Словообразование

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СЛОВООБРАЗОВАНИЕ

НАИБОЛЕЕ УПОТРЕБИТЕЛЬНЫЕ СУФФИКСЫ

I.

СУФФИКСЫ СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНЫХ

-er, -or Для обозначения лица (иногда предмета), выполняющего действие.

to buy – buyer to direct – director to inspect – inspector to invent – inventor to produce – producer

to supply – supplier to teach – teacher to translate- translator to build – builder to announce – announcer

to sell – seller to work – worker to jump – jumper to swim – swimmer to visit – visitor

to read – reader to listen – listener to sail – sailor to learn – learner to rub – rubber

-ee Для обозначения лица, на которое направлено действие.

to employ – employee

to pay – payee

to address – addressee

to trust – trustee

-ment

to agree – agreement to develop – development to govern – government to move – movement arrange – arrangement to treat – treatment

to improve – improvement to pay – payment to settle – settlement to require – requirement to excite – excitement to disappoint – disappointment

to enjoy – enjoyment to employ – employment to argue – argument to manage – management to achieve – achievement to amaze – amazement

- y

to injure – injury

to recover – recovery

to discover – discovery

to apologise – apology

- al

to rehearse – rehearsal to propose – proposal

to refuse – refusal to revive – revival

to arrive – arrival to deny – denial

to remove – removal to survive – survival

- age

to use – usage

to pass – passage

to marry – marriage

to leak – leakage

-ion (-ation, -ition,-tion, -sion, -ssion) ( в некоторых случаях меняется произношение и

написание слов)

to combine – combination to produce – production to introduce – introduction to transmit – transmission to imagine – imagination to organise – organisation to describe – description to prevent – prevention

to translate – translation to dictate – dictation to connect – connection to protect – protection to predict – prediction to repress – repression to exhaust – exhaustion to edit – edition

to collect – collection to include – inclusion to decide – decision to object – objection to direct – direction to attract – attraction to create – creation to act – action

to suggest – suggestion to promote – promotion to invent – invention to explain explanation to destroy – destruction to inform – information to add – addition to expect – expectation

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- ure

to press – pressure

to depart – departure

to please – pleasure

to fail – failure

-hood

brother – brotherhood mother – motherhood

neighbour – neighbourhood child – childhood

man – manhood boy – boyhood

-ship

friend – friendship

leader – leadership

member – membership

-ist, -ism Для обозначения принадлежности к идейному, научному, политическому или религиозному направлению (от существительных).

idea – idealist – idealism

Buddha – Buddhist – Buddhism

terror – terrorist – terrorism

-ian

Russia – Russian magic – magician

Hungary – Hungarian music – musician

history – historian Italy – Italian

Norway – Norwegian Scandinavia – Scandinavian

- ing (от глаголов)

to build – building to spell – spelling to learn - learning

to understand – understanding to mean – meaning to swim – swimming

to read – reading to write – writing to run – running

to open – opening to teach – teaching to smoke – smoking

-ness (от прилагательных)

bitter – bitterness sad – sadness polite – politeness dark – darkness

cold – coldness shy – shyness lazy – laziness ready – readiness

kind – kindness happy – happiness busy – business great – greatness

weak – weakness ill – illness sweet – sweetness selfish - selfishness

-ance, -ence

important – importance intelligent – intelligence confident – confidence violent – violence

patient – patience absent – absence to differ – difference to persist – persistence

to prefer – preference to avoid – avoidance to insist – insistence to depend – dependence

to appear – appearance to apply – appliance to accept – acceptance to defend – defence

-y, -ty, -ity (от прилагательных)

rapid – rapidity difficult – difficulty minor – minority

certain – certainty popular – popularity modest – modesty

possible – possibility active – activity major – majority

able – ability probable – probability poor – poverty

-dom

wise – wisedom

free – freedom

king – kingdom

bore – boredom

-th (от прилагательных). Обратить внимание на изменение правописания.

deep – depth warm – warmth

strong – strength broad – breadth

wide – width long – length

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II.

