Федеральное агентство по образованию

Югорский государственный университет

Гуманитарный факультет

Методические указания

для студентов заочной формы обучения

по иностранному языку (английскому)

специальности 190603 – Сервис и эксплуатация транспортных и технологических машин и оборудования (автомобильный транспорт)

Курс 2

Семестр 3

Ханты-Мансийск 2007

2. Основные требования к выполнению и оформлению контрольной работы.

1. Контрольную работу третьего семестра необходимо распечатать на листах формата А4 и оформить согласно принятым требованиям титульный лист. Задания следует выполнять на распечатанных листах в специально отведенных для этого стоках. Статью полностью переводить на русский язык не нужно. Принимается только та контрольная работа, строки заданий которой заполнены шариковой ручкой синего или черного цвета. На титульном листе следует указать необходимые сведения:

Югорский государственный университет

Факультет заочного обучения

Специальность________________________________

Группа_______________________________________

Контрольная работа по_________________________

дисциплина

Номер варианта_______________________________

_______________семестр 200__-200__ учебного года

осенний, весенний

Студента______________________________________

фамилия, имя, отчество

Номер зачетной книжки________________________

Дата предоставления на проверку_______________

2. Условия заданий в контрольной работе следует переписывать полностью, без сокращений. Для примечаний преподавателя оставляются поля.

НЕ нашли? Не то? Что вы ищете?

3. Выполненная контрольная работа своевременно передается студентом на факультет заочного обучения для проверки, рецензирования и оценки.

4. Если контрольная работа при рецензировании не зачтена, студент обязан внести необходимые изменения и предоставить работу на повторную рецензию.

5. Студент должен быть готов во время зачета или экзамена дать пояснения по решению задач соответствующей контрольной работы.

3. Выбор варианта контрольной работы

1. Студент выполняет контрольную работу в соответствии с номером варианта. Номером варианта является последняя цифра номера Зачетной книжки студента. Номер варианта контрольной работы указана в правом верхнем углу.

4. Варианты контрольных работ.

Test 01

1. Ознакомьтесь с содержанием статьи.

World's longest suspension bridge gets go-ahead

Italy's government have given the go-ahead this week to build the world's longest suspension bridge, linking Sicily to the mainland.

"This time we're going to do it, I promise you," said Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi on Thursday. The bridge was first proposed more than 30 years ago, but technical and economic concerns have delayed a final decision.

Construction is now expected to begin in two or three years, and takes five to 10 years to complete. The government has also agreed to shoulder two thirds of the whopping $4.3 billion bill.

The gap between Sicily and the mainland spans three kilometres of deep water in a seismically active area. Italian engineers considered building a floating or bored tunnel, but in the end decided a suspension bridge was the most practical option.

The current design has a unique deck that is shaped like an aeroplane wing, as well as being constructed of three separate components, allowing wind to funnel through at strategic points. The deck, towers, and cables are all made of steel, though a lighter material like carbon fibre may be substituted by the time it is built. It will be capable of standing up to category four hurricanes and a magnitude 7.1 earth - quake with

an epicentre as close as 14 kilometres away.

The bridge will carry three lanes of car traffic and one train line each way, with extra lanes for emergencies and servicing. It will be 3.7 kilometres long, with a 3.3 kilometre gap between the supporting towers. The current longest suspension bridge is the Akashi bridge in Japan, which is slightly longer overall but has only 2.0 kilometres suspended between towers.

However, environmental groups have opposed the bridge's construction, saying it will disrupt migratory birds, pollute the air and water, and cause damage to the coastline on either end.

One report concluded that about eight million cubic metres of earth and dumped materials would accumulate during the project. Others worry that the Italian mafia might make money from the construction work.

More than 9000 cars and trucks cross the water to Sicily by ferry boat each day, in a system clogged with 2030, more than 17,000 vehicles are expected to use the bridge daily. It is hoped the bridge will also allow the Eurostar service to link up with Sicily, helping to bring money to poorer areas of Italy.

2. Ответьте на вопросы на английском языке относительно содержания статьи.

1. How long will the bridge be?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. How many lanes of car traffic each way will the bridge carry?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. According to the opinion of environmental groups, what harm will the bridge do?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

4. How do cars and trucks get to Sicily each day?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

5. How much will the bridge cost?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. Переведите на русский язык любой фрагмент из 10 строк.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

4. Передайте содержание каждого предложения на английском языке. Каждое слово переводить не обязательно. Многие фрагменты следует взять из статьи.

