Страдательный залог
Действительный и страдательный залоги в английском языке совпадают со значением соответствующих залогов в русском языке. Глагол в действительном залоге (Active Voice) показывает, что действие совершает лицо или предмет, выраженный подлежащим.
He often asks questions. Он часто задаёт вопросы.
Глагол в страдательном залоге (Passive Voice) означает, что действие направлено на предмет или лицо, выраженное подлежащим.
He is often asked questions. Ему часто задают вопросы.
Формы страдательного залога образуются при помощи глагола to be в соответствующей форме и Participle II (Причастие II) смыслового глагола.
Present | Past | Future | ||||
Indefinite | I | am asked | I (he, she) | was asked | I (we) | will be asked |
Continuous | I | am being asked | I (he, she) | was being asked | ||
Perfect | I, we, you, they | have been asked | I (he, she, we, you, they) | had been asked | I, we he, she, you, they | will have been asked |
Примеры.
Indefinite Passive (to be + Participle II)
The newspapers are delivered every morning. (Present Indefinite Passive) Газеты доставляются каждое утро. This book was bought a month ago. (Past Indefinite Passive) Эта книга была куплена месяц назад. The letter will be mailed tomorrow. (Future Indefinite Passive) Письмо будет оправлено завтра.Continuous Passive (to be + being + Participle II).
Perfect Passive (to have + been + Participle II)
This letter has been brought by the secretary. (Present Perfect Passive) Секретарь принёс письмо. (Письмо принесено секретарём) He decided to become a writer only when his first story had been published. (Past Perfect Passive) Он решил стать писателем, только когда его первый рассказ был напечатан. By the 1st of July the last exam will have been passed (Future Perfect Passive) К первому июля последний экзамен будет вами сдан.Сказуемое в страдательном залоге может переводиться на русский язык: а) кратким страдательным причастием; б) глаголом на - ся; в) неопределённо-личным глаголом.
The house is built. а) Дом построен. б) Дом строится. в) Дом строят.
Следует обратить особое внимание на перевод глаголов с предлогом в страдательном залоге. Наиболее распространённые из этих глаголов:
hear of - слышать о
laugh at - смеяться над
look after - присматривать за (кем-либо)
look at - смотреть на
rely on - полагаться на
send for - посылать за
speak of (about) - говорить о
pay attention to - обращать внимание на
take care of - заботиться о
The book is much spoken about. Об этой книге много говорят.
He can't be relied on. На него нельзя положиться.
В русском переводе не все глаголы сохраняют предлог:
to listen to - слушать что-либо, кого-либо
to look for - искать что-либо
to provide for - обеспечить кого-либо, чем-либо
to explain to - объяснять кому-либо
He was listened to with great attention. Его слушали с большим вниманием.
http://www. /watch? v=QTQb42w7oig (видео урок)
http://www. /watch? v=g72m8wyNzsI (видео урок)
Тесты для самопроверки
Exercise 1
Rewrite the sentences using Passive voice.
Example:
Peter writes a letter.
________________
Answer:
A letter is written. or
A letter is written by Peter.
1) Julia rescued three cats. |
2) The students handed in the reports. |
3) Maria crashed into the blue car. |
4) Alex learned the poem. |
5) Steven has forgotten the book. |
6) The mechanic has not repaired the DVD recorder. |
7) They play handball. |
8) Sue puts the rucksack on the floor. |
9) The girls had lost the match. |
10) The teacher is not going to open the window. |
Exercise 2
Form Questions in Passive using the given words/phrases.
Example: coffee / grown / in South America / is
____________________________?
Answer: Is coffee grown in South America?
1) caught were the thieves |
2) are the tests written always in the language lab |
3) accepted be will my apology |
4) in Alaska are eagles found |
5) the Eiffel Tower in 1889 for the World Exhibition was built |
6) by computers replaced will the workers be |
7) together be cooked beans and carrots can |
8) was seen the accident yesterday by the police |
9) opened the first underground railway was where |
10) going to be are the books to the school returned |
Тесты для самопроверки (ответы).doc
Задания для самоконтроля
Test 1
Put in the correct form of the verb in Passive into the gaps. Use the verb and the tense given in brackets.
Example:
A letter __________ by Peter. (to write - Simple Present)
Answer:
A letter is written by Peter.
1) The words by the teacher today. (to explain - Simple Present) |
2) We a letter the day before yesterday. (to send - Simple Past) |
3) This car . It's too old. (not/to steal - will-future) |
4) This street because of snow. (already/to close - Present Perfect) |
5) A new restaurant next week. (to open - will-future) |
6) He to the party yesterday. (to invite - Simple Past) |
7) The blue box . (can/not/to see - Simple Present) |
8) I the book by my friend last Sunday. (to give - Simple Past) |
9) The dishes by my little brother. (not/to wash - Present Perfect) |
10) I by Robert. (not/to ask - will-future) |
Test 2
Rewrite the given sentences in Passive voice. Sometimes there are two possible answers (two objects in the active sentence).
Example:
Tim gave Lisa some flowers.
_______________________
Answer:
Some flowers were given to Lisa by Tim. or
Lisa was given some flowers by Tim.
1) They don't speak English in this shop. |
2) Kevin asked Dennis a question. |
3) Somebody built the house last year. |
4) She gives him a box. |
5) Max will look after him. |
6) The waiter brought Fred a big steak. |
7) Somebody broke into our bungalow last Friday. |
8) The teacher told us a joke. |
9) They will meet Doris at the station. |
10) Michael has not sent me a text message. |
Задания для самоконтроля (ответы).doc
