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Итоговый контроль
Экзамену может предшествовать письменная зачетная работа в форме теста.
Экзамен, на котором студенту предлагается выполнить следующие виды заданий:
1. Прочитать текст №1 (объемом 2500 тыс. знаков) и перевести его со словарем. Принять участие в беседе с преподавателем (на иностранном языке) по содержанию текста и затронутым в нем проблемам.
2. Прочитать и перевести текст №2 без словаря. Передать его содержание на русском языке.
2. Участвовать в беседе на иностранном языке с преподавателем по страноведческой тематике.
Образец итогового контроля для химико-технологического направления подготовки:
ЭКЗАМЕНАЦИОННЫЙ ТЕКСТ № 1
SAFE HANDLING OF SULFURIC ACID
Sulfuric acid is known to be classified by the Interstate Commerce Commission as a corrosive liquid. Since it reacts with most metals and with water, care must be taken in all handling operations.
In concentration below 60º (77.67%) H2SO4 is highly reactive to metals and evolves hydrogen gas on contact. In concentrations above 77.67% it is a strong oxidizing agent, reacting with many organic materials and inorganic reducing agents to evolve considerable heat. It is extremely avid for H2O and decomposes many oxygen-containing organic materials by dehydration. Addition of water to concentrated sulfuric acid will produce violent steam explosions (spitting).
Sulfuric acid solutions, particularly the more concentrated ones, are rapidly destructive to all body tissues, causing severe burns. Inhalation of the concentrated vapour from hot acid or oleum may be very harmful.
Although H2SO4 is not flammable, it must be isolated from organic materials, nitrates, carbides, chlorates and metal powders. Contact of high concentrations of H2SO4 with these materials can cause ignition, contact of high concentration of H2SO4 with metallic sulfides causing both evolution of hydrogen sulfide and ignition. H2SO4 in drums, tank cars and metal storage tanks evolves hydrogen.
Sulfuric acid is dangerous if handled improperly. When, however, procedural precautions are taken and adequate protective clothing is worn, there is relatively little danger in handling sulfuric acid, whatever the strength of the acid.
ЭКЗАМЕНАЦИОННЫЙ ТЕКСТ № 2
The Relation between Activity and Concentration
In analytical chemistry, the most convenient choice of a unit activity state in solution is based upon the concept that in all solutions the behaviour of the solute approaches ideality at infinite dilution. Thus activity is a quantity which approaches molar concentration at infinite dilution. At finite concentrations the activity and concentration are not equal, but are related by the equation a = γc, which serves to define the activity coefficient, γ. The activity coefficient approaches unity at infinite dilution, and as a rough approximation the concentration and activity are often considered to be equal in dilute solution.
For a better estimate, it is very convenient to be able to calculate approximate values of the activity coefficient. Strictly speaking, it is impossible to determine the activity coefficient of a single species of ion in a solution of an electrolyte, whereas the activity coefficient of a salt can often be determined accurately.
In any given dilute solution, the activity coefficients of all univalent ions are equal, but closer to unity than those divalent ions.
Uncharged molecules would have activity coefficients of unity according to eq. In actual practice, deviations from ideality can ordinarily be neglected for nonelectrolytes in moderate concentrations.
In potentiometric titrations, the ionic strength usually changes very little in the region of the end point where the electrode potential is changing most rapidly. It is therefore valid in this region to neglect changes in activity coefficients when calculating the equation of the titration curve.
ЭКЗАМЕНАЦИОННЫЙ ТЕКСТ № 1
Liquid Oxygen
The great chemical activity of oxygen is well known. Oxygen combines directly with most other elements particularly at high temperatures, forming oxides. Iodine, bromine, fluorine, gold, platinum and argon do not combine directly with oxygen. Under pressure of 50 atmospheres and at the temperature -119° can be condensed to a bluish coloured mobile liquid. If temperature is above -119º, oxygen cannot be liquefied by any pressure however great. The smallest pressure which will liquefy oxygen at - 119° is 50 atmospheres. The temperature -119ºis therefore the critical temperature and 50 atmospheres is the critical pressure of the gas. Liquid oxygen boils at -182.5°, pressure 760 mm. The liquid has a specific gravity of 1.13, i. e., liquid oxygen is 1.13 times as heavy as an equal amount of water. Liquid oxygen when frozen resembles snow in appearance. The solid melts at -227° and has a specific gravity 1.43. Liquid oxygen is strongly attracted by a magnet and gives an interesting explosive when mixed with charcoal.
