Знакомство с компьютером

Министерство общего и профессионального

образования Российской Федерации

Алтайский государственный технический университет

им.

Бийский технологический институт

,

Знакомство с компьютером

Методические указания

к практическим занятиям по курсу “Английский язык для пользователей ЭВМ” для студентов I курса специальностей 251200 и 070100

Барнаул 1999

УДК 54

Верещагин с компьютером: Методические указания к практическим занятиям по курсу “Aнглийский язык для пользователей ЭВМ” для студентов I курса специальностей 251200 и 070100.

Алт. гос. техн. ун-т им. , БТИ. - Бийск. Из-во Алт. гос. техн. ун-та.1с.

Приводится описание физических устройств компьютера, систем DOS и WINDOUS и редактора WORD на английском языке. Предназначены для углубленного изучения английского языка начинающим пользователям ПЭВМ.

Рассмотрено и одобрено на

заседании кафедры НиАХ.

Протокол № 000 от 01.01.2001г.

Рецензент - д. ф-м. н.

ã БТИ АлтГТУ, 1999

Chapter 1 Hardware

The advent of the modern computer has been a great asset to the advance of technology in our society. Even though computers hold great power in the processing of data, many people still do not know how to use them. Much of this lack of knowledge stems from the fact that most people do not clearly understand how a computer works. What exactly goes on inside the computer when you switch on the power? To understand, we must first understand the terminology used to describe a common microcomputer.

The term microcomputer has been designated for the smaller, personally owned computer system that is most familiar to us. A more common name for this type of computer would be the personal computer or PC. The first company to popularise the term PC was IBM. IBM stands for International Business Machines. Many of the computers that exist today are clones of the IBM PC made by other companies. These are called IBM compatible computers. Other personal computer companies are Apple, AT&T/NCR, COMPAQ, Hewlett Packard, etc.

The typical IBM compatible microcomputer consists of essentially five components: (1) hardware, (2) software, (3) documentation/procedures, (4) data, and (5) you, the user. We must remember that this last component is the most puters do not “think” as you do, they are available to process data that we input.

Today, the common PC comes in many different shapes and sizes. The smallest PC is known as a laptop and is small enough to fit in a briefcase. The larger version is known as a desktop PC. This is the type of computer that you would use at home.

The hardware of a PC consists of the physical components of the mi-crocomputer system. It can be divided into four main elements: storage devices, the system unit, input devices and output devices.

1.1  Storage Devices

Disks are the main type of storage medium used by the computer. Information can be written onto or read from the disk by means of a magnetic read/write head located in the disk drives within the computer. There are two types of disks used with the personal computer, these are floppy disks and hard disks. The hard disk, also termed the hard drive or the C drive, is located within your computer and is composed of a series of rigid metallic platters. These are permanent and cannot be removed from the computer. The hard disk holds much more information than a floppy disk and can access that information much faster. Floppy disks are smaller and portable and come in two types; the 5.25-inch disk and the smaller 3.5-inch disk. The 5.25-inch diskette is encased in a bendable protective jacket, while the 3.5-inch diskette is encased in a rigid plastic cartridge. Both are referred to as floppy disks or diskettes. Diskettes may be purchased in either the double density or high density storage capacity. The difference between the two being that a double density 3.5-inch diskette holds 720K (1K=1kilobyte) of information and a high density 3.5-inch diskette holds 1.44Mb (1Mb=1Megabyte) of information. 1 byte is a group of 8 binary digits and can be thought of as capable of representing a text character or a number.1 kilobyte (K) equals 1024 bytes and 1 megabyte (Mb) equals 1024 K. Recall that computers use a binary system and 1024 is actually 210.It is not really 1000 as the prefix kilo implies but it's close.

1.2  The System Unit

The system unit consists of the central processing unit (CPU) and the main memory. The CPU is connected to the memory by a collection of circuits called the Data Bus. The Bus in your computer can range in size. For example, an 8 bit bus carries 8 bits (binary digits) of information simultaneously; a 16 bit Bus carries 16 bits simultaneously, etc. The speed with which the data moves along the Bus is expressed in MHz (1Hertz(Hz) = 1cycle per second). Therefore, the speed of a computer can be expressed by the Bus size and the number of MHz at which the data is sent. The CPU is responsible for data processing and the control of other components of the computer. Most IBM compatible PC's use Intel microprocessor CPU's such as the 80286, 80386, 80486 and Pentium series chips. Intel is the name of a popular silicon chip manufacturer. The numbers 80286, 80386, and 80486 are normally referred to as 286, 386, and 486. The first CPU sold on the commercial market was an 8088 which carried data in an 8 bit Bus at 8-12 MHz. Next came the 80which carried information in a 16 bit Bus at 16-25 MHz. Then came the 386SX which carried information in a 16 bit Bus at 16-25 MHz and the 386DX which carried information in a 32 bit Bus at 25-33 MHz. In the last 3-5 years the most popular chip has been the 486 which carries information in a 32 bit Bus at 25-50 MHz. The newest member to this group is the Pentium class chip would be considered to be the 586.

The main memory provides temporary storage of data and programs. There are two types of memory used by the computer; ROM (Read On-ly Memory) and RAM (Random Access Memory).

ROM - used to permanently store data such as the computer's configuration and the program that holds the instructions needed to start up (or boot) the system. You can use the information in ROM but you cannot erase or change it. It is stored in special 'ROM' chips do not need electrical current to keep them active. They are erased by accidental discharge of electricity (spark from a carpet) or by irradiating through a special port with UV light. Another storage device often using this acronym is CD-ROM, which is read only memory that is stored on a compact disk, much the same way that music is stored on a CD. You can play it, but you cannot record over it. CD-ROM is not really treated as memory in the computer. It is treated more like a write-protected hard drive.

RAM - used for temporary storage of programs and data while the computer power is on. Typical PC's of the 386/486/pentium class are equipped with 4 MB or more.

This means that RAM is memory that you are capable of reading and writing information onto, but RAM memory is volatile. While the computer is running, the application programs are loaded into RAM so they may be accessed quickly. Therefore all new files (i. e. an essay or a lab write up) are put into RAM unless you save them somewhere else. This can cause problems if you are not careful. If the computer is turned off or somehow the power is disconnected while the computer is on, the information from RAM is lost. This means that unless you save your file on a diskette or in the hard drive it is also lost.

