English Grammar (стр. 1 )

Ministry of Education

Minusinsk Pedagogical College

English Grammar

VERB - 2

A self- study reference and practice

book for students

With tests

T. N. Kaufmann

Minusinsk 2006

Печатается по решению научно- методического отдела колледжа

Составитель: , преподаватель английского языка

специальность 050303 Иностранный язык

Рецензент: кандидат филологических наук,

заведующая кафедрой иностранных языков и методики преподавания ХГУ

им.

Ангелина Васильевна Безрукова.

Английская грамматика

ГЛАГОЛ

Данное пособие предназначено для студентов 1 курса педагогического колледжа, обучающихся по специальности «050303 – Иностранный язык», по дисциплине «Практическая грамматика английского языка». В пособие включены теоретический материал, а также практические задания, которые позволяют студенту не только развивать грамматический навык в классе, работая в сотрудничестве с преподавателем, но и работать самостоятельно, постоянно осуществляя самоконтроль, более того, в книгу включён тест, который поможет студентам увидеть и осознать собственный прогресс / регресс по изучению темы, что заложит основы формирования навыков рефлексии. Пособием могут воспользоваться студенты 2 и 3 курсов с целью повторения данного материала. Пособие составлено в соответствии с требованиями программы по дисциплине.

CONTENTS

Grammar guide

Past simple

Past continuous

Past simple and Past continuous

Practice activities

Test

Irregular verbs

Grammar guide

The verb

The verb denotes an action.

MORPHOLOGICAL COMPOSITON

SIMPLE Eg. to ask, to build

DERIVATIVES Eg. to criticize to justify

COMPOUND Eg. to undertake to overgrow

PHRASAL VERBS Eg to come in

BASIC VERB FORMS

THE INFINITIVE Eg..to work

THE PAST INDEFINITE Eg. worked

PARTICIPLE 2 Eg. worked

PARTICIPLE 1 Eg.. working

VERBS HAVE GOT 2 GROUPS

REGULAR verbs

IRREGULAR verbs

SYNTACTIC STANDPOINS

Intransitive verbs

Transitive verbs

VERBS HAVE GOT 5 CATEGORIES

The category of person. .

The category of number.

The category of tense.

The category of aspect.

The category of perfect.

1 Past simple

Form

The form of the past simple is the same for all persons (I, you, he, she, etc).

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE QUESTION

I I I

you you work you

he he he

she worked she did not did she work?

it it it

we came we come we come?

you you you

they they they

Contraction

didn’t = did not

Some verbs are “regular”, other verbs are “irregular”:

- The affirmative past simple of regular verbs ends in –ed eg work – worked; play-played; live-lived.

- Irregular verbs have different affirmative past simple forms eg come-came; see-saw; go-went.

- The past of be (am/is/are) is was/were:

I/he/she/it was/wasn’t was I/he/she/it?

we/you/they were/weren’t were we/you/they?

USE

We use the past simple to talk about actions and situations in the past.

I played football yesterday.

He lived in London from 1970 to 1973. Then he moved to Manchester.

“Did you see Sarah yesterday?” “No, I didn’t”

We didn’t go out last night. We stayed at home and watched TV.

They went to Italy last summer.

Marie and Pierre Curie discovered radium.

Accuracy Practice

Complete the text about James Dean. Use the past simple.

American actor James Dean was born in 1931. Dean’s mother 1 _____ when Dean was only 8 years old and he 2 _____ on his aunt and uncle’s farm. He 3_____ acting for two years. Then he 4 ____ a career in films and the theatre. He also 5 _____ in some TV commercials, including one for Pepsi-Cola. In 1954, he 6 ______ in a play called The Immoralist in a New-York theatre. Bosses from a Hollywood film studio 7 _____ the play. They 8 _____ Dean and 9 _____ him a film contract. Dean 10 _____ in three films, East of Eden (1955), Rebel without a Cause (1955) and Giant (1956). During his short career, he 11 _____ extremely popular with teenagers. His death in a car crash in 1_____ great sadness in young people all over the world.

die grow up study start appear act see like offer star become cause

What did Simon and Sally do yesterday?

Complete the conversation. Use these verbs: win, meet, go, cost, stay, watch, buy, do, play.

Sally: What did you do yesterday? 1 _____ to the Sports Centre?

Simon: Yes, I went there with Andrew.

Sally: 2 _____ tennis?

Simon: Yes, we did.

Sally: Andrew is good, isn’t he? 3 _____ the game?

Simon: Yes, he won easily.

Sally: What 4 ____ in the evening? 5 _____ at home?

Simon: Yes, I stayed in and watched TV.