СУФФИКСЫ ПРИЛАГАТЕЛЬНЫХ

-able, -ible

to change – changeable to advise – advisable to forget – forgettable to prefer – preferable

to eat – eatable to rely – reliable to suit – suitable to break – breakable

to understand – understandable to depend - dependable fashion – fashionable comfort – comfortable

horror – horrible reason – reasonable size – sizeable favour – favourable

-ive (-ative)

to act – active effect – effective

to compare – comparative to produce – productive

to talk – talkative to prevent – preventive

to impress – impressive object – objective

- ant, - ent (от глаголов)

to differ – different

to resist – resistant

to insist – insistent

to persist – persistent

- al (от существительных)

centre – central globe – global

culture – cultural magic – magical

form – formal mechanic – mechanical

accident – accidental music – musical

-ful Означает наличие качества (от существительных и глаголов).

use (to use) – useful fear (to fear) – fearful to forget – forgetful

care (to care) – careful help (to help) – helpful hope (to hope) – hopeful

doubt (to doubt) – doubtful colour (to colour) – colourful respect (to respect) – respectful

wonder – wonderful beauty – beautiful thought – thoughtful

-less Означает отсутствие качества (от существительных).

hope – hopeless shame – shameless

use – useless fault – faultless

help – helpless colour – colourless

home – homeless leaf – leafless

-ish Образует прилагательные со значениями: 1) национальной принадлежности (от существительных); 2) слабой степени качества (от прилагательных); 3) качества (от существительных).

Sweden – Swedish Poland – Polish Turkey – Turkish

green – greenish red – reddish brown – brownish

child – childish fool – foolish

- ous (от существительных)

courage – courageous poison – poisonous victory – victorious

danger – dangerous humour – humorous fury – furious

fame – famous mountain – mountainous luxury – luxurious

glory – glorious number – numerous grace – gracious

- y (от существительных)

cloud – cloudy sun – sunny health – healthy sand – sandy

wind – windy fog – foggy thirst – thirsty leaf – leafy

wealth – wealthy noise – noisy heart – hearty storm – stormy

rain – rainy frost – frosty mud – muddy juice – juicy

snow – snowy dirt – dirty nose – nosy soap – soapy

-ly (от существительных)

friend – friendly

coward – cowardly

man – manly

woman – womanly

love - lovely

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III.

СУФФИКСЫ ГЛАГОЛОВ

-en Со значением делать, становиться (от прилагательных)

black – to blacken sharp – to sharpen soft – to soften

strong – to strengthen deep – to deepen glad – to gladden

broad – to broaden wide – to widen hard – to harden

white – to whiten dark – to darken ripe – to ripen

- ify (от прилагательных)

false – to falsify

pure – to purify

simple – to simplify

intensive – to intensify

-ise (-ize)

character – to characterise

crystal – to crystalise

sympathy – to sympathise

apology – to apologise

IV.

СЛОВОПРОИЗВОДСТВО ПРИ ПОМОЩИ ЧЕРЕДОВАНИЯ БУКВ И ЗВУКОВ

Verb → Noun to advise – advice to believe – belief to live – life to see – sight to speak – speech

to breathe – breath to sing - song to shoot – shot to prove – proof to choose – choice to lose – loss

to practise – practice to affect – effect to feed – food to bathe – bath to bleed – blood to think – thought

Adjective → Noun hot – heat high – height deep – depth broad – breadth long – length strong – strength

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V.

ОТРИЦАТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПРИСТАВКИ

dis-

to agree – to disagree to appear – to disappear to approve – to disapprove to arm – to disarm to connect – to disconnect

to like – to dislike to obey – to disobey to please – to displease to satisfy – to dissatisfy ability – disability

advantage – disadvantage order – disorder belief – disbelief honest – dishonest comfort – discomfort

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happy – unhappy known – unknown official – unofficial limited – unlimited kind – unkind like – unlike tidy – untidy able – unable fair – unfair real – unreal fit – unfit clear – unclear conscious - unconscious

employed – unemployed certain – uncertain necessary – unnecessary important – unimportant expected – unexpected comfortable – uncomfortable successful – unsuccessful pleasant – unpleasant attractive – unattractive aware – unaware familiar – unfamiliar fortunate – unfortunate forgettable - unforgettable

friendly – unfriendly helpful – unhelpful grateful – ungrateful natural – unnatural usual – unusual equal – unequal popular – unpopular reliable – unreliable to dress – to undress to lock – to unlock to tie – to untie to load – to unload to button – to unbutton

in-

adequate – inadequate convenient – inconvenient appropriate – inappropriate experienced – inexperienced

complete – incomplete capable – incapable decent – indecent correct – incorrect

active – inactive formal – informal direct – indirect ability – inability

il- (перед l)

legal – illegal

logical - illogical

literate – illiterate

im- (перед p и m)

patient – impatient possible – impossible personal – impersonal

probable – improbable polite – impolite practical – impractical

perfect – imperfect mature – immature moral – immoral

ir - (перед r)

regular – irregular resolute – irresolute

relevant – irrelevant rational – irrational

responsible – irresponsible religious – irreligious