1.3  Input Devices

The input devises allow the user to input data. These are the keyboard, disk drives, modem, mouse, etc. A modem allows you to communicate with other computers via the phone lines. The most distinctive feature of a modem is the speed at which it can transmit data. Modem speed is expressed in bits per second or bps. A standard modem would be in the range of bps with faster versions running up to 14400 bps.

1.4  Output Devices

The output devices are used to display, store, and print information. These are the monitor, the printer, the disk drive or networking capabilities. The monitor displays information by creating characters out of thousands of Picture Elements. These are better known as pixels. The output devices are hooked up to your computer through ports located in the back of your computer. There are two different types of ports; parallel and serial ports. A parallel port is similar to a parallel circuit, it can send several bits of data across 8 parallel wires simultaneously. Therefore the parallel circuit can send an entire byte at a time. The parallel ports are synonymous with the printer port and are referred to as LPT1, LPT2, etc. A serial port is similar to a series circuit, it uses only one line to send and receive information. Therefore data that is sent through a serial port is sent single file, or in series, one bit at a ti-me. The serial ports are referred to as COM1, COM2, etc. and are common-ly used with a mouse or modem.

1.5  Turning the Computer On

What really happens when the computer is powered up? Why does it display those weird messages? What do they mean?

The Boot-up

You will notice that when you turn on your computer, it goes through a series of bumps and wheezes; there is usually a beep, some terms are flashed on the screen and then the DOS prompt (typically C:\) is displayed. What is happening during this time?

POST (Power-on self-test)

Initially, when you flick the switch at the back of the computer to bring it to life, it immediately goes through a series of tests to ensure that everything is installed and working properly. This is called the power-on self-test. We will refer to it as the POST. The purpose of the POST is to ensure that everything is hooked up properly and that all components of the computer are present in order for you to begin. Once the computer has completed the POST the user is notified of the condition of the hardware by a series of beeps. A single beep signifies that all components have passed the POST while any other combination of short or long beeps notifies the user of a problem with the hardware.

Loading the Operating System

The computer cannot perform any task without the help of the operating system. After the POST, the operating system must be loaded into the RAM from the ROM. This procedure is called the boot-up. The boot-up takes place due to a small program in the Read Only Memory that is called the Bootstrap program. Every time the computer is turned on, the bootstrap program tells the computer to start the boot-up. The term “boot-up” refers to the process of pulling oneself up by ones bootstraps. This term is used because the computer is completing a task completely on its own, without the help of the operating system. It simply means to begin the start up procedure for your system.

The boot program is stored in a ROM chip called the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System). The first function of the boot program is to search through both the disk drives, first the A drive, and then the C drive to find the system file called IO. SYS. Once this file is found, it is loaded into RAM. One of its functions is to locate and load the MSDOS. SYS file. The MSDOS. SYS file works with the BIOS to manage files, execute programs, and respond to signals from the hardware. Both the IO. SYS and the MSDOS. SYS are called hidden files as they contain a special attribute so that they are hidden from the DOS dir command so they cannot be tampered with. If the boot program does not find either of the system files, an error message is generated.

The IO. SYS file also serves to search through the root directory to locate and load a file called CONFIG. SYS. The CONFIG. SYS file is a file that holds the information that determines the configuration of your system. When you buy your computer, it comes with its own copy of CONFIG. SYS, but this file can be changed by the user to personalise your system. Its purpose is to load specific device drivers and also to define other user-specified parameters, for example the number of files that can be opened at one time.

Once the CONFIG. SYS has been loaded, MSDOS. SYS then executes these commands and proceeds from the boot program. This is the command interpreter for the operating system. One of the functions of the file is to load a file called AUTOEXEC. BAT. This is a special kind of file called a batch file which is interpreted and executed by . The monitor now displays the user prompt specified within the AUTOEXEC. BAT file. Thus, the operating system is installed and the computer is ready for a command. Any command that you now type in will be interpreted and executed by the program within the operating system.

The Re-boot

There are a two different types of re-boot procedures. The “warm-boot” is the process of re-booting the computer while it is already running. This is achieved by simply pressing the reset button on the exterior of the computer while the computer is on, or if you are using a DOS system, the combination of keystrokes <Ctrl> + <Alt>+ <Del> will achieve the same results. In either case, the computer remains on throughout the procedure. The second is termed “cold boot” and refers to turning the computer off and waiting for at least 15 seconds to ensure that the hard disk has stopped spinning comple-tely.

1.6  Short Theory Questions

1. How many bits (binary digits) are in a byte?

2. What do ROM and RAM stand for?

3. What does the. BAT stand for in AUTOEXEC. BAT and why is this file significant?

4. What does the computer do at the end of the POST to signify that everything is working properly?

5.Define BIOS.

6.How can you warm-boot your system?

7.What is the advantage of having a hard disk on a computer?

Chapter 2 Disk Operating System

The operating system is essentially a system manager for your computer. Much as a bank or a restaurant has a manager to ensure that the business is run efficiently and effectively, the purpose of the operating system within your computer is to ensure that the computer runs in an orderly and systematic fashion. The operating system is responsible for many tasks within the computer; the organization of files, the management of the memory banks, and the control of incoming and outgoing data. In general, the supervision of all activities of the computer when executing programs and commands is accomplished by the operating system. The operating system plays a role something like a symphony conductor. In this analogy, the players in the orchestra represent the hardware, the experience and skill of the conductor represents the operating system, and the score represents an application program. When the score calls for the violins to play, the conductor cues the violins; when the score calls for the entire orchestra to pick up the tempo, the conductor instructs the musicians to do so, etc. Therefore, when the spreadsheet program on your computer calls for the printer to print out your spreadsheet, the operating system instructs the printer to do so. Above all, the operating system creates a common platform for all software to be used on your computer.

2.1 DOS

There are many different operating systems on the market. Some of the more common ones are DOS, Unix, OS/2 and Windows NT. Initially, we shall concern ourselves with the most common operating system, DOS. DOS is an acronym for the name Disk Operating System. DOS is the most widely used operating system because it is used with IBM compatible personal computers, which dominate the PC market. When you turn on your computer, it initially goes through some tests, then the operating system is loaded into your computer's RAM. To signal you that the computer is ready to take your commands, the screen displays the DOS prompt. Which, depending on the configuration of the computer, looks something like this: C:\

This symbol tells you that you are working in DOS and you are working within the C drive. This means that C is the default drive. The default drive is the current drive that you are working in. If you decide to save a file and you do not specify which disk drive you would like the file to be put into, your computer will automatically choose the default drive, that is, the drive that you are currently working in.

