3 курс. Экзамен по Иностранному языку. Специализация «Юридический английскиЙ»

Факультет Мировой Политики

МГУ им.

3 курс. Экзамен по ИНОСТРАННОМУ языку. специализация «юридический английскиЙ»

ENGLISH VOCABULARY FOR LAW

A) Fill in the appropriate prepositions and specify the defined word (noun/verb/adjective).

The claimant alleged that the article was a breach OF his copyright. INFRINGEMENT

A court order telling a person or a company TO stop doing something, or telling them not TO do it

in the first place. INJUNCTION

Money claimed by a claimant FROM a defendant because of harm or damage done, or money

awarded by a court TO a claimant as a result of harm suffered by the claimant. DAMAGES

The legal responsibility for paying someone FOR loss or damage incurred. LIABILITY

A failure to give proper care TO something, especially a duty or responsibility, with the result that a

person or property is harmed. NEGLIGENCE

A person who is appointed to deal WITH financial or other matters ON behalf of another person. NOMINEEE

An official who investigates complaints by the public AGAINST government departments or other

large organizations. OMBUDSMAN

A payment made BY a person or company to cover the cost of damage or hardship which he / she /

it has PENSATION

The good reputation of a business and its contacts WITH its customers (for example, the name of

the product it sells or its popular appeal TO customers). GOODWILL

An attempt BY/OF a third party to make the two sides in an argument agree. MEDITATION

The company has been accused OF trying to trick customers so as to obtain money illegally. DEFRAUD

Only the local authority can agree to give the company an interest-free loan to start UP the new factory. GRANT

A court injunction can prohibit the company FROM trading in the area. BAN

Some savings accounts are popular WITH / AMONG small businesses because the interest paid is free from tax. EXEMPT

The claimant produced an exact written transcript OF the conversation he had had with the defendant. VERBATIUM

New legislation has made Clause 6b OF the contract no longer valid. REDUNDANT

B) Complete the paragraph with words or expressions from the box and translate it into Russian providing a good sample of official legal style.

A company that lends money should avoid predatory practices such as imposing very high interest rates and short repayment periods, especially in situations where people are particularly financially disadvantaged and it should ensure that its lending policies are equitable even if this means that they have to reduce their profit margins.

Компании, занимающиеся кредитованием, должны воздерживаться от агрессивных методов, таких как назначение чрезмерных кредитных ставок и установление коротких сроков погашения, особенно в ситуациях, когда их клиенты находятся в особенно стесненных финансовых обстоятельствах, и они (компании) должны обеспечивать политику кредитования на условиях справедливости, даже если это будет означать снижение их прибыльности.

A company should respect the rights of the individual to privacy and freedom from harassment, intimidation and any other act which could be viewed by the individual as an invasion of their privacy. In addition to maintaining good public relations with its customers, suppliers and other people it works with, a company should also maintain good with its neighbours and people who live in and around its area of operations.

Компании должны соблюдать право своих клиентов на неприкосновенность их личной информации и их самих от возможных преследований, угроз и любых других действий, могущих рассматриваться как вторжение в частную жизнь. В дополнение к тому, чтобы поддерживать на должном уровне связи с общественностью, в частности со своими клиентами, поставщиками и другими людьми, с которыми они работают, компании должны также поддерживать добрые отношения со своими соседями и людьми, которые живут в районе, где они ведут операции.

COPYRIGHT LAW

A) Choose the right word:

Rock group Metallica have charged accused /indicted online music distributors of "hijacking/vandalizing/assassinating" their music. The accusation came during United States Senate judiciary committee sittings/readings/hearings on the future of online digital music. Metallica sued Napster, one of several internet music companies, for copyright/privacy/legislation infringement. Metallica members monitored 300,000 users downloading 1.4 million copies of their music during one 48-hour period. The head of Napster, Hank Barry, who specified/testified/dignified at the hearing, said “his site is helping and not hurting the recording industry and artists. More access to music leads to more interest in music and more music sales”. He denied/debated/argued/ that Napster does not make any profit/income/incentive because it does not gain/charge/sell for its service, nor can it be considered infringing/stipulating/breaching on copyright laws because it does not copy, make or transfer music files. Members of the US Senate committee said they were reluctant to enact any new intimidation/legislation/litigation, noting that laws designed to protect intellectual properly /prophecy/property could crush technological innovation. "Let's not strangle/startle/kiss the baby in the crib. Let's make it work," said Patrick Leahy, Democratic Senator from Vermont.