Sally: What 6 _____ ?

Simon: A film of a rock concert. It was really good. What about you? 7 _____ Peter

yesterday?

Sally: Yes, I met him in town. We went shopping. Peter wanted to look for some new

clothes

Simon: 8 _____ anything?

Sally: Yes, he bought a pair of jeans in Kings.

Simon: Kings? That’s a really expensive shop, isn’t it? How much 9 _____ ?

Sally: $42.

Correct the statements. Use the words in the box.

radium the Eiffel Tower John F. Kennedy detective stories the radio 1962

§  Marconi invented the telephone.

§  Gustave Eiffel built the Statue of Liberty.

§  Marilyn Monroe died in 1990.

§  Marie and Pierre Curie discovered penicillin.

§  Lee Harvey Oswald killed Martin Luther King.

§  Agatha Christie wrote children’s stories.

Read what Sharon writes about a typical working day:

Yesterday was a typical working day for Sharon. Write what she did or didn’t do yesterday.

1 ____________________ 7 ___________ at 5 o’clock.

2 She a big breakfast. 8 _____ tired when _____ home.

3 She ________________ 9 ___ _a meal yesterday evening.

4 It_____ to get to work. 10 _____ out yesterday evening.

5 ____________ at______________ at 11 o’clock.

6 ____________ lunch. 12 ____________ well last night.

Put one of these verbs in each sentence.

buy catch cost drink fall hurt sell spend teach throw win write

Mozart _____ more than 600 pieces of music. “How did you learn to drive?” “My father _____ me.” We couldn’t afford to keep our car, so we _____ it. I was very thirsty. I _____ the water very quickly. Paul and I played tennis yesterday. He’s much better than me, so he _____ easily. Don _____ down the stairs this morning and _____ his leg. Jim _____ the ball to Sue, who _____ it. Ann _____ a lot of money yesterday. She _____ a dress which _____ $100.

A friend has just come back from holiday. You ask him about it. Write your questions.

§  (where/go?) __________

§  (go/alone?) ___________

§  (food/good?) __________

§  (how long/stay there?)

_____________________

§  (stay/at a hotel?)

_____________________

§  (how/travel?)__________

§  (the weather/ fine?)

_____________________

§  (what/do in the evenings?)

_______________________

§  (meet anybody interesting?)

________________________

Complete the sentences. Put the verb into the correct form, positive or negative.

§  I knew Sarah was very busy, so I _____ her. (disturb)

§  I was very tired, so I _____ to bed early. (go)

§  The bed was very uncomfortable. I _____ very well. (sleep)

§  Sue wasn’t hungry, so she _____ anything. (eat)

§  We went to Kate’s house but she _____ at home. (be)

§  It was a funny situation but nobody _____ . (laugh)

§  The window was open and a bird _____ into the room. (fly)

§  The hotel wasn’t very expensive. It _____ very much. (cost)

§  I was in a hurry, so I _____ time to phone you. (have)

§  It was hard work carrying the bags. They _____ very heavy. (be)

Write the correct past forms in the newspaper reports below. Use the verbs in brackets.

REPORT 1

Ten-year-old Ann Burns (1 swim) _____ over 40 metres yesterday to rescue her younger brother when he (2 fall) _____ from a boat in Poole harbour. She (3 catch) _____ the exhausted boy by the hair and (4 bring) _____ him safely to the shore. Then, finding that he was unconscious, she (5 revive) _____ him by giving him the “kiss of life”.

REPORT 2

Dell United (6 win) _____ their match against Lee Rovers 3-0 last night, and in so doing (7 teach) _____ Lee a lesson in the art of football. Lee (8 find) _____ no answer to the skill of Dell, who (9 thrust) _____ forward from the moment the whistle (10 blow) _____

Lee (11 hold on) _____ till half time, but in the 47th minute Smith, the Dell striker, (12 shoot) _____ from 50 yards to score a final goal. Smith (13 go on) _____ to score more goals, and was chosen as man of the match.

REPORT 3

Police who (14 stop) _____ a speeding car yesterday after a ten-mile chase (15 discover) _____that the driver was Mr A Phelps of Newcastle, aged 103. Mr Phelps (16 learn) _____ to drive in 1906. “I (17 see) _____ the car in my mirror”, (18 say) _____ Mr phelps, but I (19 have) _____no idea it was the police. I (20 put) _____ my foot down and (21 drive) _____ off quickly down the motorway because I (22 think) _____ the other car was too close behind me.”