Примечания к тексту
particularly [pə’tikjuləli] - особенно
1.13 times as heavy as - в 1,13 раз тяжелее
ЭКЗАМЕНАЦИОННЫЙ ТЕКСТ № 2
Oxy Acids
Among oxy acids those of sulphur are by far the most important and the most numerous. With regard to nomenclature, as is usual, salts of acids ending in –'ous' have names ending in –'ite', while those of acids ending in –'ie' have names ending in –'ate'.
SO2 is quite soluble in water; such solutions, which possess acidic properties, have long been referred to as solutions of sulphurous acid H2SO3. Modern physical methods of study have shown that H2SO3 is either not present or present only in very small quantities in such solutions.
Sulphuric acid is the most widely used and the most important sulphur compound. It is prepared on a very large scale by the lead chamber and contact processes. It is a strong dibasic acid. Sulphuric acid is not a very strong oxidizing agent although the concentrated (98%) acid has some oxidizing properties. Concentrated sulphuric acid usually reacts with organic matter vigorously.
Образец итогового контроля для механических специальностей:
Задания для промежуточного контроля для студентов-механиков
1. Функции «It, One, That». Переведите на русский язык:
1. It is said that the body is perfectly elastic if it recovers its original shape completely after unloading.
2. It is the weight of air that gives rise to atmospheric pressure.
3. That matter may exist in three physical states is a common knowledge.
4. This method is simpler than that one.
5. A dielectric, or electrical insulator, is a substance that is highly resistant to flow of electric current.
6. One of the most useful characteristics of zinc is its resistance to atmospheric corrosion.
7. It terns out that the electromagnetic force is the one responsible for practically all the phenomena one encounters in daily life, with the exception of gravity.
8. If one takes a little salt and examines the grains under a low power; it will be seen that most of them are perfect cubes.
9. The fundamental idea expressed by the arrangement of the elements in Mendeleev’s Table is that of the periodic recurrence of properties of the elements.
10. One may say that “corrosion” is the destruction of metal or alloy by chemical change, electrochemical change or physical dissolution.
11. A steam engine is a heat engine that makes use of the thermal energy that exists in steam, converting it to mechanical work.
12. After a careful examination, it will be found that water occurring in nature is not pure.
13. It may surprise you to learn that zirconium was known to the ancients.
14. Germanium is usually considered as a metalloid, with properties somewhere between that of a true metal and non-metal.
15. One must consider the equilibrium structures when more than one type of atom is present.
16. The first law of thermodynamics states that energy can be converted into others without loss.
17. It was in 1869 that Mendeleev proposed his famous Periodic System of the elements.
18. Heat-treatment whether concerning steel or cast iron is a vitally important job and one which demands particular attention.
19. One may expect that this substance dissolves easily in water.
20. It is essential that the distinction between “quantity of heat” and “temperature” should be clearly understood.
21. The aim of the present work was to see whether detailed study of a number of alloys would reveal any regularities of behaviour.
22. Any explanation of how the sun generates heat by fission would have been impossible 60 years ago.
23. This is the principle the mercury thermometer is based upon.
24. Because it is the least chemically active of all metals, gold usually occurs in the free or uncombined state.
25. Water vapour is carried away as fast as it forms.
26. What we see is not steam at all, but fine water particles.
27. The engineer said he would be able to make the experiment.
2. Условные предложения. Различные типы придаточных предложений.
Переведите на русский язык:
1. If the furnace is charged properly, it will operate successfully.
2. If the gas were colorless, we would not notice its formation.
3. Unless the atmosphere contained oxygen, neither life nor burning would be possible.
4. If the experiment hadn’t been so time-consuming, we would have been able to complete it much earlier.
5. The scientists wanted to find out whether these new substances could be produced on a large scale.
6. The instruments our plant produces help to automate production processes.
7. That the molecule is the smallest particle of a substance that can exist alone and retain the characteristic properties of the whole mass is a well-known fact.