The case against a Russian schoolteacher charged/accused/indicted of using unlicensed software in the classroom was thrown out following international attention and an intervention from former Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. Ponosov had been accused of using unlicensed/prohibited/free versions of the Windows operating system and Microsoft Office on 12 PCs. But he insisted he had bought the computers with the software already installed, and had no idea there might be a problem. Under/over/while Russia's intellectual properly /prophecy/property laws, Ponosov could have been sentenced/imprisoned/convicted to five years imprisonment if brought/stated/found guilty. The prosecution had been seeking a re-payment/fine/fee of 3000 rubles, and claimed that Microsoft had suffered $10,181 in retribution/damages/damage. The case was brought by Russian authorities/judges/lawyers but sparked criticism against Microsoft, which is pushing for tougher action against software "pirates" globally. Microsoft confessed/admitted/denied being involved in the case. As was reported, Mikhail Gorbachev wrote a letter to Microsoft Chairman Bill Gates, arguing/warning/threatening that Ponosov, who is from a remote village in the Urals, should be shown mercy/movie/merit because he did not know he was commissioning/committing/commuting a crime. On the 15th of February 2007 the case was dropped, being labelled as "trivial". This court ruling/order/mistake was appealed by both the prosecution and the offender/ defendant/defense. In May 2007 Ponosov was found guilty/innocent of infringement of copyright law and he had to pay a fine of 5 thousand rubles.

ENVIRONMENTAL LAW

A) Give the English equivalents of the following expressions

1.  cоблюдение правовых норм – compliance with legal regulations

2.  предусмотреть финансовые последствия – to consider financial costs

3.  руководящие принципы – guiding principles

4.  подвергаться санкциям – to suffer sanctions

5.  внутригосударственное право – internal/domestic law

6.  принцип разграничения полномочий - differentiated responsibility/duty principle

7.  свод законов – body of laws

8.  правовая структура – legal framework

9.  механизм управления – regulatory mechanism

10.  принципы, не являющиеся юридически обязательными – non-binding principles

11.  уголовное преследование – criminal persecution

B) Using the vocabulary above give a brief overview of the main aspects of Environmental Law in the 21st century.

International environmental law is a fast-developing area affected by scientific discovery and public opinion. It includes, both international treaties incorporated into national law, and international customary law that states are obliged to follow or otherwise suffer sanctions from the international legal community. There is also international diplomacy and non-binding instruments which create guiding principles.

The main principles framed in international environmental law are:

• polluter pays principle - the cost of damage is carried by the party responsible

• precautionary principle - to act carefully where knowledge is not certain

• sustainable development principle - to act in the best Interest of future generations

• environment impact assessment principle - to use rational planning before carrying out changes to the environment and to consider the costs of ecological effects

• common but differentiated responsibility principle - for countries to have snared but different responsibilities for the environment

The critical issues of implementation, monitoring, compliance, and enforcement of environmental law have to be considered within legal frameworks.

PRIVACY _LAW

A)  Give the corresponding equivalents to the following:

invasion of privacy	вторжение в личную жизнь
to start a case (a lawsuit) against smb/ to take smb to court / to sue smb	подать в суд на кого-л.
to be tried for murder	быть судимым за убийство
to acquit smb	оправдать кого-то
to file a complaint / to appeal in court	подать апелляцию в суд
to live a righteous life	вести законопослушную жизнь
to lose one’s social standing	потерять положение в обществе
the age of tabloid journalism	эпоха желтой прессы
to be notorious for sth	иметь дурную репутацию
to compile detailed dossiers/files/profiles	cоставлять подробные досье
to pass a bill on electronic surveillance	принять законопроект об электронной слежке
in the interest(s) of national security	в интересах национальной безопасности
to provide special / secret / intelligence service with essential powers to authorize special / secret / intelligence service to confer necessary powers on/upon ….	дать спецслужбам необходимые полномочия
prevention of terrorist acts	предотвращение терактов
to violate citizens’ rights	нарушать права граждан

B)  Using the vocabulary above give a brief report on the current status of Privacy Law in the 21st century.

Privacy law is the area of law concerning the protecting and preserving the privacy rights of individuals. The Governments and other organizations collect vast amounts of personal information for a variety of purposes, for example for prevention of terrorist acts. The law of privacy limits how these organizations can collect and use this information so that they should not violate citizens’ rights. In case of invasion of privacy a citizen can start a case (a lawsuit) against those who have broken (into) his/her privacy.

Modern Privacy Law classifies four basic kinds of privacy rights:

unreasonable intrusion upon the seclusion of another, for example, physical invasion of a person's home (e. g., unwanted entry, looking into windows with binoculars or camera, tapping telephone), searching wallet or purse, repeated and persistent telephone calls, obtaining financial data (e. g., bank balance) without person's consent, etc. appropriation of a person's name or likeness; successful assertions of this right commonly involve defendant's use of a person's name or likeness on a product label or in advertising a product or service. As a practical matter in our age of tabloid journalism, celebrities generally sue under the right of publicity, while ordinary citizens sue under privacy. publication of private facts, for example, income tax data, sexual relations, personal letters, family quarrels, medical treatment, photographs of person in his/her home that can lead to a person’s loss of his/her social standing. publication that places a person in a false light, which is similar to defamation. A successful defamation action requires that the information be false. In a privacy action the information is generally true, but the information created a false impression about the plaintiff.