ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ АГЕНТСТВО ПО ОБРАЗОВАНИЮ
Государственное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования
РОССИЙСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ
ТОРГОВО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ
КРАСНОДАРСКИЙ ФИЛИАЛ
(Краснодарский филиал ГОУ ВПО «РГТЭУ»)
Кафедра иностранных языков
ПРЕДЛОГИ В ДЕЛОВОМ АНГЛИЙСКОМ
ОБУЧЕНИЕ ПРОБЛЕМНОЕ
для студентов специальностей:
080105 Финансы и кредит, 080109 Бухгалтерский учет, анализ и аудит, 080801 Прикладная информатика (в экономике),
080401 Товароведение и экспертиза товаров, 080301 Коммерция (торговое дело), 080111 Маркетинг, 032401 Реклама,
080502 Экономика и управление на предприятии (торговли; общественного питания),
080507 Менеджмент организации, 080102 Мировая экономика
Составители:
к. ф.н., доц.
ст. преп.
Краснодар 2008
BUSINESS ENGLISH THROUGH PREPOSITIONS
ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ
Настоящий сборник представляет собой пособие по изучению предлогов в деловом английском языке. Тематика текстов сборника отражает деловое общение. Это – отрывки из произведений английских, американских и канадских писателей, а также статьи из периодических изданий.
Главная цель сборника – помочь студентам в изучении предлогов английского языка, используя метод контекстов. Понятие лингвистического контекста переплетается в данном учебно-методическом пособии с основами профессионального контекста, т. е. с будущей профессиональной деятельностью студентов. Это отражено в характере предлагаемых упражнений. Они включают упражнения на языковую догадку с опорой на лингвистический контекст, а также упражнения, связанные с решением практических задач. Среди предлагаемых заданий имеются ролевые игры, «мозговой штурм», планирование методом проектов, элементы научно-исследовательской работы студентов, упражнения по развитию творческих навыков.
Предлагаемые тексты подобраны по тематическому признаку и соответствуют программным требованиям для студентов продвинутого этапа обучения, прошедших этап подготовки в объеме нормативной грамматики. Каждая из 15 карточек – заданий пособия включает тематический текст с лингвистическими комментариями (Notes) и упражнения на развитие навыков употребления предлогов в речи. Они могут быть использованы как на одном занятии по активизации английских предлогов, так и на нескольких занятиях с целью закрепления приобретенных навыков. Карточки-задания предназначены для активной творческой работы студентов. Упражнения могут выполняться индивидуально и небольшими группами. Пособие может быть использовано также на занятиях по дополнительному чтению.
Поскольку авторы данного пособия ставили перед собой чисто практическую задачу, они не останавливались на вопросе о природе и сущности английских предлогов. В пособии можно найти справочный материал по использованию английских предлогов, ответы к заданиям.
В конце сборника приведен перечень используемой литературы.
Содержание:
1. Предлоги в английском языке. | 4 | |
2. Практическое занятие по теме: “Business English through Prepositions.” | 6 | |
3. Ответы к заданиям. | 24 | |
4. Библиография. | 30 |
1. Предлоги в английском языке
Предлог (калька греч. prothesis, лат. Praepositio) – разряд служебных, морфологически неизменяемых слов, выражающих различные отношения между зависимыми и главными членами словосочетания и осуществляющих подчинительную синтаксическую связь внутри словосочетания и предложения..
Предлоги относят к служебным частям речи или называют частицами речи. Иногда их вообще не включают в классификацию по частям речи, и в этом случае они рассматриваются как особый класс слов, выполняющих служебную функцию.
По значению предлоги можно разделить на следующие основные группы: 1) предлоги времени; 2) предлоги места и направления; 3) предлоги причинной связи.
Предлоги времени
At – в (at one o’clock, at noon, at midnight, at night, at that time)
On – (on Sunday, on Friday evening, on a day off, on a cold winter day)
In – (in the morning, in the daytime, in the afternoon, in September, in 1989, in an hour)
By – к (by 8 o’clock, by the beginning of April, by the end of October)
Since – с (since 6 o’clock, since May)
For – в течении (for two years), на (for a week)
Before – до, перед (before breakfast, before midnight)
After – после (after 6 o’clock, after midnight)
During – в течение, во время, на протяжении (during the lesson, during our conversation)
Until – до (указывает предел времени)
Предлоги места и направления
At – на, у, в (at the window, at the theatre, at the performance, at the station)
On – на (on the wall, on the table, on the roof)
In – в, на (in the room, in this building, in London, in the north, in the south, in the west, in the east)
Into – в, внутрь чего-либо (into the room, into the city)
From – с(со), из, от (from the table, from my parents, from New England)
To – на, в, к (to the post office, to work, to Manhattan, to the station)
Near – у, около, недалеко (от) (near the door, near the window)
Along – вдоль (along the road, along the wall)
Around – вокруг, около (around the table, around the house, around the store)
Across – через (across the road, across the river)
Through – через, сквозь (through the tunnel, through the village)
Over – над, через, по (over the fireplace, over the telephone)
Before – перед (before the house)
In front (of) – впереди, вперед (in front of my house, in front of his old group-mate)
Between – между (between Paris and London)
Behind – позади (behind the house)
Under – под (under the table)
Inside, outside – внутри, в, вне, за пределами (inside the house, outside the house)
Up – вверх, наверх (up the hill, up the river)
Down – вниз (down the hill, down the river)
Off – с, от (выражает отдаление, удаление) (off the main road, five miles off the shore)
Предлоги причинной связи:
Because of – из-за (because of rain)
In view of – ввиду (in view of the serious situation)
Широко употребляются также следующие предлоги: with – с, without – без, against – против, for – для.
Предлоги, передающие падежные отношения:
Обратите внимание на соответствие некоторых предложных оборотов русским падежным формам:
Of – родительный
The leg of the table – ножка стола
To – дательный
Explain to me – объясните мне
Сочетания существительных с предлогами with и by соответствуют русскому творительному падежу.
With - обозначает орудие (чем произведено действие)
By - обозначает деятеля (кто совершил действие)
With a pen – ручкой
By a worker – рабочим.
За предлогом чаще всего следует группа существительного, которая образует предложное словосочетание. Группа существительного после предлога иногда называется предложным дополнением.
Предлоги часто употребляются в словосочетаниях, которые обозначают место и время. Предлоги также используются после существительных, прилагательных и глаголов в составе словосочетаний, которые вводят дополнительную информацию о предмете, качестве или действии.
Имеются случаи, когда группа существительного не следует за предлогом. Она может стоять в начальной позиции в предложении. К таким случаям относятся:
1. вопросы и косвенные вопросы
What will you talk about?
She doesn’t know what we were talking about.
2. определительные придаточные предложения
… the job which I’d been training for.
3. конструкции страдательного залога
Businessmen have already been referred to.
4. после дополнения и инфинитива с “to”.
She is very difficult to get on with.
The whole thing was just too unimportant to think about.
Отдельные слова, которые употребляются в качестве предлогов, могут также использоваться с аналогичным значением как наречия (т. е. после них группа существительного не употребляется).
I looked underneath the desk, but the box had gone.
Always put a sheet of paper underneath.