Строительство моста займет от 5 до 10 лет.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Полотно, опорные башни и стальные канаты сделаны из стали.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Расстояние между островом Сицилией и основной землей составляет 3 километра.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Подвесной мост улучшит жизнь жителей Сицилии.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Новый мост позволит улучшить благосостояние граждан на удаленных территориях.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

5. Отразите основное содержание статьи в объёме 5-6 предложений на английском языке.

Test 02

1. Ознакомьтесь с содержанием статьи.

Design choice for towers saved lives

5

10

15

20

25

30

A lucky choice of design for the World Trade Center towers reduced the death toll caused by their destruction. Each tower was struck by a passenger aeroplane, hijacked by suicidal terrorists, but remained upright for nearly an hour. Eventually raging fires melted the supporting steel struts, but the time delay allowed hundreds of people to escape.

Most buildings would have come down immediately. Skyscrapers like the World Trade Center are not built to withstand direct hits by large aeroplanes. Furthermore, the fire suppression system in the towers did not include the foam sprinklers that could to deal with the jet fuel fires. Both the crashed aeroplanes were fully fueled for trans-continental flights, making them ideal "flying bombs".

However, the design of the 415 metre WTC towers did help prevent a greater catastrophe. The outside of the towers consisted of closely spaced steel columns forming a giant "steel tube". The columns were less than a metre apart in the upper stories and could withstand the entire load placed on the building by high winds.

This meant that the building's internal columns bore only the load of gravity. Whether it was the external frame or the internal supports that kept the building

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

standing for an hour is not known, but the "double support" saved many lives.

Many skyscrapers have vertical columns up to six metres apart and rely on combined diagonal struts to bear loads. Destroying these structures would probably collapse a building immediately. The collapse of the WTC towers looked like a classic controlled demolition.

If there's any good thing about this it's that the towers tended not to weaken to one side. They could have tipped onto other buildings or into the river across the West Side highway.

The collapse of the WTC towers mirrored the strategy used by demolition experts. In controlled demolitions, explosives are placed not just on the lowest three floors but also on several consecutive floors about a third of the way up the building.

The explosions at the higher floors enable the collapse to gain downward momentum as gravity pulls the full weight of unsupported higher floors down into lower floors in a snowballing effect.

On Tuesday, the impacts of aeroplanes on the higher floors replaced the explosives. The collapse of the higher floors caused the floors below to be crushed. It cascaded down like an implosion.

2. Ответьте на вопросы на английском языке относительно содержания статьи.
What caused the towers to collapse after the airplanes’ crashes?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
What did the outside of the buildings consist of?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
What was the distance between the columns in the upper stories?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Where do explosives placed in controlled demolitions?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
How does gravity affect lower floors?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. Переведите на русский язык любой фрагмент из 10 строк.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

4. Передайте содержание каждого предложения на английском языке. Каждое слово переводить не обязательно. Многие фрагменты следует взять из статьи.
Два самолета врезались в здания ВТЦ в Нью-Йорке.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Специальная структура зданий позволила тысячам служащих вовремя их покинуть.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Причиной разрешения также стал пожар, возникший после взрывов самолетов.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
В среднем, каждое здание простояло около часа, а потом осело.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Падение зданий на одну из сторон могло повлечь за собой еще большие жертвы.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

5. Отразите основное содержание статьи в объёме 5-6 предложений на английском языке.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Test 03

1. Ознакомьтесь с содержанием статьи.

Autopilot could land hijacked planes

5

10

15

20

25

Aeroplane hijackings could be halted in progress with existing technologies, say aviation researchers, but the attempt would be risky. Most modern aircraft have some form of autopilot that could be re-programmed to ignore commands from a hijacker and instead take direction from the ground. If a hijacking were detected in progress, being able to control a plane from the ground would be crucial.

Autopilot, the system that maintains altitude, speed, and direction during flight, is fully capable of landing a plane without help from the pilot. We are already capable of flying unmanned military spy planes, so it is not far off to think that a remote system could land a commercial passenger jet. However, the scientists have qualms about the idea of remote control, saying that system could be a terrorist target itself. They are devising a control system that would allow planes to fly close together in bird-like flocks. It could be adapted to override a hijacker's instructions, but the system might be

25

30

35

40

45

tampered with by the very people who you don't want taking over the plane.

Detecting a hijacking is another area in which new technologies could play a role. Currently, if the pilot cannot use the radio to call for help, he or she can flip a switch to emit a distress signal that can be picked up by radar. Numerous new technologies could call for help even if the pilot and crew were incapacitated. On board computers could detect when the plane has veered off course and then radio for help. Or, video cameras and voice recognition systems in the cockpit could alert ground-based crews.