But what can DOS do for you? DOS is a computer program, but its not just any program. The operating system is considered to be the platform from which all files are run on your computer. Chances are that none of your other programs would work without DOS. It also allows you to perform specific tasks with your computer such as formatting disks and managing your files.

2.2 DOS Commands

In order to accomplish tasks with DOS, you must first know the DOS commands. DOS is called a command line interpreter, that is, you input your commands on the DOS command line and press the “Enter” key, then DOS interprets and carries out your commands. The command line is signified by the DOS prompt. If you would like to see all of the DOS commands that are available, type “help” at the DOS prompt. This summons up the help selecting any of the commands in the help menu with the mouse or by using the arrow keys and pressing the “Enter” key, you can find out more about that command. If however you know the function that you are looking for you can type “help” function. Some of the more popular commands and their definitions are summarized in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1 - Some Notable DOS Commands

Command	Explanation
type filename	Displays the contents of the text file named
cls	Clears the screen showing only the command prompt and cursor
dir	Displays a list of files and subdirectories that are in the directory you specify
cd	Change directory
cd..	Changes directory to the parent directory
cd\	Changes directory to directory name
cd\	Changes directory to the root directory
rd directory name	Remove the directory named directory name
del filename	Delete the file named filename
msd	Microsoft diagnostic - provides detailed information about your computer
rename filena-me1 filename2	Rename the file named filename1 with the name file-name2
format a:	Formats the disk in drive A
copy filename1 filename 2	Copy from filename1 to filename2
copy *.* a:	Copies all files from the default drive to the A drive
copy c:\dos\*.* a:\*.*	Copies all the files from the DOS directory in the C drive onto a disk in the A drive
edit/filename	Evokes the DOS text editor and opens a file named filename for editing

2.3 Working with Files

DOS and your computer revolve around the manipulation and application of files. Everything on your computer is contained in a file. A file is a collection of information very similar to a file folder that you would find in a filing cabinet, except everything is digitized. All of this information has been converted so that the computer can read it and use it, i. e. the information to run a program, the information the print out a piece of paper, the information to print a word on the screen so that you can see it, and the information for a lab report that you have typed into the computer. Its all there are in hundreds of files in your computer's memory.

One of the main features of DOS then, is its use as a file manager. You can use DOS to work with your files. You can move files, copy files, delete files, all by using DOS. All you need to know are the commands needed to complete these tasks and the syntax that DOS requires you to use. Since your computer is electronic, it has its own language. Syntax is the language structure that you must use when using your computer. If you do not use the correct syntax, the computer will not understand and you will get an error message.

2.4 Filenames and Extensions

All files on your computer are named. DOS filenames are restricted to 8 text or numeric characters and cannot include spaces or the characters * ? \ or /. The filename is usually followed by a period and an extension. The extension is up to 3 text or numeric characters and usually signifies the type of file in question. For example, the extension. EXE represents an executable file that can be run by the computer and the extension. DOC is used to denote Microsoft Word documents. While these extensions are not exclusive only to these applications, you may avoid confusion by not using them elsewhere. An example of a DOS filename is calendar. exe, this is an executable file that is used to start the program called calendar. Table 2.2 lists some common extensions and their associated file types.

Table 2.2 - Some Common File Extensions

Extension	Type of file
.EXE	executable file (runs when you type filename at DOS prompt)
.COM	executable file (runs when you type filename at DOS prompt)
.BAT	batch file (see batch commands in the help menu)
.SYS	system file (can only be used by DOS)
.DOC	MS Word document
.XLS	MS Excel spreadsheet
.MDB	MS Access database

2.5 Directories

Since your computer manages literally hundreds of files, all of these files need to be organized into some sort of system. DOS uses the directory system. All files that are associated with a specific program or task within a program are grouped together in a directory. From any directory can be sprouted a sub-directory. A sub-directory is a sub-grouping of related files. Since sub-directories are sprouted from directories, the entire directory structure can be thought of as a tree structure that emanates from one spot, the root, and spreads out into various branches. We can draw the directory structure as follows:C:\. Where C:\ is the root of the structure and is known as the root directory, DOS and WIN31 are directories that branch out from the root directory. MSOFFICE is a subdirectory of the WIN31 directory, and WINWORD, EXCEL and ACCESS are all subdirectories of the MSOFFICE sub-directory. The entire structure is known as a tree directory structure. You can view the tree directory structure of your files by typing “tree” at the DOS prompt.

2.6 Wildcards

Wildcards can be used when you are working with your files. They are used to simplify and speed up your work. Wildcards represent any letter or number in a filename, much as a wildcard in a game of cards can represent any card. Wildcards are an excellent means of executing a search in which you do not know precisely the filename that you are looking for. Two wildcard characters are the * symbol(which is also used for multiplication) and the? symbol (which is also used as a question mark). The * symbol can represent a single character or a string of characters. Therefore, *.DOC represents all of the files STAR. DOC, CAR. DOC and 8.DOC. The * symbol can also be used to locate a file. For example, if you think your file starts with the letter T but you can't remember its exact title, you can search using the T*.DOC command. You can search all of the files using the *.* command. The? symbol only represents a single character or a single blank. For example, C? R.DOC represents both the files CAR. DOC and CER. DOC but not the file CAT. DOC.

2.7 Switches

Switches are used when you want to specify a particular action within your DOS commands. Most DOS commands are fairly general, for example if you type dir you are given the directory listing for the default directory. But what if that directory is too long to fill just one screen and it quickly scrolls by so that you cannot see all of the files? By using switches, you can specify DOS to list the directory one screen at a time, or to list the directory in column view so all the files can be viewed at once. A switch is usually a letter preceded by a slash(/). For example to view the files in a directory one screen at a time use the switch /p, therefore you would type dir /p at the command prompt. Or, to view the contents of a directory in column form, use the /w switch by typing dir /w at the command prompt. The switches for any DOS command are listed in the DOS help menu for that particular command.