REPORT 4

During yesterday’s severe storms, lightning (23 strike) _____ an office building in the centre of York. It (24 start) _____ a fire which (25 destroy) _____ the upper floor of the building and (26 cause) _____ $200, 000 worth of damage. It (27 take) _____ firemen over four hours to put out the fire.

The news editor got the newspaper reports by telephone. However, the telephone line was very bad. She did not hear a lot of phrases and had to ask for the information to be repeated. Write questions which the editor asked.

§  When she did not hear 40 minutes (after verb 1) she asked:

§  When she did not hear to the shore (after verb 4) she asked:

§  When she did not hear by giving him the “kiss of life” (after verb 5) she asked:

§  When she did not hear till half time (after verb 11) she asked:

§  When she did not hear in 1906 (after verb 16) she asked:

§  When she did not hear in my mirror (after verb 17) she asked:

§  When she did not hear an office building (after verb 23) she asked:

§  When she did not hear $ 200, 000 worth of damage (after verb 26) she asked:

§  When she did not hear over four hours (after verb 27) she asked:

Ann is talking to Dick about various things, including her recent holiday abroad. There were some surprises in it. Choose the correct negative forms in the conversation below. Then put a full stop ( . ) or a question mark ( ? ) in the boxes, as appropriate.

ANN: __________ leave until 11.30 – four hours late______

(The plane didn’t

Didn’t the plane)

DICK: ___________ say why it was late_____

(They didn’t

Didn’t they)

ANN: No, they didn’t. And then someone was supposed to meet us. But __________

(he didn’t

didn’t he)

arrive_____ Or perhaps he’d come earlier and gone away again.

DICK: Perhaps __________ know about the plane being late_____

(he didn’t

didn’t he)

ANN: Maybe. Anyway, when we finally got to the hotel, __________ want to give us

rooms_____ (the hotel didn’t

didn’t the hotel)

__________ have a record of our reservation_____

(Didn’t they

They didn’t)

DICK: __________ send the hotel a lost of names_____

(The travel company didn’t

Didn’t the travel company)

ANN: Apparently not. Still, they let us stay in the end.

DICK: From what you say, it sounds as if __________ go very well_____

(your holiday didn’t

didn’t your holiday)

ANN: Well, a lot of things happened that __________ expect_____

(didn’t I

I didn’t)

A group of hill-walkers has arrived back at a youth hostel after getting into difficulties on the hills. The warden of the hostel is finding out what went wrong.

Write the correct form of the verbs in italics (statement or question, positive or negative). If the verb is already correct, write “no change”.

WARDEN: Ah, there you are! I suppose 1 you got lost in the mist!

KEN: No. 2 The mist covered our side of the hill.

WAREN: Well, what happened? Why 3 you got back here before now? It 4 got

dark two hours ago. It was a short trip. 5 You had to walk more than

eight kilometers.

TOMMY: The problem was that 6 we took a map with us.

WARDEN: What! 7 You took a map! Why 8 you checked that before 9 you left this

morning?

LIZ: Actually, 10 we had a map. But it was the wrong one.

WARDEN: But even without a map, 11 you have any idea where you were going?

It’s just a matter of walking south along the valley. That’s all 12 you

needed to do. 13 You took a compass with you?

LARRY: Yes, 14 Sebastian put a compass in his pocket this morning. But 15 he

knew how to use it.

WARDEN: And where is Sebastian now?

KEN: We don’t know. 16 We left him on the hill while he was trying to use his

compass.

1 ____________________ 9 ____________________

2 ____________________ 10 _____________________

3 ____________________ 11 _____________________

4 ____________________ 12 _____________________

5 ____________________ 13 _____________________

6 ____________________ 14 _____________________

7 ____________________ 15 _____________________

8 ____________________ 16 _____________________

2 Past continuous

Form

We form the past continuous with was/were + …ing .

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE QUESTION

I was I was not was I

you were you were not were you

he he he

she was working she was not working was she working?

it it it

we were we we

you you were not were you

they they they

Contractions

wasn’t = was not

weren’t = were not

USE

We use the past continuous to talk about something which was in progress at a past time. The action or situation had started but it had not finished at that time.

At eight o’clock last night I was watching TV.

I saw you last night. You were waiting for a bus.

Was Sue working at 10 o’clock yesterday morning?

Accuracy Practice

1. What were you doing at the following times?

§  (at 8 o’clock yesterday evening) ……………………………………………………

§  (at 5 o’clock last Saturday) …………………………………………………………

§  (at 10.15 yesterday morning) ……………………………………………………….

§  (at 4.30 this morning) ……………………………………………………………….

§  (at 7.45 yesterday evening) ………………………………………………………….