In future, researchers could deploy thousands of miniature networked sensors, or MEMS (microelectromechanical systems), to detect odd behaviour in the cockpit.

Most of research has been centred on preventing hijackings through increased airport security. But advanced systems, like InVision Technologies' computerised tomography scan for explosives, are only now being adopted due to high costs.

2. Ответьте на вопросы на английском языке относительно содержания статьи.
Is autopilot able to land a plane without a pilot?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Where did this technology come from?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
What controlling system is being developed by the scientists now?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
What devices can inform ground-based officials that a hijacking is in progress?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Why aren’t new systems adopted at once?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. Переведите на русский язык любой фрагмент из 10 строк.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

4. Передайте содержание каждого предложения на английском языке. Каждое слово переводить не обязательно. Многие фрагменты следует взять из статьи.
Современная система автопилотирования поддерживает высоту, скорость и направление во время полета.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

В будущем посадка воздушных судов будет осуществляться с земли без участия пилотов.

В случае захвата самолета система автопилотирования игнорирует несанкционированные приказы террористов об изменении курса судна.

Воздушные суда будут оснащены датчиками, которые сообщат на землю о захвате.

Особое внимание следует уделять системам наземного досмотра пассажиров и их багажа.

5. Отразите основное содержание статьи в объёме 5-6 предложений на английском языке.

Test 04

1. Ознакомьтесь с содержанием статьи.

Warming may increase risk of sudden climate change

Most climate change research has focused on gradual changes, such as the processes by which emissions of greenhouse gases lead to warming of the planet. But new evidence shows that periods of gradual change in Earth's past were punctuated by episodes of abrupt change, including temperature changes of about 10 degrees Celsius, or 18 degrees Fahrenheit, in only a decade in some places.

Severe floods and droughts also marked periods of abrupt change. Greenhouse warming and other human alterations of the climate system may increase the possibility of large, abrupt, and unwelcome regional or global climatic events.

Researchers do not know enough about such events to accurately predict them, so surprises are inevitable.

If the planet's climate is being forced to change -- as is currently the case -- it increases the number of possible mechanisms that can trigger abrupt events. And the more rapid the forced change that is taking place, the more likely it is that abrupt events will occur on a time scale that has immediate human and ecological consequences.

There is no need for undue alarm, however, about the possibility of sudden climate change, because societies have learned to adapt to these changes over the course of

human history.

An important focus of the research should be on mechanisms that lead to sudden climate changes during warm periods, with an eye to providing realistic estimates of the likelihood of extreme events. Poor countries may need more help preparing for abrupt climate change since they lack scientific and economic resources.

The planet's past climate record also needs to be understood better. Scientists have a variety of means to study what the climate was like thousands of years ago. For example, researchers look at tree rings to examine the frequency of droughts and analyze gas bubbles trapped in ice cores to measure past atmospheric conditions.

Simulating abrupt climate changes using computer models is particularly difficult because most climate models respond in a linear manner in which a doubling of the factor forcing change -- greenhouse gases, for instance -- doubles the response.

However, abrupt climate changes show that a small forcing may cause a small change, or may force the climate system across a threshold and trigger huge change. A massive discharge of fresh water from lakes dammed by melting ice sheets, which suddenly changes climate conditions worldwide, is an example of threshold-crossing.

2. Ответьте на вопросы относительно содержания статьи.

What may increase the possibility of large regional or global climatic events?

Should societies worry about the possibility of sudden climate change?

Why may poor countries need help preparing for abrupt climate change?

How can scientists study what the climate was like thousands of years ago?

5. Is it difficult to simulate climate changes using computer models?

3. Переведите на русский язык любой фрагмент из 10 строк.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

4. Передайте содержание каждого предложения на английском языке. Каждое слово переводить не обязательно. Многие фрагменты нужно взять из статьи.

Ученые не могут точно спрогнозировать ход событий, поэтому неожиданности неизбежны.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

В распоряжении ученых много способов, позволяющих определить климат много тысяч лет назад.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

Затопления территорий и засуха могут считаться показателями резких изменений климата.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

Изменения, связанные с человеческой деятельностью, могут инициировать резкие изменения климата.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

Многим странам может понадобиться помощь в преодолении последствий резкого изменения климата.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

5. Отразите основное содержание статьи в объёме 5-6 предложений на английском языке.

Test 05

1. Ознакомьтесь с содержанием статьи.