The door was opposite the window.
The kitchen was opposite, across a little landing.
Следует обратить внимание на использование предлогов с фразовыми глаголами. Фразовый глагол – это сочетание глагола и наречия, гдагола и предлога или глагола, наречия и предлога, которые вместе приобретают единое значение.
I had to look after (присматривать за) the kids.
They broke out of (вырвались из) prison.
Kroop tried to talk her out of (отговорить от) it.
2. BUSINESS ENGLISH THROUH PREPOSITIONS
Предлоги в деловом английском
Card 1
The Art of Conversation
Some people have a real gift… conversation. They have a ready command…words, a gay wit and a fund… experience or ideas. We can not all hope to match them. But if we ourselves take an interest…affairs…general concern,…books and plays, we can find things to talk…and, … the stimulus…good company, the right words…which to express our ideas. A good conversationalist does not dominate the conversation or lay… the law. He should allow others to have their say. A good story is welcome, but a succession…anecdotes is likely to become tedious. It is rude to interrupt, especially when an older person is talking. When a conversation shows signs…leading…vehement argument or where the topic appears to be distasteful…one…those present, a well-bred person will drop the subject or divert the talk…other channels. Sarcasm …the expense …someone who is shy or stupid is unforgivable (From “The Book of Etiquette” by B. Troubridge).
Notes:
1. succession – серия;
2. tedious – скучный, утомительный;
3. vehement – неистовый;
4. a well-bred person – воспитанный человек;
5. to divert the talk – поменять тему разговора.
Task 1. Supply the necessary prepositions paying attention to the context. Translate the text into Russian.
Task 2. Write the prepositional phrases out of the text.
Task pose dialogues in accordance with the following tasks:
a) An important client invites you to the theatre. You cannot attend because you have already accepted another invitation.
b) At a conference you meet someone you think you’ve met before.
Task 4. Answer the questions:
What would you say if
a) A visitor wants advice on how to spend an evening in your town?
b) You are having a small dinner party and you are to introduce two friends of yours to each other?
c) You are on a plane. You have to introduce yourself to the person sitting next to you?
d) You are to give directions from your office to the closest station or airport?
Task 5. Use the following statements in a natural conversational context. Agree or disagree. Give your reasons.
a) It’s never too late to learn;
b) Everyone could be a good conversationalist if necessary;
c) Good manners are very important in business.
Task 6. Count the number of prepositions in the text “The Art of Conversation”. Notice what prepositions are used most often. Retell the text using the prepositional phrases.
Card 2
At the Airport
Inside, the warmth and lights …the big hall stopped him… a moment. …one hand he turned… the collar… his damp topcoat, glanced… the wall clock… him, then half strode, half ran…where the departure desk…Cross-Canada Airlines stood…a corner, deserted now except… the passenger agent. As the man reached him the agent picked…a small stand microphone…the desk, summoned the man… silence…a lift…his eyebrows, and…an even measured voice began to speak.
“Flight 98. Flight 98. Direct fleetliner service…Vancouver,…connections…Victoria, Seattle, and Honolulu, leaving immediately…gate four. All passengers…Flight 98…gate four, please. No smoking till you are … the air.
(From “Flight into Danger” by Arthur Hailey and John Castle).
Notes:
1. to stride (strode) – перешагивать;
2. to summon – требовательно позвать;
Task 1. Supply the prepositions where necessary, paying attention to the context. Translate the text into Russian.
Task 2. Write the prepositional phrases out of the text.
Task 3. Find the English equivalents in the text:
1. остановили его на мгновение;
2. взглянул на стенные часы;
3. за исключением пассажирского агента;
4. размеренным голосом;
5. все пассажиры на рейс 98.
Task 4. Express your opinion about pros and cons of travelling by plane.
You may use these expressions:
1. It is quick but very expensive…
2. To be sick.
3. You don’t have to wait at airports.
4. The place of destination.
5. To be comfortable.
6. Travel by…
7. To book the tickets beforehand,
8. Single or return?
9. A luggage (baggage) claim-check
10. Hijack.
Task 5.Use the following statements in a natural conversational context, using prepositions where necessary. Agree or disagree. Give your reasons.
1. It is very dangerous to fly by airplane.
2. The majority of businessmen all over the world prefer travelling by air.
3. To book air tickets beforehand is rather cheap.
Task 6. Act out a dialogue in accordance with the task:
Your business colleague and you have arrived at the airport of destination. You are in that country for the first time. You are on a business trip. But nobody is meeting you at the airport. Discuss with your partner what to do in the situation.
Card 3
At the Railway Station
The scene was the platform… Knype railway station… a summer afternoon and, more particularly, that part…the platform … … the bookstall. There were three persons…the bookstall. The first was the bookstall clerk who was quickly folding copies…the special edition…the Staffordshire Signal. The second was Mr. Sandbach, an earthenware manufacturer, famous…the Five Towns…his invention…teapots that pour the tea instead the cup… …all…the table and a very shabby man whom Mr. Sandbach did not know. This very shabby man was quite…the bookstall while Mr. Sandbach stood ten yards away. Mr. Sandbach was staring… the man, but, the man, ignoring Mr. Sandbach, was looking…the locomotive far …the distance. There were only a few people …the platform. The London train had just left and only a local train was signalled (From “Half a Sovereign” by Arnold Bennett).
Notes:
1. to fold – сворачивать;
2. a shabby man – бедно одетый человек;
3. to stare – смотреть пристально;
4. earthenware manufacturer – производитель керамических изделий.
Task 1. Supply the prepositions where necessary, paying attention to the context. Translate the text into Russian.
Task 2.Write the prepositional phrases out of the text.
Task 3. Find the English equivalents in the text:
а) платформа железнодорожной станции;
б) рядом с книжным киоском;
в) известный своим изобретением;
г) вдали;
д) на платформе.
Task 4. Act out a dialogue in accordance with the model:
BOOKING A SEAT AT THE BOOKING OFFICE
Clerk (P1): Yes, sir?
Mister Brown (P2): I’d like to book a seat on a train to London on the 25th of October.
(P1): Single or return?
(P2): Return, please.
(P1): That’ll be seven thousand roubles, sir.
(P2): Here you are.
(P1): Thank you. Your train leaves at two twenty-five from Platform 6.
Task 5.Use the following statements in a natural conversational context, using prepositions where necessary. Agree or disagree. Give your reasons.
1. It is very boring to travel by train.
2. While travelling by train you enjoy the landscape and beauty of the nature.
3. Delays often occur at railway stations.
Task 6.You should take the following things with you for travelling:
A passport, Travel Guide, a ticket, a visa, a map, a health insurance, Money belt, a first aid kid, a camera. Using these words speak about your preparation for travelling by train. Mind your prepositions.
Card 4
Shopping
“ I wish…a pound and a half…the best coffee you have”, said an authoritative voice a moment or two later. The speaker was a tall, authoritative-looking man, remarkable… other things… a full black beard, worn… a style more… vogue…early Assyria than…a London suburb…the present day.
“ Has a dark-faced boy been here buying pomegranates?” he asked suddenly, as the coffee was being weight… … him.
The two ladies almost jumped… hearing the grocer’s negative reply.
