one, as, for".
1. One must learn new words before reading the text.
2. This investigation is of great importance for the development of our science as the one mentioned above.
3. This article is as interesting as that one.
4. In many countries of the world working people are fighting for their rights.
5. It is necessary for me to decide it for myself, nobody can help me in this matter.
III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на перевод конструкций it is was). . . that (who).
1. It was my question that made him angry.
2. It was I who helped them find their way home.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, имея в виду различные значения to be, to have, to do. ( см. образец выполнения 2).
1. I said I was going to win, and I did win.
2. I have forgotten her name, but I know something about her life.
3. The institute doesn’t have adequate sports facilities.
4. The British Sovereign is to visit Japan next year.
5. A soldier has to obey orders.
6. Really! The children are being absolutely impossible this morning.
7. I was given no information about the building or where I was going to work.
8. The case was so heavy that nobody could lift it.
V. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, принимая во внимание правила согласования времен и бессоюзное подчинение.
1. He thinks a dog is a good protection against breaking of a burglar into the house.
2. They thought you were joking.
3. He finally went home, satisfied that he would have no trouble.
VI. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива. ( см. образец выполнения 3).
1. It is better to have a little than nothing. /Syrys P. /
2. A man is never too old to learn. /Middleton. /
3. To relieve my feelings I wrote a letter to Robert.
VII. Прочитайте и переведите весь текст письменно. Составьте краткую аннотацию к тексту.
Automatic system components.
We now use the term automation for specific techniques combined to operate automatically in a complete system. These techniques are possible because of electronic devices, most of which have come into use in the last thirty years. They include program, action, sensing or feedback, decision, and control elements as components of a complete system.
The program elements determine what the system does and the step-by-step manner in which it works to produce the desired result. A program is a step-by-step sequence that breaks a task into its individual parts. Some steps in an industrial automation program direct other parts of the system when and how to carry out their jobs.
The action elements are those which do the actual work. They may carry or convey materials to specific places at specific times or they may perform operations on the materials. The term mechanical handling device is also used for the action elements.
Perhaps the most important part of an automated system is sensing or feedback. Sensing devices automatically check on parts of the manufacturing process such as the thickness of a sheet of steel or paper. This is called feedback because the instruments return or feed back this information to the central system control.
The decision element is used to compare what is going on in the system with what should be going on; it receives information from the sensing devices and makes decisions necessary to maintain the system correctly. If some action is necessary the decision element can give instructions or commands to the system.
The control element consists of devices to carry out the commands of the decision element. They may be many kinds of devices: valves that open or close, switches that control the flow of electricity, or regulators that change the voltage in various machines; they make the necessary corrections or adjustments to keep the system in conformity with its program.
VIII. Прочтите еще раз текст и письменно ответьте на вопросы.
1. What are some elements of an automated system? What makes them possible?
2. What is a program? What does it do in an automated system?
3. Name two terms used to describe the elements which do the actual work.
4. What are some jobs these elements may do?
5. What are some of the things sensing devices do?
6. How do sensing devices act on the information they receive?
7. What is the function of the decision element? What can it do?
8. What does the control element consist of? What can these devices do? What is their purpose?
Вариант 4
I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видовременную форму и залог глагола сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. She sat still as a statue while he was playing the sonata.
2. They came to Europe where their mother had been educated and stayed three years.
3. Probably she knew that whatever happened she would not give her away.
4. Then my attention was caught by the noise coming from behind the fence.
5. She almost felt that she was being mocked at.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, учитывая разные значения слов "it, that, one, as, for. "
1. One must choose a profession one likes.
2. It is a book for and about children.
3. As you have worked all night, you must have a rest.
4. This poem is not so good as that written by you last year.
5. You must close the window for it is rather cold.
III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на перевод конструкций it is (was)... that (who).
1. It was Peter who fairly expressed opinion on the problems discussed at our classes.
2. It was in 1991 that Mark met Cathy in Germany.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, имея в виду различные значения to be, to have, to do. ( см. образец выполнения 2).