§  (half an hour ago) ……………………………………………………………………

2. Jill and George have been watching a cowboy film in a foreign language. They are not sure what was happening in it. Now they are discussing the plete the conversation using the words in brackets.

JILL: In the desert scene, I thought (the girl try) 1__________ to escape from the cowboy.

GEORGE: No, (she not try) 2__________ to escape from him. (They ride) 3__________ off together to escape from the baddies.

JILL: I don’t think so. I’m sure (he chase) 4__________ her.

GEORGE: What (they do) 5__________ in that scene on the cliff? (They climb) 6__________ up the cliff to surprise the bandits?

JILL: Surely not. (not they climb) 7__________ down into the old mine to find the gold? Those men in the bar (make) 8__________ plans to rob the bank, weren’t they?

GEORGE: Yes, but one of them (work) 9__________ for the sheriff all the time.

JILL: Oh no! (He not work) 10__________ for the sheriff. (He plan) 11__________ to take all the money himself.

GEORGE: In the final shoot-out, why (not he aim) 12__________ at the leader of the bandits? Did you notice that? (He shoot) 13__________ above his head.

JILL: That’s right. (He hope) 14__________ to capture the leader alive and find out where the girl was. I’m afraid (I not watch) 15__________ the film all the time.

GEORGE: Why (not you watch) 16__________ it? I thought it was rather fun.

JILL: Oh George, (you not watch)17__________ it all the time, either! In fact (you snore)18__________ in the middle of it!

3 Past continuous and Past simple

Compare the use of the past continuous and the past simple:

PAST CONTINUOUS PAST SIMPLE

I was writing a letter. I wrote a letter.

(=I was in the middle of writing it.) (=I started and finished it.)

We often use the past continuous and the past simple together in a sentence. Notice what happens in sentences like these:

PAST CONTINUOUS PAST SIMPLE

I was driving alone when suddenly a child ran across the road.

When Kate was watching TV the telephone rang.

We were walking in the park when it started to rain.

The past continuous describes a longer action or situation which was in progress at a past time; the past simple describes a shorter action which happened in the middle of the longer action, or interrupted it.

But to say that one thing happened after another, we can use the past simple.

When the telephone rang, Kate answered it.

We sheltered under a tree when it started to rain.

Compare:

When Kate came home Ken was making When Kate came home, Ken made some

some tea. tea.

(Ken was in the middle of making some tea. (Kate came home. Then Ken made some tea.)

Then Kate came home.)

When we tell a story, we often use the past continuous to describe a background scene and the past simple for events and actions.

PAST CONTINUOUS PAST SIMPLE

I was standing outside the bus station. Suddenly, a woman came round

It was getting late and I was feeling tired. the corner and walked right up

I was waiting for a man called Johnny to me. “Are you Mr Marlowe?”

Mars. she asked.

Starting activities

What were you doing?

Work in pairs. Ask your partner questions about what he or she was doing every hour yesterday morning (from eight o’clock to twelve o’clock). Take turns to ask and answer. Use the past progressive, like this:

A: What were you doing at eight o’clock yesterday morning?

B: I was getting dressed.

Make a list of the things you were both doing at the same time.

At eight o’clock we were both getting dressed.

Cinderella, all wrong

Work in pairs or small groups. One person in each pair or group reads the story of Cinderella aloud. Every time you hear something wrong, stop the story and correct the mistake, using a past simple negative, like this:

No, Cinderella wasn’t a man, she was a woman.

Cinderella

Cinderella was a young man who lived with her stepmother and her beautiful sisters.

Cinderella made the two sisters do all the work around the house and she wore beautiful clothes while her two sisters went around in rags. One day there was a ball at the palace and an ugly fairy godmother appeared and told Cinderella that she could go to the ball – but she had to be back by half-past seven. So Cinderella went to the ball and danced with the short fat prince. As she left she dropped her football boot on the stairs. The next day the prince searched everywhere for Cinderella and when he found her he gave her a job in the palace kitchen.

Some questions

Work as a class.

Sentence 1 : I was having lunch at the café when I saw John in the street.

Sentence 2 : I had lunch at the café and then I saw John in the street.

Had I finished lunch when I saw John in sentence 1?

Had I finished lunch when I saw John in sentence 2?

I was walking along the street when I (verb) …

I was walking is past progressive. Which tense do you think the missing verb should be?

Can you start the sentence When I (verb) …?

In other words can you turn the sentence round?

I was driving to London when the accident happened.

There are two actions in this sentence, driving to London and the accident happening. Which of the two actions do you think the speaker sees as the most important one and which one is the background action (the less important one)?