“We have a few pomegranates…stock”, he continued, “but there has been no demand…them.”
“My servant will fetch the coffee as usual”, said the purchaser, producing a coin…a wonderful metalwork purse. As an apparent afterthought he fired… the question: “Have you, perhaps, any quail seed?”
“No,” said the grocer,…hesitation, “we don’t stock it” (From “Stories” by H. Munro).
Notes:
1. vogue – мода, популярность;
2. pomegranates – гранаты (фрукты);
3. quail seed – зд. перепелиные яйца.
Task 1. Supply the prepositions where necessary, paying attention to the context. Translate the text into Russian.
Task 2. Write the prepositional phrases out of the text.
Task 3. Find the English equivalents in the text:
1. Говорящий отличался среди других окладистой черной бородой;
2. окраины современного Лондона;
3. на них нет спроса;
4. достать монету из кошелька;
5. без колебания.
Task 4. Discuss in - groups a) what kind of shops it is necessary to visit; b) what goods you may buy during your business trip to London. The following phrases will help you:
1. Where is a…Где…магазин?
Department store универсальный,
Book shop книжный
Supermarket продовольственный
confectionery кондитерский
2. Where is a…department? Где у вас отдел?
Men’s (women’s, children’s) мужской, женской, детской
Ready made clothes готовой одежды
Perfumery парфюмерии
Toy игрушек
Footwear обуви
Sportswear спорттоваров.
3. Where can I buy…? Где можно купить?
I want to buy… Я хочу купить…
I need… Мне нужен (-на, - но, - ны)…
I want to purchase at Я хочу сделать покупки
the department store в универмаге.
Task 5. Use the following statements in a natural conversational context, using prepositions where necessary:
1. Shopping is not a pleasant thing to do.
2. London shops are rather expensive.
3. Self - service shops save a lot of time.
4. It’s hard to go shopping when there are crowds of people at the stores.
5. The Internet mall is a new timesaving way to shop.
Task 6. Role-play:
You sent an enquiry for the delivery of the ready - made clothes to the English company. Brown Ltd. informed you that the delivery of XXL model, which you are interested in, is possible and sent you their catalogues and price-list. You contact the company by telephone. The secretary speaks with you. You ask Mr. Smith, the commercial director. The secretary says that Mr. Smith is busy. His assistant, Mr. Jones can speak with you.
You thank Mr. Jones for the offer of their company. Then you clarify if they can give you a quantity discount and if it is possible to provide payment by collection.
Card 5
I’LL HAVE A JOB
…a flash it came…me:
“I’ll have a job!”
I said it … loud and it sounded pretty good…me. The more I thought…it, the better I liked the idea, especially…the point…view…making some money.
My mind sped away…a moment, …the fashion…all minds…bed, and showed me visions…big money – furs - a new car – but I brought it back…earth…an effort to wonder…what sort…a job I could possibly qualify. I reviewed the possibilities. I turned…cooking. That was the thing, which interested me most and…which I thought I knew quite a lot. I had had a few lessons…my “Madame”…Paris, but my real interest was aroused…lessons I had…a wonderful school…French cookery…London.
When I told my family that I was thinking…taking a cooking job, the roars…laughter were rather discouraging. No one believed that I could cook…all, as I had never had a chance…practice…home.
I had no idea…exactly what job I should apply…, so I decided to go…an agency. Finding the place quite easily, I tore…three flights…stairs, and swung breathlessly…a door, which said, “Enter…knocking, if you please” (From “One Pair of Hands” by M. Dickens).
Notes:
1. discouraging – обескураживающий;
2. to speed away – зд. соображать быстро;
3. to tear (tore) – мчаться;
4. to swing (swung) – распахнуть.
Task 1. Supply the necessary prepositions paying attention to the context. Translate the text into Russian.
Task 2.Write the prepositional phrases out of the text.
Task 3. Find the English equivalents in the text:
1. с точки зрения;
2. я вернулся с небес на землю;
3. пытаясь представить;
4. это интересовало меня более всего;
5. у меня никогда не было возможности применить это на практике.
Task 4. Write your resume – a written summary of your personal, educational and professional data. For example:
Elisabeth Y. Brown
42 Park Avenue, Ap. 36
New York, N. Y. 11293
Tel. (3
OBJECTIVE A position as a bookkeeper
SUMMARY 10 years of experience in every routine work in this field.
Perfect knowledge of computers and statistics.
QUALIFICATIONS Make up all kinds of financial reports, balances and production
Planning.
EXPERIENCE Bell Docks, Inc.
San Francisco, California.
Deputy Chief of Planning, Commerce Dpt.
In charge of accounts books, statements, new ideas in planning.
EDUCATION LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS
London, Great Britain, Bachelor (Ec.).
PERSONAL Arrived in the United States February, 1990.
British subject. Married, one child.
REFERENCES Available upon request.
Task pose a dialogue in the form of an interview, discussing the application for a job. For example:
ABC Systems was looking for an opening position of a Commercial Director. Three applicants came for an interview after they had submitted their RESUMES. The third and the most successful was Mr. Collins. Here we are presenting the interview with him.
- Good morning, sir.
- Good e in, please. Mr. Collins, isn’t it? Please take a seat. Tell me, how long were you in your last job with Sakha Co?
- Five years. I am only leaving because the firm is moving to Washington, but I think a change will do me good.
- O. K. We need a team of creative persons to make our company competitive in the world market.
- What responsibilities and obligations do you suggest during the first year?
- Well, first of all to be responsible for our contacts with English partners.
- Yes, I see.
- So tell me what are your three main strengths?
- I think they are: reliability, loyalty and energy.
- OK. Are you a leader, an entrepreneur by nature?
- Yes, I think so, because I make contacts with people very easily.
- All right. Now Mr. Collins, what do you find a fair salary?
- Equivalent of $3000.
Task 6. Discuss in - groups pros and cons of different professions. The following words will help you:
1. a fair salary – достойная зарплата; | |
2. superior, supervisor – начальник; | |
3. subordinate – подчиненный; | |
4. senior – старший; | 10. free, honorarium - гонорар; |
5. junior –младший; | 11. fringe benefits – льготы на работе; |
6. officer – должностное лицо; | 12. bonus – премия; |
7. to earn – зарабатывать; | 13. red tape – бумажная работа; |
8. to discharge – уволить с работы; | 14. legal contract – трудовое соглашение. |
9. wages – зарплата рабочих |
Card 6
Holidays and How to Spend Them
The whole point…a holiday is that it should be a change. Most people like a change …scene; if they live up-country, they like to go…a big town and spend their time looking … shops and visiting cinemas and museums and art galleries, and having gay evenings…hotels and dances; if they are city-dwellers, they like a quiet holiday…the hills or …the sea,…nothing to do but walk and bathe and laze…the sun.
But such changes…scene are usually expensive, and many people,… lack… money, are obliged to spend their holidays…the same surrounding as their working days. What can these do to make their period…rest a real holiday?
The best thing is to choose some form…occupation entirely different…their daily avocation.