2.8 Formatting a Disk

Before you can use a diskette to save files, it must first be formatted. Formatting prepares the disk for use with the computer by separating the disk into sections so that information can be easily located. If the diskette has any previous information already on it, this information will be erased during formatting. To begin formatting, at the DOS prompt, type format a: “Enter”. You should then get the message Insert new diskette for drive A: and press “Enter; when ready. Insert your unformatted 3,5-inch diskette into the appropriate disk drive with the label facing up and press ”Enter”.

2.9 Short Theory Questions

1.Name 3 different operating systems.

2.What does the DOS prompt look like and what does it tell you?

3.What does the Type command do?

4.What is the purpose of using the * (asterisk) when searching for files?

5.How do you get to the DOS help menu?

6.What is a switch?

7.List three common file extensions.

8.What is the root directory?

9.What is the. XLS file extension used for?

10.How would you search for all of the files that begin with the letter V?

Chapter III Windows and Microsoft features

Windows is an addition to your operating system that makes using your computer a whole lot easier. Windows offers many DOS features, but is much more user friendly. DOS is a command line interpreter, that is, you type in your commands on the command line and DOS interprets them. Windows, on the other hand, offers an interactive graphical environment on the computer screen that is much easier to use because of its visual medium. The interactive screen output of Windows is called a graphical user interface or GUI (pronounced gooey). It allows the user the opportunity to see the options available and to select which one s/he would like to use. To enter into the Windows environment from DOS, simply type win at the DOS prompt. When you are finished working with Windows, to exit, select File |Exit Wndows... from the Menu bar.

3.1 The Windows Screen

Microsoft has set a precedent within the IBM PC market. These days, most IBM and IBM compatible microcomputer programs have a similar user interface. That is, the screen format that you see on your monitor is arranged very similar in most programs. They are all set up to mimic the Windows screen. (The Windows screen, by the way, is based on the Macintosh screen layout, but we won't get into that). Windows gets its name from the fact that each program runs inside its own window on the monitor. A window is a box that appears on the monitor. This window can be changed according to size and shape and can be open or closed. The area inside the window is called the work area. This is where all the action takes place. If you are using a mouse with your computer, you will see a single headed arrow somewhere on the screen, this is called the mouse pointer. The movements of pointer are controlled by the mouse. The shape of the pointer may change according to where the mouse pointer is on the screen.

At the top of each window is the "Title bar”. The Title bar tells the name of the application that is open in that window. At the left end of the Title bar is the "Control-menu box”, and at the right end are the two sizing buttons; the "minimize" and the "maximize" buttons. When you click on the maximize button, the window fills the entire screen and a "restore" button (this contains two triangles, one pointing up and one pointing down) takes its place. Directly underneath the Title bar of the Program Manager is the Menu bar. The Menu bar displays many of the options offered by the open window. Within the Program manager window are "icons".

Icons are graphical images that represent programs offered by your computer. To start any of the programs, double click on the icon. There are two "scroll bars", they appear depending on the size of your window.

The vertical and horizontal scroll bars are used to scroll through the window in their respective directions. This allows you to view other parts of the window that are not currently visible. As you move through the window, a small box moves along the scroll bar so that you have a reference as to where you are in the window. This box is called the “scroll box”. You can move the scroll box either with the scroll arrows, which are located at either end of the scroll bars, or you can click and drag on the scroll box itself.

3.2 Using the Mouse in Windows

One of the greatest advantages of working with Windows is being able to manipulate objects on the monitor with the mouse. These objects could be anything from files to icons. Therefore, you should become familiar with the following mouse operations and terminology:

“Mouse Point" - Position the mouse pointer on top of an object.

"Mouse Click"-Press the active mouse button (left mouse button) once.

"Mouse Double click"- Rapidly press the active mouse button twice in succession.

"Mouse Drag and Drop" After pointing to the desired object, press and hold down the active mouse button while moving the mouse to the desired destination. When the desired destination is reached, the mouse button is released.

"Mouse Select" - Point and click on a desired.

3.3 Using Menus

All application windows have a Menu bar located just under the Title bar. The purpose of the Menu bar is to provide the user with a menu of options that simplify the operation of the application in use. Each menu item can be selected by pointing and clicking with the mouse.

When an item is selected, a roll down menu appears. Notice that each option in the Menu bar has one underlined letter in it i. e. File, Edit, View, etc. This is for keyboard access. For example, to see the File menu, type Alt+ F. The roll down menu then appears which will probably look similar to this:

New... Open

Enter Move...

F7/Copy... F8 -Delete/Del

Properties... Alt+Enter

Run... Exit Windows

You can make a selection from the roll down menu by clicking on the command with the mands that are dimmed are not available at this point (They require that you have performed some other action first). Commands that are followed by the ellipsis (...) will display a dialogue box which will require you to enter some more specific information. For example, when you choose File Move...(this means to select the Move option from the File menu) from the Menu bar, you are required to tell the computer where you would like to move your file to. Some of the commands work as toggles, which means that the command turns on or off when it is selected. When a toggle feature is on, a checkmark () appears beside the command, then when the command is turned off, the checkmark disappears. For example, the Win-dow Microsoft Office option is a toggle command that uses a checkmark. Sometimes the toggle command changes the mode of the screen. In this case, a bullet appears beside the command when it is on.

3.4 Standard Windows Features

Program Manager

When you start Windows, the first window that you will see is the Program Manager. The Program Manager groups together related programs and gives them a heading or title. The standard groups that are offered by Windows are Accessories, Applications and Main. These groups are all represented by group icons. The following is a summary of the different groups and the programs they offer. To open any of the groups and see what programs are stored there simply double click on the group icon.

Accessories Group

Accessories are standard features offered by Windows. The accessories group offers programs that give you the opportunity to organize your time and your work. Here are some of the details on some of the accessories that are offered.

Write

Write is a simple word processor that is offered by Windows. It does not offer quite as many of the features as MS Word we will be studying.

Paintbrush

Paintbrush is a graphics package offered by Windows. You can produce your own drawings and annotations and then put them into documents.

Notepad

Notepad is a small notebook that you can use for such things as To Do, lists or Reminder notes.

Cardfile

Cardfile is a mini database that you can use to summarize groups of information onto different cards. For example, you might use it like a Rolodex address file where each card holds a person name, address, and telephone number.

Calender

The calender offered by Windows can be used as a day planner.

Calculator

The calculator offers both standard and scientific modes.