Accuracy Practice

Join each idea in A with the most suitable idea in B. Make sentences using when and the past continuous or past simple of the verbs in brackets.

A	B
1 I (drop) my bag 2 I (cut) myself 3 My car (break down) 4 I (see) a shark 5 My clothes (get) dirty 6 I (break) a tooth	I (drive) to work I (eat) a sandwich I (run) for a bus I (shave) I (swim) in the sea I (clean) the attic

Example:

I dropped my bag when I was running for a bus.

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form: the past continuous or the past simple.

When she (come) into the room I (listen) to the radio. When my car (break down) I (phone) a garage. We (go) down in the lift when suddenly it (stop). (they/have) dinner when you (call) to see them? When the doorbell (ring) I (get) up and (answer) it. When I (open) the door, a friend (stand) there. “When I (arrive) back at the car park, my car wasn’t there!” “Oh, no! What (you/do)?” “I (report) it to the police.”

These paragraphs begin three stories: a love story, a western and a horror plete the paragraphs using the past continuous or the past simple of the verbs in brackets.

§  It was midnight and I was alone in the house. Outside it (1 rain) very hard. I (2 get) ready to go to bed when I suddenly heard a strange noise outside my room in the corridor. Then, when I looked at the door, I noticed that someone (3 turn) the handle! I (4 rush) over to the door and quickly (5 turn) the key in the lock. Then I (6 ask) in a trembling voice, “Who is it?”

§  It was early evening and it (1 begin) to get dark in the surgery of Doctor Nigel Harris. The young, handsome doctor (2 stand) looking sadly out of the window when there was a quiet knock at the surgery door. The door (3 open) and Dr Harris (4 turn) round to see the young girl who had just entered the room. She was very beautiful! With a sad smile the doctor (5 ask), “Are you the new nurse?”

§  I (1 sit) in the big chair in Henry’s barber’s shop at the time. Henry (2 cut) my hair with his big pair of scissors when we heard the sound of horses outside. The noise was so loud that we (3 go) over to the window to look. Through the window we could see at least twenty gunmen riding into town. Henry immediately (4 go) over to his desk and (5 put) on his gun and Sheriff’s badge.

Which paragraph begins which story?

Use your own ideas to complete the sentences. Use the past continuous.

§  Tom burnt his hand while he ………………………………………

§  The doorbell rang while I ………………………………………….

§  We saw an accident while we ………………………………………

§  Mary fell asleep while she ………………………………………….

§  The television was on but nobody …………………………………..

Put the verbs into the correct form, past continuous or past simple.

§  I (1 see) Sue in town yesterday but she (2 not/see) me. She (3 look) the other way.

§  I (1 meet) Tom and Ann at the airport a few weeks ago. They (2 go) to Berlin and I (3 go) to Madrid. We (4 have) a chat while we (5 wait) for our flights.

§  I (1 cycle) home yesterday when suddenly a man (2 step) out into the road in front of me. I (3 go) quite fast but luckily I (4 manage) to stop in time and (5 not/ hit) him.

Put the verbs into the correct form, past continuous or past simple.

§  Jane (1 wait) for me when I (2 arrive).

§  “What (1 you/do) this time yesterday?” “I was asleep.”

§  “(1 you/go) last night?” No, I was too tired.”

§  “Was Carol at the party last night?” “Yes, she (1 wear) a really nice dress.

§  How fast (1 you/drive) when the accident (2 happen)?

§  John (1 take) a photograph of me while I (2 not/look).

§  We were in a very difficult position. We (1 not/know) what to do.

§  I haven’t seen Alan for ages. When I last (1 see) him, he (2 try) to find a job in London.

§  I (1 walk) along the street when suddenly I (2 hear) footsteps behind me. Somebody (3 follow) me. I was frightened and I (4 start) to run.

§  When I was young, I (1 want) to be a bus driver.

Write sentences. Use the past progressive in a positive, negative or question form.

§  you/use/the hairdrier/when the lights went out?

§  John/not talk/ to Barbara. Barbara was not even in the room.

§  The last time I saw him,/Dick/drink/orange juice in the kitchen.

§  you/drive/slowly/when you saw the man in the road?

§  It/snow/as I left home for the last time.

Rewrite the sentences. Use the past progressive and past simple with when or while.

§  Before the bus had completely stopped, the child jumped off.

The bus ____________________________________________

§  As Jane wrote the last sentence of her homework, her friend asked her to do his as well.

Jane was ___________________________________________

§  During dinner at Harry’s Anna lost her necklace.

While Anna __________________________________________

§  John brought the sweet in but I still had some chips on my plate to eat.