The whole virtue…holiday, which brings a change…scene or occupation, is that it is only temporary. Sooner or later it comes…an end, and the holiday - maker goes back…his normal life. If he has used his holiday well, he ought not to feel a very deep regret that it is over, however much he has enjoyed it, for it ought to have refreshed him and filled him…vigour…the true work …his life…which he is now returning (From “Fifty Model Essays” by J. Miller).
Notes:
1. daily avocation – обычные развлечения;
2. it is temporary – это носит временный характер;
3. vigour – сила, энергия.
Task 1. Supply the prepositions where necessary paying attention to the context. Translate the text into Russian.
Task 2.Write the prepositional phrases out of the text.
Task 3. Find the English equivalents in the text:
1. весь смысл отдыха;
2. смена обстановки;
3. с недостатком денег;
4. какой-то вид занятия.
Task 4. Discuss in - groups different kinds of holidays in our pare how people of northern and southern regions prefer to spend their holidays.
Task 5. Tell about types of holidays people may have at the geographical points given below: the Black Sea coast, the Caucasus, the Baikal lake, the vicinity of Moscow, the Kuban river, the Atlantic ocean, the state of Nebraska, the Arctic Pole, Saint-Petersburg, California.
Task 6. Put in order all the stages of preparation for the coming holidays. Mind your prepositions.
Buying tickets, booking seats, choosing type of transport, discussing the idea of a holiday,
working with the map, reserving a hotel, packing up things, studying travel guides, making calculations.
And now prepare for brainstorming:
1. What kind of holiday do you prefer and why? (Quiet rest or an active open air holiday).
2. What season of the year is the best for holidays? Give your reasons.
3. Why is it useful to have a rest?
4. Do you think it is reasonable to spend a lot of money on holiday - making? Why?
5. What is better for a holiday: a good sanatorium or good sightseeing? Why?
Card 7
Women do run businesses differently
Why women start businesses. Researchers see a tendency… women entrepreneurs to have a combination… economic and social purposes – they want to make money but also have a positive impact”, says Candida Brush, director… research… the Entrepreneurial Management Institute…Boston University. “… men, the goals tend to be to fulfill a market opportunity and be wealthy…a personal level”.
Slower growth. Numerous studies that track revenue and employee growth have found that women’s businesses tend to grow more slowly than men’s. “We hear all the time that women are choosing to keep their businesses smaller”, says Patricia Green, professor…entrepreneurial studies…the University…Missouri…Kansas City. “ It’s probably…three reasons: So they can manage their family responsibilities better, because they aren’t aware…the finding mechanisms available…growth, and because they’re leery…giving…control… … concern…what’s going…happen…the business then”.
Less debt. Several studies have found that women entrepreneurs take fewer financial risks and are less likely to finance their companies…debt than men, though that seems to be changing. The share…women entrepreneurs…bank credit increased. Women certainly have less access…another key source…financing…small companies – venture capital, or cash…equity. That may reflect their smaller presence…high tech (By Meg Lundstrom, Business Week).
Notes:
1. positive impact – положительное влияние;
2. to be leery – быть осторожным;
3. сoncern – дело, забота;
4. venture capital – капитал коммерческого предприятия;
5. equity – собственные средства.
Task 1. Supply the necessary prepositions paying attention to the context. Translate the text into Russian.
Task 2. Write the prepositional phrases out of the text.
Task 3. Find the English equivalents in the text:
1. совокупность социально-экономических целей;
2. по трем причинам;
3. справляться с семейными обязанностями;
4. с задолженностью;
Task 4. Draw up a comparative table “Women entrepreneurs vs. men entrepreneurs”. Discuss the results in the group.
Task 5. Use the following statements in a natural conversational context, paying attention to the prepositions. Agree or disagree. Give your reasons.
1. Women entrepreneurs are more successful in business than men.
2. Businessmen and businesswomen have the same goals in running business.
3. Women entrepreneurs have more financial risks.
4. Men’s businesses tend to grow more slowly.
5. The share of women entrepreneurs with bank credit increased.
Task 6. Choose out of the dialogue given below the sentences about a business lady. Discuss the role of a woman entrepreneur in business”.
Getting Information
Ron Benson: Ron Benson,
Tom Parker: Hello, Ron. Tom Parker here. How are you?
Ron Benson: Oh, hello Tom. I’m fine. Er…rather busy at the moment…
Tom Parker: Sorry to disturb you. I’ll keep it short. Could you give me the address of that person you mentioned last week? You know the woman who’s got that import/export office in Manila.
Ron Benson: Ah, you mean Maria Edwardes. Now let me see. Umm… I don’t know her address offhand, but I can easily look it up for you. Or, Tom, I’ve got a better idea. Let me ring you back in about an hour. Are you at the office now?
Tom Parker: Yes, I’ll be here about five thirty. Thanks a lot.
Ron Benson: OK. You’ll be hearing from me. So e now.
Card 8
Present Giving
Presents and present giving should be fun. The whole idea…giving a present is that you should enjoy planning an especial pleasure and surprise…someone and that they should feel warmed and thrilled …your thoughtfulness…others.
The value…a present is the least important thing…it. What matters is that it is a token…your love and appreciation of a particular person. Generosity is like sunshine: we all respond…it. The most worthwhile gift…all is to give…yourself. The French call it “dicoeur” – the gift…warm - heartedness. Those who never give anything away, not even sympathy, are bound to be disappointed and unhappy people.
An ideal present should be something the recipient will like and want not just something you like. Everyone has simple tastes as well as extravagant ones and …listening carefully you can usually find something inexpensive to buy or easy to make. The simplest present is often the most appreciated because it is just right (From “English with Interest”).
Notes:
1. thrilled – взволнованный;
2. thoughtfulness – чуткость;
3. token – подарок на память;
4. the most worthwhile gift – самый дельный подарок;
5. to appreciate – оценивать по достоинству.
Task 1. Supply the prepositions where necessary paying attention to the context. Translate the text into Russian.
Task 2. Write the prepositional phrases out of the text.
Task 3. Find the English equivalents:
1. ценность подарка;
2. удовольствие и сюрприз для кого-то;
3. реагировать на что-либо;
4. подарок от всего сердца;
5. простой в изготовлении.
Task 4. Express doubt in respond to the following statements. Use the expressions:
I doubt if (that)…
I suppose it’s too much to say that…
That’s hardly likely.
That doesn’t sound convincing to me.
Generosity is not a very important quality in a man.
1. Choosing a present is always easy.
2. The value of a present is the least important.
3. Wrapping matters but little when you give a present.
4. An ideal present is something very extravagant and least expected.
Task 5. From the list of presents given below choose those which may be suitable in the official situation. Discuss the choice of presents in the group.
A book, a note-book, a set of pens, a mobile telephone, cosmetics, perfumery, a box of sweets, clothes, a TV set, a DVD player, shoes, a hat, flowers, mugs, a picture.
Task 6. Think over a business situation in which the following proverb may be used.
He doubles his gift who gives in time.