Clock

If you double click on the clock icon you will be given the precise time and date according to the computer's internal clock.

Character Map

Every character offered on your computer in every different font is allocated a special code. The character map gives you the opportunity to view all of the different fonts and their corresponding codes. It also gives you the chance to copy and paste any special character.

Main Group

The Main group is where some of the more important programs used to run your computer is kept. The Main programs are the ones that control various aspects of the hardware. A brief summary of each is given.

File Manager

The File manager gives a graphical representation of all of the file directories and files on your computer. The left half of the file manager screen is the directory tree and the right side are the files located in the open directory. To open a directory, simply double click on its directory icon. To open a file, double click on its file icon, but remember, only files with the. EXE extensions are executable files. The files are all organized in the tree structure. Many of the features offered by DOS can be completed using the File Manager. For instance, Copy, Move, and Delete are all in the File menu. File Manager is basically an easy to use, graphical version of DOS.

Control Panel

You can use the Control Panel to adjust the settings on your system. For example, changing the look of your desktop or configuring your hardware.

Color

The color option offers you the chance to change the overall color schemes of your windows.

Fonts

The Fonts option allows you to view the different fonts offered through Windows.

Ports

The Ports option allows you to view the settings of the COM (serial) ports.

Mouse

The mouse option allows you to change the mouse settings, such as changing the active mouse button from the right to the left or changing the double click speed.

Desktop

The Windows output screen is referred to as the desktop. The format of the Desktop i. e. background color, spacing between icons etc. can all be controlled from the desktop program.

Printers

By using the printers program, you can install or remove printers, change printer settings, or change the default printer setting.

Date/Time

Using the Date/Time option, you can change the setting of your com-puters internal clock.

Print Manager

Using the Print Manager, you can monitor the status of your printer and the documents that are being printed. Print manager is particularly useful when you have more than one document to print.

Clipboard Viewer

Whenever an object is cut or copied from a Windows application, a version of that object is sent to the clipboard viewer. Once the object is on the clipboard, it can be viewed or modified before it is pasted back into a Windows application. When the object is copied or cut to the clipboard, it remains there until you copy over it or you quit the application that you are working in.

MS-DOS Prompt

The MS-DOS prompt is used to enter into the DOS environment from Windows without having to exit Windows. This is beneficial if you have many applications running and you wish to use DOS for some reason. To get back to Windows from DOS via the MS-DOS prompt, simply type exit at the DOS prompt (C:\)

Windows Setup

You can use Windows setup to change system settings, setup applica-tions to use with Windows or add or remove optional Windows compo-nents.

ReadMe

The Readme file is a text file that is available to give you more information about Windows that is not available in the Windows user guide.

Nine Windows Techniques You Should Know

The following are some short, straightforward operations that should help you with efficiency when you are working on labs and reports.

Hold down the Alt key and press Tab to cycle through your open applications.

Double click on the Title bar instead of maximize or restore buttons to toggle an application window between full screen and window mode.

Double click on the desktop background to bring up the Task Manager.

Drag a file from the File Manager to a program group to create an icon for it.

A Hot key can be assigned to any icon.

Click on the icon and press Alt+Enter to bring up the Properties dialogue box (or select File Properties... from the Menu bar). Type the letter, number, or function key you want to use in the Shortcut Key text box.

You can print a file with a. TXT extension or an extension associated with an application by dragging it from the File Manager to the minimized Print Manager icon.

You can move an icon from one Program Manager group to another by dragging and dropping with the mouse.

You can copy an icon from one Program Manager group to another by holding down the Ctrl key while you drag and drop.

When selecting files in the File Manager, you can select a contiguous group of files by clicking on the first file of the group and pressing Shift while you click on the last file of the group. Hold down the Ctrl key as you select multiple individual files.

"http://www. /" Microsoft Corporation

One of the objectives of course is to familiarize you with the features and functions of the programs DOS, Windows, and Office. All three of which are manufactured by the Microsoft (MS) Corporation. One of the reasons for the success of these products over many other software programs on the market is the ability of these programs to work together. DOS was created to organize and run your home or office computer. Windows was developed as an addition to DOS to make the computer easier to use and Microsoft Office was created to combine a spreadsheet, a word processor, a database, and presentation software together so that each can work easily and cooperatively with the other. Doing so, Microsoft has covered all of the major aspects of the business computer market. The specialty of these programs is how they all work together. They use many of the same commands, and they were all created in the same windows screen format.

Windows Features

Currently, all of Microsoft's applications revolve around Windows. All of the windows are set up in the same fashion. The most important features are the Menu bar and the button bar. The Menu bar is the backbone of the windows system. All of the functions that are offered by each program can be found somewhere in the Menu bar. Also, many of the often used items on the Menu bar have shortcut key combinations. For example, the shortcut keystrokes for the File New... function is Ctrl + N. To find out what the shortcut keystrokes are, look on the roll down menus. The shortcut keystrokes are located directly across from the menu items on each roll down menu.

Using Help

One of the more important features offered in all Microsoft products is the Help feature. Help is provided to give you information when you are stuck. It will not teach you how to use your computer, but it will give you tips on how to do things faster and it will give you details on information that you may have forgotten. Help is usually provided as a menu from which you can pick the topic of your choice that you would like help on, but in the newer versions of Microsoft products, help is offered as Context-sensitive. This means that information being supplied by the help screen changes based on the feature that is currently being used in your application. The help menus offered by the newer Microsoft applications contain a Title bar and a row of help buttons at the top of the menu and a workspace is provided covering the rest of the space on the menu. The workspace contains information on a topic with choices that you may select to further your inquiry. Also, more information can be obtained from any word that is underlined. These words are called jump terms. When you point and click on a jump term you are taken to another screen that contains information about that topic.

3.5 Help in Windows

In any Windows application, the help menu is always located in the same spot, as the last menu item (item farthest to the right) on the Menu bar. To get to the help menu, click on the Help menu. Once you have done that, you have a number of different choices. The Help Contents menu gives you the general topics found in the help menu, the Help Search menu lets you search for a help item, and the Help Index gives you a detailed index of the help items.

3.6 File Menu

All Microsoft Products contain a File menu is always situated in the same position on your Windows screen. The File menu is always in the left hand corner of the Menu bar. The File menu is important because it contains features that you will use most often when working with your documents. The File menu allows you to start new files, open existing files, close files, save files, find files and print files. Here is a short summary of some of the functions.