1. Robin Hood was a legendary hero of England in the times of Norman Conquest.
2. Music is a universal language of mankind. /Longfellow/.
3. The World Cup team have arrived home. Five thousand fans were at the airport.
4. He had to telephone to hospital to find out what doctor had told his wife.
5. Smith had been disqualified from driving.
6. There wasn’t much time for shopping, but I did buy a couple of blouses.
7. I was to do this work on my own.
8. I didn’t really mean what I said. I was being so silly.
V. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, принимая во внимание правила согласования времен и бессоюзное подчинение.
1. They thought you spoke English well.
2.. He approved of the method of investigation they had adopted.
3. They thought he would be back in a minute.
VI. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива. ( см. образец выполнения 3).
1. I was silent for a moment in order to give greater force to my next remark.
2. The public are requested not to walk on grass.
3. I pretended not to be listening.
VII. Прочитайте и переведите весь текст письменно. Составьте краткую аннотацию к тексту.
Automation.
Automation is the third phase in the development of technology that began with the industrialization of the 18th century. First came mechanization which created the factory system and separated labor and management in production. Mechanization was a technology based on forms and applications of power. Mass production came next. It was a technology based on principles of production and organization. Automation is a technology based on communication, computation and control.
The truly automated devices must possess one or more of the following elements: system approach, programmability, feedback.
With a system approach, factories which make things by passing them through successive stages of manufacturing without people intervening to transfer lines, which made their debut in car factories before the Second World War, are considered automated systems. These carry components past lines of machine-tools which each cuts them automatically. People are not required; the machines clamp the parts out of themselves without a workman being present. Thus transfer lines are different from assembly lines where people are very much in evidence. With programmability, a system can do more than one kind of job. An industrial robot is an automated machine. It works automatically and an operator can reprogram the computer that controls it to make the machine do different things.
Finally, feedback makes an automatic device vary its routine according to changes that take place around it. An automatic machine-tool with feedback would have sensors that detect, for example, if the metal it is cutting is wrongly shaped. If it is, the sensors instruct the machine to vary its routine accordingly. Other examples of devices with feedback are robots with "vision" or other sensors that can "see" or "feel" what they are doing.
Most examples of automation in factories today are not "programmable"; neither do they work with feedback. They are simply sets of machine-tools linked together according to "systems" approach. These mechanisms are inflexible. They turn out only one kind of part, which is all very well if the manufacturer wants to make thousands of identical components. But if he wants to change his routine, the machinery is not very useful. This is the case while automation is inflexible, flexible automation is on the way. Here, automated machinery has programmability and feedback and can turn out different kinds of components. The equipment will make a tremendous difference to factory floors throughout the world. Flexible automation adds up to a new industrial era.
VIII. Прочтите еще раз текст и письменно ответьте на вопросы.
1. What did automation begin with?
2. What was called mechanization?
3. What is mass production based on?
4. What is automation based on?
5. What opportunities does automation give?
6. What can an automatic machine-tool with feedback do?
7. What is automation in factories like today?
8. What does flexible automation do?
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
Предисловие................................................................................................ | 3 |
Контрольная работа № 1…………..............................................……… | 4 |
Вариант 1................................................................................................ | 6 |
Вариант 2................................................................................................. | 8 |
Вариант 3................................................................................................. | 10 |
Вариант 4................................................................................................. | 13 |
Контрольная работа № 2…………..............................................……… | 15 |
Вариант 1................................................................................................. | 17 |
Вариант 2................................................................................................. | 19 |
Вариант 3................................................................................................. | 21 |
Вариант 4................................................................................................. | 23 |
Контрольная работа № 3…………..............................................……… | 26 |
Вариант 1................................................................................................. | 27 |
Вариант 2................................................................................................. | 29 |
Вариант 3................................................................................................. | 32 |
Вариант 4................................................................................................. | 34 |
Составитель: Татьяна Владимировна Сорокина
Английский язык
Методические указания и контрольные задания
Под редакцией автора
Темплан 2009 г., поз. № 33К.
Подписано в печать г. Формат 60×84 1/16.
Бумага листовая. Печать офсетная.
Усл. печ. л. 2,38. Усл. авт. л. 2,19.
Тираж 50 экз. Заказ №
Волгоградский государственный технический университет
400131 Волгоград, просп. им. , 28.
РПК «Политехник»
Волгоградского государственного технического университета
400131 Волгоград, ул. Советская, 35.
Волгоградская обл., /1.
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