Card 9
Shopping in London
Serious shopping or just browsing are equally rewarding experiences…London whose range…shops, stores, and stalls cater…all tastes – and purses. Carnaby Street achieved overnight…the late 1960’s when it became the mecca…ultra-modern fashion and its influence rapidly spread…the capital, and indeed the world as evidenced…the now commonplace boutiques specializing…clothes…young people. Haute couture, exclusive and expensive, is to be found…and …fashionable Mayfair and Knightsbridge whilst… … tastes are well served… the Marks and Spencer stores, justifiably well-known…their consistently good value…an increasingly wide range…goods. Regent Street, New Bond Street, and Burlington Arcade offer the best…expensive jewelry, as does Jermyn Street…men’s wear (From All London).
Notes:
1. browsing – небрежно рассматривать (товары);
2. rewarding experiences – стоящее занятие;
3. to achieve overnight - внезапно приобрести известность;
4. to evidence - служить доказательством;
5. justifiably – заслуженно.
Task 1. Supply the necessary prepositions paying attention to the context. Translate the text into Russian.
Task 2. Write the prepositional phrases out of the text.
Task 3. Find the English equivalents in the text:
1. на любой вкус;
2. в конце 60-х годов;
3. по всей столице;
4. одежда для молодых людей;
5. широкий ассортимент товаров.
Task 4. Read the following information: А) what new facts have you got to know about London? B) Define the names which don’t correspond to the given thematic group.
А.
1.Carnaby Street – Карнаби-Стрит – улица в Лондоне; известна магазинами модной одежды, преимущественно для молодежи.
1. Mayfair – Мейфэр – фешенебельный район лондонского Уэст-Энда (West End); известен дорогими магазинами и гостиницами (букв. Майская ярмарка); в старину был местом весенних ярмарок.
2. Knightsbridge - Найтсбридж – фешенебельный район лондонского Уэст-Энда, известен своими дорогими магазинами, в т. ч. ювелирными и антикварными.
3. Marks & Spencer – “Маркс энд Спенсер” – однотипный фирменный магазин по торговле преимущественно одеждой и продовольственными товарами однотипной компании.
4. Regent Street – Риджент Стрит – одна из главных торговых улиц в центральной части Лондона.
5. New Bond Street – Нью Бонд Стрит – улица в Лондоне; известна своими дорогими ювелирными магазинами.
6. Burlington Arcade – Берлингтон Аркейд, Берлингтонский пассаж с небольшими дорогими магазинами; находится в центре Лондона, близ Берлингтон Хауса.
7. Jermyn Street – улица с дорогими магазинами преимущественно мужской одежды.
B. Carnaby Street, Regent Street, Marks & Spencer, New Bond Street, Jermyn Street.
Task 5. Agree or disagree. Give your reasons.
1. Browsing is not a rewarding experience.
2. London shops cater for all tastes and purses.
3. Marks & Spencer stores sell goods of high value.
4. Jermyn Street offers ladies wear.
5. Haute Couture is to be found in Mayfair.
Task 6. Discuss in - groups the kinds of goods you may buy in London and shops you may visit.
Card 10
The Economic Problems of Working Britain
Britain was the first country both to industrialize and to develop a capitalist economy. …1800 its share…world trade stood…approximately 40 per cent…1850 it had as many merchant ships as the rest…the world put together and it led the world…most manufacturing industries. Its lead, however, did not prove durable. Early…the twentieth century it was overtaken…the United States and Germany. …two world wars and the rapid loss…its empire, Britain was unable even to maintain its position…Europe….a once great political and economic empire it has been a humbling process.
…1945 Britain tried to find a balance…government intervention…the economy and an almost completely free-market economy such as existed…the United States. Neither system seemed to fit Britain’s needs. The former seemed compromised…two different objectives: planned economic prosperity and the means…ensuring full employment, while the latter promised greater economic prosperity…the cost…poverty and unemployment…the less able…society. Both Labor and the Conservatives were reluctant to break…the consensus based…Keynesian economics (From “Britain in Close up” by David McDowall).
Notes:
1. merchant ships – торговые корабли;
2. humbling process – процесс деградации;
3. poverty – бедность;
4. to be reluctant – сопротивляться чему-либо;
5. consensus - согласованное мнение;
6. economic prosperity – экономическое процветание.
Task 1. Supply the prepositions where necessary paying attention to the context. Translate the text into Russian.
Task 2. Write the prepositional phrases out of the text.
Task 3. Find the English equivalents in the text:
1. доля участия в мировой торговле;
2. остальные страны мира;
3. положение в Европе;
4. интервенция в экономику;
5. средства обеспечения полной занятости.
Task 4. Express your opinion about the economic problems of Great Britain. The following phrases may be handy.
1. I suppose…, I think that…, I’d like to comment on the problem;
2. To my mind, as for me, as far as I am concerned, to my opinion;
3. I’d like to say that…, I want to express my opinion on.
Task 5. Agree or disagree. Give your reasons.
1. Britain was the third country in the world both to industrialize and to develop a capitalist economy.
2. By 1800 its trade was highly developed.
3. In 1850 it led the world in most handicraft industries.
4. Early in the nineteenth century France and Japan overtook its lead.
5. A free-market economy seemed to fit Britain’s needs
Task 6. Discuss in pairs the economic problems of Britain, using the expressions you prefer.
Card 11
Eating out in London
When it comes… eating the choice is endless. The ubiquitous sandwich is available … numerous coffee bars or… that great British establishment, the pub, which can take the form…the chromium plated ultra-modern…the red plush and mirrored old tavern, or a peculiar compromise...the two. Light refreshments can be had...most pubs and many have excellent restaurants. Beer, that uniquely English drink, be it the sharp tasting pale golden bitter or the sweeter dark brown ale goes down well...a ploughman's lunch (crusty bread, butter, cheese and pickles).
Specialities…London’s East End are the nearly instant and very nutritious fish and chips, and a wide range…seafood (jellied eels, whelks, cockles, shrimps, crab, lobster and mussels) still sold…roadside stalls. All the large department stores have restaurant facilities and a choice…international cuisine is available…a multitude…hotels and restaurants…the West End (From All London).
Notes:
1. ubiquitous – встречающийся повсюду;
2. ploughman – пахарь;
3. jellied eels – студень из угрей;
4. whelks – разновидность моллюсков;
5. cockles – съедобные моллюски;
6. shrimps - креветки;
7. lobster – омар;
8. mussels – мидии.
Task 1. Supply the prepositions where necessary, paying attention to the context. Translate the text into Russian.
Task 2. Write the prepositional phrases out of the text.
Task 3. Find the English equivalents in the text:
1. своеобразный компромисс из двух;
2. большой ассортимент море продуктов;
3. придорожные магазины;
4. выбор блюд зарубежной кухни;
5. в многочисленных гостиницах.
Task 4. Agree or Disagree. Give your reasons.
1. The choice of eating out in London is quite limited, isn’t it?
2. The popular sandwich is available at numerous coffee bars.
3. Only large department stores have restaurant facilities.
4. Beer is not popular in Britain.
5. A choice of international cuisine is available at the East End.
Task 5. Discuss the peculiarities of eating out in London. Express your opinion about the English cuisine. The following expressions may be useful:
I like, I prefer, I dislike, I appreciate, I enjoy.
It is very delicious, it is not very tasty, it is unusual.