Creating a New File

Any time you would like to start a new document, simply choose File New...from the Menu bar.

Opening an Existing File

To open a file that already exists, choose File Open... from the Menu bar. You can then select from the dialogue box, which drive you would like to choose from and what the file is called, etc.

Closing a File

Before you exit an application, you should always save and close all open files. To close an open file choose File Close from the file menu. You will then be asked if you would like to save any changes in your file.

Saving Your Work

When you are working within an application, say you are typing a lab re-port or working on a spreadsheet, your work is only being saved within the Random Access Memory (RAM) as you type it. Therefore, unless you save your work to a more stable medium, it will be lost when you turn the computer off. A more stable medium would be either the hard drive within your computer or a diskette. Either will keep your documents safe but to avoid using up available memory on the hard drive, it is best to save onto a diskette. When using Microsoft products (and most other software), the save feature is always found in the File menu. In MS Word for instance, there are 3 save features; Save, Save As... and Save All. The first time you save a document you should choose File Save As... This allows you to specify the disk drive you'd like to use and it also allows you to specify a filename for your document. After you have done that, you can save whenever you like with File Save.

The Save All feature saves all of the open documents in the window. The best motto to go by when working with your documents is to save early and save often.

Printing a File

The print function can also be found within the File menu. To print a document, choose File Print...from the Menu bar. From the Print dialogue box that appears, you can specify the pages that you would like printed and the number of copies etc. If you would like to view your document in the form that it will be printed in, choose File Print Preview from the Menu bar.

Exiting an Application

When you are finished working and you would like to turn off your computer, you must first exit the application that you are in. The Exit feature is always the last item on the File menu. To exit the application you are in, select File Exit from the Menu bar.

The Edit Menu

The Edit menu is available whenever it is applicable. It is always situated to the right of the File menu on the Menu bar. The Edit menu contains items that will help you work with your document.

Undo/Redo

The first two features of the Edit menu are usually the Undo and Redo functions. Every function that you perform is always saved within the RAM of the computer so you can always undo or redo the immediate last function that you performed. The Undo function is available to you in case you accidentally delete something from your document. For example, if you were working in MS Word and you were to mark a paragraph to be moved then accidentally press the backspace key, your paragraph will be deleted. You needn't retype the paragraph because when you choose Edit Undo, the pa-ragraph will be restored. If you choose to redo the same task that you just performed, simply choose Edit Redo from the Menu bar.

Cut, Copy and Paste

Cut, copy and paste are used to move or duplicate items within docu-ments or to import and export items to and from other documents. You may want to move or duplicate any object, i. e. a word that is within a document, a picture, or a chemical formula. You may even want to move a whole document. All can be done using the cut, copy and paste functions. Cut and paste draw their names from the analogy that is made to cutting and pasting with scissors and glue.

Once you have selected an item and copied or cut it, you have copied a version of your item to the Microsoft clipboard is located in the Applications window of Windows. Once the object is on the clipboard, it can be pasted anywhere that you would like. When an object is put onto the clipboard, it will stay there until you cut or copy something else overtop of it or until you exit the program that you are in. The difference between cutting and copying lies in the fact that when you cut an item, it is removed from the original document, but when you copy an item, a version of the item stays in your document and a version is sent to the clipboard.

Other Features

Edit Clear feature allows you to delete the object that is selected on the monitor and the Edit Select All feature allows you to select all of the items in your document.

The Window Menu

The Window Menu allows you to work with the windows that are open in an application. For example, if I am working with three documents in MS Word, when they are open, they will all be listed in the Window menu, so I can switch back and forth between them.

Wizards

One of the latest features to be included in Microsoft products are called Wizards. We will go into more detail concerning Wizards in later chapters, but basically a Wizard is a series of steps that you, the user, are taken through to accomplish a task. For example, The Microsoft spreadsheet Excel has a ChartWizard, so you can construct a chart. The Wizard uses dialogue boxes to ask you questions, then uses your answers to complete the task.

3.7 Short Theory Questions

1. What is the difference between Save and the Save As... features?

2. Why is the Menu bar so important in Windows-based products?

3. Are buttons provided on the button bar for all of the Menu bar items?

4. What is the purpose of the Task List?

5. How are icons used in Microsoft Windows?

6. How does a GUI differ from a command line interpreter?

7. What does it mean to drag and drop?

8. How do you select an object in Windows?

9. Which group is the File Manager found in?

10. What is the difference between cutting and copying an object?

Chapter IV Microsoft Word

Many of the functions of Microsoft Word (such as the Cut, Copy and Paste functions, the Save function, etc.) appear in the Windows and Microsoft Features chapter.

4.1 Word Processors

Microsoft Word is a word processing program. A word processing program really just turns your computer into a glorified typewriter. However, if you use the program as you would a typewriter you may well find it difficult to edit the document later. There are caveats to using any word processor. Word processing programs were developed so that business documents could be produced at a quicker rate and with fewer mistakes. The most important feature of a word processor is the fact that you can make corrections directly to a document without having to print out a hard copy. This includes exchanging paragraphs or deleting words or replacing awkward sounding phrases with better alternatives. All this can be done right on your computer. Thus, supposedly eliminating retyping the whole document after corrections have been made. Often, unfortunately, the practice has crept in to reprint the whole document for the sake of a few simple changes. Thus, instead of reducing the world's use of paper, it has increased that usage by an order of magnitude.

4.2 Starting Microsoft Word

To start the Microsoft Word program, open the Microsoft Office group in the program manager, then double click on the MS Word icon.

The Word Screen

Depending on the setup of your program, when you start Word, the Tip of the Day may or may not be displayed. Close the dialogue box by clicking on OK. This leaves the MS Word application window. The Word window has all the basic components of a Windows window; a Title bar, a Menu bar, a control-menu box, minimize, maximize, and restore buttons, and scroll bars. The window also has some items that are exclusive to Word, these are the Button bars and the Ruler. At the bottom of the window are also a status bar and view buttons. If we click on the lower restore button, we see that it is responsible for restoring the document window, which is found within the application window. Once the document window is restored, you see that it has its own Title bar. Word can contain up to nine open documents, each in its own window, if your computer has enough available memory.