Quotas or tariffs

If the U. S. government puts a 20% tariffs on imported Indian cricket bats they will collect $10 million dollars if $50 million worth of Indian cricket bats are imported in a year. That may sound like small change for a government, but given the millions of different goods which are imported into a country, the numbers start to add up. The United States collects 20 billion dollars a year in tariff revenue.

Suppose that there is currently no restriction on importing Indian cricket bats and 30,000 are sold in the U. S. each year. For some reason the United States decides that they only want 5,000 Indian cricket bats sold per year. They could set an import quota at 5,000 to achieve this objective. The problem is: How do they decide which 5,000 bats get in and which 25,000 do not? The government now has to tell some importer that their cricket bats will be let into the country and tell some other importer than his will not be. This gives the customs officials a lot of power as they can now give access to favored corporations and deny access to those who are not favored. This can cause a serious corruption problem in countries with import quotas as the importers chosen to meet the quota are the ones who can provide the most favors to the customs officers.

A tariff system can achieve the same objective without the possibility of

corruption. The tariff is set at a level which causes the price of the cricket bats to rise just enough so that the demand for cricket bats falls to 5,000 per year.

Although tariffs control the price of a good, they indirectly control the quantity sold of that good due to the interaction of supply and demand.

Both tariffs and import quotas will cause smuggling if they are set at unreasonable levels. If the tariff on cricket bats is set at 95% then it's likely that people will try to sneak the bats into the country illegally, just as they would if the import quota is only a small fraction of the demand for the product. So governments have to impose the tariff or the import quota at a reasonable level. But what if the demand changes? Suppose cricket becomes a big fad in the United States and everybody and their neighbour wants to buy an Indian cricket bat? An import quota of 5,000 might be reasonable if the demand for the product would otherwise be 6,000.

Overnight, though, the demand has now jumped to 60,000. With an import quota there will be massive shortages and smuggling in cricket bats will become quite profitable. A tariff does not have these problems. A tariff does not provide a firm limit on the number of products that enter. So if the demand goes up, the number of bats sold will go up, and the government will collect more revenue.

2. Ответьте на вопросы относительно содержания статьи.

Is imposing tariffs an effective way to collect additional revenues?

How does the government decide who among importers is allowed to operate and who is not?

What disadvantage cam import quotas cause?

Do tariffs control the quantity of the good sold?

Why do tariffs and quotas cause smuggling?

3. Переведите на русский язык любой фрагмент из 10 строк.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

Введение госпошлин на ввоз товаров иностранного производства позволяет государству собирать дополнительную прибыль.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

Размер госпошлины позволяет контролировать количество ввозимой иностранной продукции.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

Квоты также позволяют ограничивать ввоз иностранной продукции.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

Квоты являются причиной коррупции и контрабандного ввоза продукции.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

Если спрос на товар растет, то объем поставок увеличивается, также увеличивается объем собираемых госпошлин.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

5. Отразите основное содержание статьи в объёме 5-6 предложений на английском языке.

Литература

Основная литература

1. Глушенкова язык для студентов экономических специальностей.

2. «Английский язык для студентов экономических специальностей» Учебник/, Е. Н Комарова. – М. : Астрель», 2003 г -352 с.

3. Английский язык для студентов заочников. Гуманитарные специальности: Учебное пособие/ Л. В Хведченя, , и др. – 3-е изд., доп. –Мн.: Выш. Шк., 20с.

4. Английский язык для студентов экономических факультетов» учебник английского языка издательство Министерства общего и специального образования РФ Москва 2004 г. – 254 с.

Дополнительная литература

1. David Cotton, David Falvey. Market Leader. Pre-intermediate business English.

2. David Cotton, David Falvey. Market Leader. Intermediate business English.

3. David Cotton, Sue Robbins. Business Class. Course book.

4. Peter Viney, John Curtin. Survival English. International communication for professional people.

5. Raymond Murphy. English grammar in use. For intermediate students.

6. Michael Vince. Intermediate language practice.

7. English Vocabulary in Use. (pre-intermediate)

8. English Vocabulary in Use. (intermediate)

Методические указания к выполнению контрольной работы для студентов заочной формы обучения

Студента______________________________________

Номер зачетной книжки________________________

World's longest suspension bridge gets go-ahead

1. How long will the bridge be?

2. How many lanes of car traffic each way will the bridge carry?

3. According to the opinion of environmental groups, what harm will the bridge do?

4. How do cars and trucks get to Sicily each day?

5. How much will the bridge cost?

Design choice for towers saved lives

Autopilot could land hijacked planes

Warming may increase risk of sudden climate change

Quotas or tariffs

Домашний очаг

Справочная информация

Техника

Общество

Образование и наука

Мир

Бизнес и финансы