Task 6. Imagine that you are at the English restaurant with your business partner. You are to discuss the menu with him. The following expressions may be useful:
1. What can you recommend in the way of…? appetizers, meat (fish) dishes, drinks, for dessert.
2. What specialities of the house have you? (фирменные блюда).
3. Bring me some butter, ham and cheese.
4. Please pork chop for us.
5. What do you prefer meat or poultry?
6. The bill, please.
Card 12
The Financial Sector of Britain
There has been a long tradition…directing the economy…the financial institutions which together are known as “the City”, and which…1986 were all located…the “Square Mile”…the City…London. The Bank…England, the retail and wholesale banks, insurance companies (most notably Lloyds) and the Stock Exchange…the City have…a very long time played an important role…Britain’s economy, not only because they are the nerve center…national finance but because such a large proportion…Britain’s wealth has been invested…the City overseas. Indeed, apart…income…tourism, the City has been mainly responsible…Britain’s large annual invisible exports which have done so much…the national economy.
The Bank …England, which serves as Britain’s central bank has three main traditional roles: to maintain the stability and value…the currency; to maintain the stability…the financial system… Britain and help maintain it internationally; and to ensure the effectiveness…the financial services sector. It also advises government and provides banking services …government, the banking system and other central banks. The Bank is implicitly responsible…a considerable extent…the proper working…the City (From “Britain in Close Up” by David McDowall).
Notes:
1. the retail bank – банк, финансирующий розничную торговлю;
2. the wholesale bank – банк, финансирующий оптовую торговлю.
3. implicitly – косвенным образом.
Task 1. Supply the necessary prepositions, paying attention to the context. Translate the text into Russian.
Task 2.Write the prepositional phrases out of the text.
Task 3. Find the English equivalents in the text:
1. традиция управлять экономикой;
2. долгое время;
3. доход от туризма;
4. стабильность финансовой системы;
5. эффективность работы сектора финансовых услуг.
Task 4. Agree or disagree. Give your reasons.
1. The Bank of England and the Stock Exchange of the City have not played an important role in Britain’s economy.
2. A large proportion of Britain’s wealth has been invested by the City overseas.
3. The Bank of England has four traditional roles.
4. The City has been mainly responsible for Britain’s large annual invisible exports.
5. The Bank is not responsible for the proper working of the City.
Task 5. Match the name of the country with its monetary unit:
I. The USA, Canada, France, Belgium, Switzerland, Germany, Finland, Britain, the Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Spain, Italy.
II. Lira, dollar, gulden, crown, mark, pound, shilling, frank, peseta.
Task 6. Discuss in - groups the following topics:
1. The importance of the Bank of England for the financial life of Britain.
2. The City as the system of financial institutions.
Card13
At the Employment Agency
He passed numerous restaurants… magnificent discipline, refusing even to glance… them, and at last reached a building, which he entered. He rose… an elevator… the seventh floor, moved…a hall, and, opening a door walked…the office…an employment agency. Already there were two dozen young men…the place; he found a corner where he stood waiting his turn to be interviewed. At length he was granted this great privilege and was questioned… a thin, scatter-brained miss…fifty.
“Now tell me,” she said; “What can you do?”
He was embarrassed. “I can write”, he said pathetically.
“You mean your penmanship is good? Is that it?” said the elderly maiden.
“ Well, yes”, he replied. “But I mean that I can write”.
“Write what?” said the miss, almost… anger.
“Prose”, he said simply.
There was a pause. At last the lady said:
“Can you use a typewriter?”
“Of course”, said the young man.
“” All right”, went… the miss, “ we have your address; we will get…touch…you. There is nothing this morning, nothing at all” (From “Selected Short Stories” by William Saroyan).
Notes:
1. the employment agency – бюро по трудоустройству;
2. magnificent discipline – жесткая дисциплина;
3. to glance – взглянуть;
4. scatter-brained – легкомысленный.
Task 1. Supply the prepositions where necessary, paying attention to the context. Translate the text into Russian.
Task 2.Write the prepositional phrases out of the text.
Task 3. Find the English equivalents in the text:
1. Заглянуть внутрь чего-либо;
2. наконец;
3. подняться на лифте;
4. войти в приемную;
5. продолжать.
Task 4. Agree or disagree. Give your reasons.
1. He passed a few restaurants on his way to the employment agency.
2. He rose in an elevator to the sixth floor.
3. He walked into the office of an advertising agency.
4. He was questioned by a thin miss of fifty.
5. There was nothing that morning to offer him.
Task 5. Match items 1 and 2. Connect them with the help of the following verbal expressions: to work, to be busy, to be engaged, to stay.
1. A worker, a doctor, a teacher, a businessman, an actor, a driver, a secretary, a scientist, a student, an accountant, an ad man, a dentist, a shop-assistant.
2. A bank, a college, a hospital, a theatre, a department store, an office, a factory, an institute, a firm, a publishing house, a polyclinics.
Task 6. Discuss in pairs pros and cons of the profession of a businessman, trading agent, manager, accountant, marketer, commodity researcher. You may begin with…
The positive factors of the profession of a businessman are…(the advantages of the profession are…);
The negative factors of the profession of a banker are…(the disadvantages of the profession are…). Mind your prepositions.
Card 14
Opinions Differ
“What do you want, Johnny?” said Mr. Kosak. “And how much money you got?”
“Mr. Kosak”, I said, “you know I didn’t come here to buy anything. You know I enjoy a quiet philosophical chat… you every now and then. Let me have a loaf…French bread and a pound…cheese”.
“You got to pay cash, Johnny”, said Mr. Kosak.
“And Esther”, I said. “How is your beautiful daughter Esther?”
“Esther is all right, Johnny”, said Mr. Kosak, “but you got to pay cash. You and your Pa are the worst citizens…this whole country”.
“I am glad Esther is all right, Mr. Kosak”, I said. “Jasper MacGregor is visiting our house. He is a great actor”.
“I never heard…him”, said Mr. Kosak.
“And a bottle…beer…Mr. MacGregor”, I said.
“I can’t give you a bottle…beer”, said Mr. Kosak.
“Certainly you can”, I said.
“ I can’t”, said Mr. Kosak. “I’ll let you have one loaf…stale bread, and one pound…cheese, but that’s all. What kind…work does your Pa do when he works, Johnny?”
“ My father writes poetry, Mr. Kosak,” I said.
“That’s the only work my father does. He is one…the greatest writers…poetry…the world”.
“When does he get any money?” said Mr. Kosak. “He never gets any money”, I said. “You can’t have your cake and eat it”. “I don’t like that kind of job,” said Mr. Kosak. “Why doesn’t your Pa work like everybody else, Johnny?”
“He works harder than everybody else” I said. “My father works twice as hard as the average man”.
“Well, that’s forty-five cents you owe me, Johnny”, said Mr. Kosak. “I’ll let you have some stuff this time, but never again” (From “Selected Stories” by William Saroyan).
Notes:
1. the average man – обычный человек;
2. some stuff – немного продуктов.
Task 1. Supply the necessary prepositions, paying attention to the context. Translate the text into Russian.
Task 2. Write the prepositional phrases out of the text.
Task 3. Find the English equivalents in the text:
1. наслаждаться спокойной философской беседой;
2. заплатить наличными;
3. булка черствого хлеба;
4. работать усерднее всех;
5. один пирог два раза не съешь.