The Menu bar, located below the Microsoft Word Title bar contains nine menu options. The Menu bar works in the same fashion as a Windows Menu bar. Many commands offer alternative keystrokes; these appear next to the corresponding command in the roll down menu. These functions make use of the <Ctr>, <Alt>, and <Shift> keys in combination with other keys. For example, the <Cut> option of the <Edit> menu offers the<Ctrl> + <X> option. This means that the <Ctrl> key is held down while pressing the<X > key. This makes it quicker to use some commands if they are repeated over and over again in the same document. To close a menu without choosing a command, click somewhere outside the menu, or press the <Esc> key.

The area below the ruler is the text area. This is the area in which you can type your text. The blinking vertical bar is the insertion point or cursor and the underscore is the end mark. The insertion point shows where an entry can be made and the end mark identifies the end of your document. Along the left side of the text area is an unmarked area called the “selection bar”. When the mouse pointer is in the text area, it is an “I-beam”. However, when it is in the selection bar, it turns into a right pointing arrow. When the mouse pointer is in the selection bar and you single click the mouse, the entire line is selected. If you click and drag, multiple lines of the text are selected, this is called marking the text.

To the left of the horizontal scroll bar are the view buttons. These change the way that the document is displayed from Normal View, Page Layout View, and Outline View. At the bottom of the screen is the status bar, it displays information about the document. For example, page number, section number, number of pages in the document, the position of the insertion point measured from the top edge of the page, the line number, and the column number calculated by counting the number characters between the insertion point and the left margin.

In addition to the “Menu bar” is the Button bar (see Figure 6.2). The button bar is located directly below the Menu bar and offers graphical buttons for the more often used menu items. To use the buttons, simply point and click using the mouse. The buttons are much quicker and easier to use than the Menu bar but they are not offered for all of the menu items. To find out the function of any button, hold the mouse pointer overtop of the button. After a short delay, a small yellow box will appear labeling the name of the button.

Opening a New Document

Select Fuse, or you can move both together by clicking and dragging on the square box beneath the lower arrow. The right-hand arrow controls the text space as well, so if you would like your text to extend beyond the set parameters, simply—Q letter template.

Entering Text

As you type a letter on the keyboard, it appears at the insertion point. You do not, however, need to press the <Enter> key at the end of every line. The text is automatically wrapped around to the next line for you. Just keep on typing. When you come to the end of a paragraph, then press the <Enter> key to start a new line.

Selecting Text

In order to perform a function on a desired area of text, you must first select the text. This is also referred to as marking the text. When text is selected it becomes highlighted. It is possible to select any item; a single character, a word, a sentence, a line of text, a paragraph, or the whole document. Using the mouse, you can point, click and drag to select any item of text. There are also mouse and key combinations to make selecting text easier (see Table 4.1).

Table 4.1 - Selecting Text Using Keystroke and Mouse Combinations

Text to select	Function
Word	Double click on the word
Sentence	<Ctrl>+click anywhere in the sentence
Line	Point to line in the selection bar and click
Paragraph	Point to paragraph in selection bar and double click
Document	<Ctrl>+click, anywhere in the selection bar

Finding Text

If you wish to find a specific word within your document, you can use the <Edit >| <Find...> command from the Menu bar. When you select this command, you specify the word that you are looking for. Word then searches your document for that word. You have the option to search up, search down or search the whole document. You also have the option to search for words that are similar or sound like the word you are searching for. Once Word has located your word, you can choose to keep searching for the next occurrence of the word in your document.

Go To Command

If you wish to quickly move to another page in your document, use the <Edit> | <Go To...> command from the Menu bar. Within the Go To dialogue box you can specify the page number that you would like to go to.

Moving Text

To move a text item, you must first select it. Once the item is selected you can move it from one place to another. This is done using the cut and paste commands. The Cut command removes the selected text from a document and places the selection on the Windows clipboard. The clipboard is a temporary storage place for information you want to transfer. You can then paste the text wherever you want it.

It is also possible to copy selected text. This is similar to cutting the text but, the text is not deleted from the original position.

Changing Fonts and Point size

The different styles of text offered by your computer are called fonts. For example, This font is called Times New Roman; this font is called Courier; and this font is MS Sans Serif. You can change the font you are using through the font window. The font window is located just above the ruler on the Word screen. To view the other fonts that are offered select the down arrow ( ) button. To change the font of a word in your document, first select the text you wish to change, scroll to the font that you wish to change to and then point and click on the font name. The point size of a font is another term for the size of the text. The point size window is located directly to the right of the font window. To change the point size of any character in a document, follow the same procedure as outlined to change the font. Select the text, scroll through the point size menu using the button, then point and click on the size you would like.

The Ruler

When you are working within Word, you should notice the ruler that is displayed across the top of the document window, directly above the document. The ruler controls the tabs, indenting and text alignment of the document window. You will notice, that the ruler is two colors, grey and white, and it has a number of small triangles. The white section is the text area for the line that you are currently working with. The grey areas are the indents on either side of the page. You cannot put text in these areas. However, if you would like to extend your line to the indents on either side of your text, you can. On the left side of the ruler are two arrows facing each other, and on the right side is only one arrow pointing up. These control the amount of text per line and the paragraph indents. On the left-hand side, the upper arrow controls the indenting and the lower arrow controls the text position. You can move each arrow independently by clicking and dragging on each with the mouse, or you can move both together by clicking and dragging on the square box beneath the lower arrow. The right-hand arrow controls the text space as well, so if you would like your text to extend beyond the set parameters, simply click and drag the arrow to the right.

Right and Left Text Alignment

Using Word, you have the option of right aligning your text i. e. the text is flush at the right margin and jagged at the left, left aligning your text, centering your text or, justifying your text i. e. the paragraph is flush at the right and left margin.

To align the text, you must first mark the text. Once the text is selected, choose <Format >|<Paragraph...> In the bottom right hand corner of the dialogue box that appears is the <Alignment:> section. Use the mouse to scroll down and choose from left, right, center or justified. Or you can use a quick button. The alignment buttons are located to the right of the bold, italic and underline buttons.