Task 4. Use the following statements in a natural conversational context. Agree or disagree. Give your reasons.
1. Money is a good servant but a bad master.
2. Men may meet but mountains never.
3. Praise is not pudding.
4. No living man all things can.
5. Poverty is no sin.
Task 5. Discuss in - groups the strategy of your company if a good offer was given from an unknown partner. Brainstorming will be of help:
1. What is necessary to know about your business partner?
2. What are the sources of business information?
3. What are the criteria of a company’s reputation?
4. Can you trust your business partner in all respects?
5. What are the stages of cooperation with a new business partner?
Task 6. Explain why the text is called “Opinions Differ”. Think over other titles to this text.
3. ОТВЕТЫ К ЗАДАНИЯМ:
Card 1
The Art of Conversation
Some people have a real gift for conversation. They have a ready command of words, a gay wit and a fund of experience or ideas. We can not all hope to match them. But if we ourselves take an interest to affairs to general concern, in books and plays, we can find things to talk about and, under the stimulus of good company, the right words in which to express our ideas. A good conversationalist does not dominate the conversation or lay down the law. He should allow others to have their say. A good story is welcome, but a succession of anecdotes is likely to become tedious. It is rude to interrupt, especially when an older person is talking. When a conversation shows signs of leading to vehement argument or where the topic appears to be distasteful to one of those present, a well-bred person will drop the subject or divert the talk into other channels. Sarcasm at the expense of someone who is shy or stupid is unforgivable (From “The Book of Etiquette” by B. Troubridge).
Card 2
At the Airport
Inside, the warmth and lights of the big hall stopped him for a moment. With one hand he turned down the collar of his damp topcoat, glanced at the wall clock above him, then half strode, half ran to where the departure desk of Cross-Canada Airlines stood in a corner, deserted now except for the passenger agent. As the man reached him the agent picked up a small stand microphone on the desk, summoned the man to silence with a lift of his eyebrows, and in an even measured voice began to speak.
“Flight 98. Flight 98. Direct fleetliner service to Vancouver, with connections for Victoria, Seattle, and Honolulu, leaving immediately through gate four. All passengers for Flight 98 to gate four, please. No smoking till you are in the air.” (From “Flight into Danger” by Arthur Hailey and John Castle).
Card 3
At the Railway Station
The scene was the platform of Knype railway station on a summer afternoon and, more particularly, that part of the platform round about the bookstall. There were three persons near the bookstall. The first was the bookstall clerk who was quickly folding copies of the special edition of the Staffordshire Signal. The second was Mr. Sandbach, an earthenware manufacturer, famous throughout the Five Towns for his invention of teapots that pour the tea into the cup instead of all over the table and a very shabby man whom Mr. Sandbach did not know. This very shabby man was quite near the bookstall while Mr. Sandbach stood ten yards away. Mr. Sandbach was staring at the man, but, the man, ignoring Mr. Sandbach, was looking at a locomotive far in the distance. There were only a few people on the platform. The London train had just left and only a local train was signalled (From “Half a Sovereign” by Arnold Bennett).
Card 4
Shopping
“ I wish for a pound and a half of the best coffee you have”, said an authoritative voice a moment or two later. The speaker was a tall, authoritative-looking man, remarkable among other things for a full black beard, worn in a style more in vogue in early Assyria than in a London suburb of the present day.
“ Has a dark-faced boy been here buying pomegranates?” he asked suddenly, as the coffee was being weight out to him.
The two ladies almost jumped on hearing the grocer’s negative reply.
“We have a few pomegranates in stock”, he continued, “but there has been no demand for them.”
“My servant will fetch the coffee as usual”, said the purchaser, producing a coin from a wonderful metalwork purse. As an apparent afterthought he fired out the question: “Have you, perhaps, any quail seed?”
“No,” said the grocer, without hesitation, “we don’t stock it” (From “Stories” by H. Munro).
Card 5
I’LL HAVE A JOB
In a flash it came to me:
“I’ll have a job!”
I said it out loud and it sounded pretty good to me. The more I thought about it, the better I liked the idea, especially from the point of view of making some money.
My mind sped away for a moment, after the fashion of all minds in bed, and showed me visions of big money – furs - a new car – but I brought it back to earth with an effort to wonder for what sort of a job I could possibly qualify. I reviewed the possibilities. I turned to cooking. That was the thing, which interested me most and about which I thought I knew quite a lot. I had had a few lessons from my “Madame” in Paris, but my real interest was aroused by lessons I had at a wonderful school of French cookery in London.
When I told my family that I was thinking of taking a cooking job, the roars of laughter were rather discouraging. No one believed that I could cook at all, as I had never had a chance to practice at home.
I had no idea of exactly what job I should apply for, so I decided to go to an agency. Finding the place quite easily, I tore up three flights of stairs, and swung breathlessly through a door, which said, “Enter without knocking, if you please” (From “One Pair of Hands” by M. Dickens).
Card 6
Holidays and How to Spend Them
The whole point of a holiday is that it should be a change. Most people like a change of scene; if they live up-country, they like to go to a big town and spend their time looking at shops and visiting cinemas and museums and art galleries, and having gay evenings at hotels and dances; if they are city-dwellers, they like a quiet holiday in the hills or by the sea, with nothing to do but walk and bathe and laze in the sun.
But such changes of scene are usually expensive, and many people, from lack of money, are obliged to spend their holidays in the same surrounding as their working days. What can these do to make their period of rest a real holiday?
The best thing is to choose some form of occupation entirely different from their daily avocation.
The whole virtue of holiday, which brings a change of scene or occupation, is that it is only temporary. Sooner or later it comes to an end, and the holiday - maker goes back to his normal life. If he has used his holiday well, he ought not to feel a very deep regret that it is over, however much he has enjoyed it, for it ought to have refreshed him and filled him with vigour for the true of his life to which he is now returning (From “Fifty Model Essays” by J. Miller).
Card 7
Women do run businesses differently
Why women start businesses. Researchers see a tendency in women entrepreneurs to have a combination of economic and social purposes – they want to make money but also have a positive impact”, says Candida Brush, director of research at the Entrepreneurial Management Institute of Boston University. “ In men, the goals tend to be to fulfill a market opportunity and be wealthy at a personal level”.
Slower growth. Numerous studies that track revenue and employee growth have found that women’s businesses tend to grow more slowly than men’s. “We hear all the time that women are choosing to keep their businesses smaller”, says Patricia Green, professor of entrepreneurial studies at the University of Missouri at Kansas City. “ It’s probably for three reasons: So they can manage their family responsibilities better, because they aren’t aware of the finding mechanisms available for growth, and because they’re leery of giving up control out of concern over what’s going to happen to the business then”.
Less debt. Several studies have found that women entrepreneurs take fewer financial risks and are less likely to finance their companies with debt than men, though that seems to be changing. The share to women entrepreneurs with bank credit increased. Women certainly have less access to another key source of financing for small companies – venture capital, or cash for equity. That may reflect their smaller presence in high tech (By Meg Lundstrom, Business Week).
Card 8
Present Giving
Presents and present giving should be fun. The whole idea of giving a present is that you should enjoy planning an especial pleasure and surprise for someone and that they should feel warmed and thrilled by your thoughtfulness for others.
The value of a present is the least important thing about it. What matters is that it is a token of your love and appreciation of a particular person. Generosity is like sunshine: we all respond to it. The most worthwhile gift of all is to give of yourself. The French call it “dicoeur” – the gift of warm - heartedness. Those who never give anything away, not even sympathy, are bound be disappointed and unhappy people.
An ideal present should be something the recipient will like and want not just something you like. Everyone has simple tastes as well as extravagant ones and by listening carefully you can usually find something inexpensive to buy or easy to make. The simplest present is often the most appreciated because it is just right (From “English with Interest”).
Card 9
Shopping in London
Serious shopping or just browsing are equally rewarding experiences in London whose range of shops, stores, and stalls cater for all tastes – and purses. Carnaby Street achieved overnight in the late 1960’s when it became the mecca of ultra-modern fashion and its influence rapidly spread throughout the capital, and indeed the world as evidenced by the now commonplace boutiques specializing in clothes for young people. Haute couture, exclusive and expensive, is to be found in and around fashionable Mayfair and Knightsbridge whilst inbetween tastes are well served by the Marks and Spencer stores, justifiably well-known for their consistently good value in an increasingly wide range of goods. Regent Street, New Bond Street, and Burlington Arcade offer the best in expensive jewelry, as does Jermyn Street in men’s wear (From All London).
Card 10
The Economic Problems of Working Britain
Britain was the first country both to industrialize and to develop a capitalist 1800 its share of world trade stood at approximately 40 per cent. In 1850 it had as many merchant ships as the rest of the world put together and it led the world in most manufacturing industries. Its lead, however, did not prove durable. Early in the twentieth century it was overtaken by the United States and Germany. After two world wars and the rapid loss of its empire, Britain was unable even to maintain its position in Europe for a once great political and economic empire it has been a humbling process.
After 1945 Britain tried to find a balance between government intervention in the economy and an almost completely free-market economy such as existed in the United States. Neither system seemed to fit Britain’s needs. The former seemed compromised between two different objectives: planned economic prosperity and the means of ensuring full employment, while the latter promised greater economic prosperity at the cost of poverty and unemployment for the less able in society. Both Labor and the Conservatives were reluctant to break from the consensus based on Keynesian economics (From “Britain in Close up” by David McDowall).
Card 11
Eating out in London
When it comes to eating the choice is endless. The ubiquitous sandwich is available at numerous coffee bars or from that great British establishment, the pub, which can take the form of the chromium plated ultra-modern to the red plush and mirrored old tavern, or a peculiar compromise of the two. Light refreshments can be had at most pubs and many have excellent restaurants. Beer, that uniquely English drink, be it the sharp tasting pale golden bitter or the sweeter dark brown ale goes down well with a ploughman's lunch (crusty bread, butter, cheese and pickles).
Specialities of London’s East End are the nearly instant and very nutritious fish and chips, and a wide range of seafood (jellied eels, whelks, cockles, shrimps, crab, lobster and mussels) still sold from roadside stalls. All the large department stores have restaurant facilities and a choice of international cuisine is available from a multitude of hotels and restaurants in the West End (From All London).
Card 12
The Financial Sector of Britain
There has been a long tradition of directing the economy through the financial institutions which together are known as “the City”, and which until 1986 were all located in the “Square Mile” of the City of London. The Bank of England, the retail and wholesale banks, insurance companies (most notably Lloyds) and the Stock Exchange of the City have for a very long time played an important role in Britain’s economy, not only because they are the nerve center of national finance but because such a large proportion of Britain’s wealth has been invested by the City overseas. Indeed, apart from income from tourism, the City has been mainly responsible for Britain’s large annual invisible exports, which have done so much for the national economy.
The Bank of England, which serves as Britain’s central bank has three main traditional roles: to maintain the stability and value of the currency; to maintain the stability of the financial system in Britain and help maintain it internationally; and to ensure the effectiveness of the financial services sector. It also advises government and provides banking services to government, the banking system and other central banks. The Bank is implicitly responsible to a considerable extent for the proper working of the City (From “Britain in Close Up” by David McDowall).
Card13
At the Employment Agency
He passed numerous restaurants with magnificent discipline, refusing even to glance into them, and at last reached a building, which he entered. He rose in an elevator to the seventh floor, moved down a hall, and, opening a door, walked into the office of an employment agency. Already there were two dozen young men in the place; he found a corner where he stood waiting his turn to be interviewed. At length he was granted this great privilege and was questioned by a thin, scatter-brained miss of fifty.
“Now tell me,” she said; “What can you do?”
He was embarrassed. “I can write”, he said pathetically.
“You mean your penmanship is good? Is that it?” said the elderly maiden.
“ Well, yes”, he replied. “But I mean that I can write”.
“Write what?” said the miss, almost with anger.
“Prose”, he said simply.
There was a pause. At last the lady said:
“Can you use a typewriter?”
“Of course”, said the young man.
“” All right”, went on the miss, “ we have your address; we will get in touch with you. There is nothing this morning, nothing at all” (From “Selected Short Stories” by William Saroyan).
Card 14
Opinions Differ
“What do you want, Johnny?” said Mr. Kosak. “And how much money you got?”
“Mr. Kosak”, I said, “you know I didn’t come here to buy anything. You know I enjoy a quiet philosophical chat with you every now and then. Let me have a loaf of French bread and a pound of cheese”.
“You got to pay cash, Johnny”, said Mr. Kosak.
“And Esther”, I said. “How is your beautiful daughter Esther?”
“Esther is all right, Johnny”, said Mr. Kosak, “but you got to pay cash. You and your Pa are the worst citizens in this whole country”.
“I am glad Esther is all right, Mr. Kosak”, I said. “Jasper MacGregor is visiting our house. He is a great actor”.
“I never heard of him”, said Mr. Kosak.
“And a bottle of beer for Mr. MacGregor”, I said.
“I can’t give you a bottle of beer”, said Mr. Kosak.
“Certainly you can”, I said.
“ I can’t”, said Mr. Kosak. “I’ll let you have one loaf of stale bread, and one pound of cheese, but that’s all. What kind of work does your Pa do when he works, Johnny?”
“ My father writes poetry, Mr. Kosak,” I said.
“That’s the only work my father does. He is one of the greatest writers of poetry in the world”.
“When does he get any money?” said Mr. Kosak. “He never gets any money”, I said. “You can’t have your cake and eat it”. “I don’t like that kind of job,” said Mr. Kosak. “Why doesn’t your Pa work like everybody else, Johnny?”
“He works harder than everybody else” I said. “My father works twice as hard as the average man”.
“Well, that’s forty-five cents you owe me, Johnny”, said Mr. Kosak. “I’ll let you have some stuff this time, but never again” (From “Selected Stories” by William Saroyan).
4. Библиография:
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2. Business Vocabulary in Use. Bill Mascull. Cambridge University Press, 2002.
3. Business Options. Teacher’s Book. Adrian Wallwork. Oxford University Press. 2000.
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5. Деловое общение: лингвистические аспекты.// Высшее образование в России. М., 2006, №6, с. 166-167.
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