Using Macros

A Macro is a recording of a repetitious sequence of keystrokes. If there happens to be a word or phrase that reoccurs throughout your document, you can use a Macro so that you don't have to type it over and over again. The macro dialogue box is evoked by selecting the <Tools> |<Macro...>feature. When the dialogue box appears, select the <Record..> button, then type in a name for your Macro in the <Record Macro Name:> box. Next, type in whatever it is you would like to have as your macro. Notice that the mouse pointer has changed to include a cassette tape to show that you are in record mode and a small Macro Record dialogue box has appeared on screen. Once you are finished, click on the stop record button (the square in the Macro record dialogue box) and your macro is finished. Whenever you would like to use it, select <Tools |Macro.>, use the mouse to highlight your Macro and click on the <Run> button. This however is only appropriate for your home computer. You can still create Macros on the campus cluster co-mputers, but they will eventually be erased.

Checking Spelling and Using the Thesaurus

Once you are finished your document, you can use the spell check tool to run through the document to locate any spelling errors. Word will compare all of the words in your document with a proper dictionary. When it comes across a word that is not in the dictionary, it will be highlighted and a dialogue box will appear. If the word that has been flagged is spelled correctly but does not appear in the dictionary i. e. a personal name, then you have the option of adding the word to the Custom dictionary. There are also other options available to you when a word is flagged for a spelling error; you can choose to ignore the occurrence of that word, you can choose to ignore all occurrences of that word, you can choose to change the misspelled word with the suggested correct spelling, you can choose to change all occurrences of that misspelled word or you can choose to add it to the custom dictionary. The spell checker will also flag repeated words i. e. the word the quota repeated consecutively in a sentence. In this case you will be given the option to delete one of the repeats. To start the spell check select <Tools |<Spelling...> You can also use the thesaurus function to find another word for your document. To use the thesaurus, you must first select the word that you wish to examine. Then select <Tools >| <Thesaurus...> The thesaurus will then display a list of possible synonyms for the word in question. You may choose to replace the word or

cancel the thesaurus tool.

Inserting Symbols Into a Document

When you select <Insert> |<Symbol...> you are given a dialogue box in which you can browse through the different symbol fonts to choose what you are looking for. Here is a brief selection:

Superscripts and Subscripts

To enter into superscript mode, press <Ctrl> + <Shift> + <+>, then type in the text you wish to be scripted. To enter into subscript mode, press <Ctrl> + < = >, then type in your text. To end super/subscript mode, repeat the keystrokes. These are also found under the <Format> | <Font...> menu.

Equations

MS Word comes equipped with an equation editor to ease the task of inserting and editing equations in your document. The equation editor is found in the <Insert>|<Object...>dialogue box. The <Object Type: is Microsoft Equation 2.0. Once the equation is embedded into your document, it can be edited by first selecting the equation and then select <Edit>|<Equation Object>|<Edit>.

Inserting ChemWindow Files into a Document

ChemWindow files are saved as Windows Metafiles for importing into Word documents. Once a Metafile is ready to be imported into a document, place the disk containing the Metafile into the disk drive

and select <Insert >| <Picture...> from the Word Menu bar. The dialog box that appears will then ask for the details such as the file name, the directory and the path to get to the file.

Creating Tables

The Table function has its own menu within the Menu bar. A Word table is much like a spreadsheet, it is composed of horizontal <rows> and vertical <columns>. The location where a row and a column intersect is called a cell. When you insert a table into a Word document, you first create the table, specifying the number of rows and columns, then you can fill each cell within the table with data. To insert a table, select <Table>|<Insert Table...>Once you have inserted the table, you can change the size of each cell by placing the mouse pointer on the cell border then clicking and dragging the border to the size you want. You can also add and delete rows and columns as you please. To add a row, choose <Table> | <Insert Rows>or to add a column, first select the column, then choose <Table> | <Insert Column>. To remove cells, choose <Table | Delete Cells...>then choose from the dialogue box. If you would like to combine two cells together to make one large cell, choose <Table> | <Merge Cells > or if you would like to split one large cell into two choose <Table> |< Split Cells...> .

Creating Newspaper-type Columns

To change the format of your text to two, three or four columns, you must first be in Page Layout view. To change to Page Layout view, select <View>| <Page Layout>from the Menu bar, then, place the insertion point to the left of the first character in your document. Select <Format>|<Columns...> from the Menu bar. When the dialogue box appears, select the number of columns that you would like, then click <OK>. The text should then appear in column form.

Inserting Lines and Borders

To add some graphics to your document, or to place a border around a table, choose <Format>|<Borders and Shading...> From the dialogue box that appears you can choose whatever options you like.

Exiting Word

Before you exit Word, make sure that your document is saved to a disk, then select <File>|<Exit>.

4.3 Short Theory Questions

1. Under which menu is the Equation Editor located?

2. What are two procedures for selecting a word?

3. Why is the T underlined in the <Tools menu> heading?

4. How can you select the whole document?

5. Where is the Ruler located on the Word screen?

6. What is the insertion point?

7. What is point size?

8. How do you change the font in Word?

9. What is a Macro?

10.How do you insert special symbols into a document?

ЛИТЕРАТУРА

1.  "http://www. /" Microsoft Corporation

1.2. PC World, July, 1993.

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

1. Chapter I Hardware ............................................................................3

1.1 Storage Devices...............................................................................3

1.2 The System Unit..............................................................................4

1.3 Input Devices..................................................................................5

1.4 Output Devices................................................................................5

1.5 Turning the Computer On.............................................................. 6

1.6 Short Theory Questions............................................................

2. Chapter II Disk operating system...................................................... .8

2.1 DOS...................................................................................................8

2.2 DOS Commands...............................................................................9

2.3 Working with Files..........................................................................10

2.4 Filenames and Extensions...............................................................10

2.5 Directories.........................................................................................11

2.6 Wildcards...........................................................................................11

2.7 Switches............................................................................................12

2.8 Formatting a Disk.......................................................................

2.9 Short Theory Questions.................................................................. 12

3. Chapter III Windows and Microsoft features.................................. 13

3.1 The Windows Screen....................................................................... 13

3.2 Using the Mouse in Windows....................................................... 14

3.3 Using Menus..............................................................................

3.4 Standard Windows Features......................................................... 15

3.5 Help in Windows............................................................................ 20

3.6 File Menu...........................................................................................20

3.7 Short Theory Questions..............................................................…...22

4. Chapter IV Microsoft Word..............................................................….22

4.1 Word Processors............................................................................….23

4.2 Starting Microsoft Word...............................................................….23

4.3 Short Theory Questions.................................................................….29

Литература...............................................................................................29

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