8. Since acceleration involves a change in velocity, an object might be accelerating even though its speed is constant.
9. He said that this oxide would be less stable when heated.
10. Since silicon shows a valence of four, it would naturally be expected to form the hydroxide.
11. If air is cooled sufficiently, it can be converted into a liquid.
12. If the absolute temperature were doubled, the speed of the molecules would increase.
13. If their experiment had failed last time, they would have had to renew it again.
14. If we increase the temperature, gas will expand.
15. Were the laboratory equipped well, it would be much easier to work in it.
16. If they had examined solid last year, it would not have been so difficult to understand these new phenomena.
17. If an external circuit is not connected, an electric current cannot exist.
18. Whether this synthesis will take place is unknown.
19. The properties of these polymers are as would be expected from their linear nature.
20. That bands which are completely full of electrons cannot conduct electricity is a well-known fact.
21. Anything that can be burned can be used as fuel for fire.
22. It was not until 1400 B. C. that steel weapons could be made in the ancient world.
23. The region we must explore possesses great natural wealth.
24. If air is cooled sufficiently, it can be converted into a liquid.
25. If the absolute temperature were doubled, the speed of the molecules would increase.
26. If their experiment had failed last time, they would have had to renew it again.
3. Read, translate and retell the text:
The first blast furnaces were probably very similar to those that could be seen in some parts of India and Africa in 1960s of the 20th century. These were usually small chimneys about 18 in. in diameter and about 4 ft high, built of clay. A crude bellows operated by hand or foot was used to blow air through holes in the side of the furnace near the base. The furnace was filled with a mixture of charcoal and iron ore. It was not operated continuously like the modern blast furnace, but was blown until all the charcoal had burnt away and part of the ore had been reduced to metal. The furnace was then pulled down and the frozen metal removed.
Задания для промежуточного контроля для студентов-механиков
(4 семестр)
1. Функции инфинитива в предложении. Инфинитивные обороты. Переведите на русский язык.
28. An indirect synthetic method to produce methane is to pass the vapour of carbon disulphide mixed with hydrogen sulphide over red-hot copper.
29. While dissolving calcium chloride in water we saw the temperature fall rapidly.
30. Some elements have to be heated to rather high temperature before they catch fire.
31. He considered the data obtained by the authors to be inaccurate owing to the impurity of the substance they had worked with.
32. We expected the new equipment to satisfy all the necessary requirements.
33. It is recognized that the original dimensions are likely to undergo considerable changes due to such effects as corrosion and abrasion.
34. The condition of evaporation may appear to be quite suitable for the purpose mentioned in the above text.
35. New feed mechanism seems to be simple and easy to operate.
36. To master new methods of production is the aim of our research laboratory.
37. Henry Bessemer was the first to discover the process for making inexpensive and plentiful steel.
38. The atomic theory of matter assumes all matter in the universe to be made up of ultramicroscopic bodies called atoms, these being in rapid motion.
39. A magnet can be shown to attract magnetic substances at a distance.
40. Turbines produce the mechanical work to be used in numberless ways.
41. The aim of our research was to discover cheap sources of energy to supply the new plants to be built in that district.
42. It has to be noted that all the chemical elements known to science can be found in the Ural Mountains.
43. The view that petroleum is essentially a mixture of hydrocarbons has proved to be a correct one.
44. This kind of steel is considered to possess very high corrosion resistance.
45. Electromagnetic induction, however, is certain to produce an alternating current.
46. We applied heat for water to expand.
47. Crookes was the first to recognize the cathode rays as negatively charged particles.
48. Ordinary atoms are supposed to be small intricate systems linked by tremendous power.
49. The results have shown that some changes in the equipment are to be made.
50. Microscopic examination of silicon shows it to be made of tiny crystals and fragments of crystals.
51. We know the ampere to represent the rate of electricity flow through the circuit.
52. If a particle moves in a circle with constant speed, it is said to be in uniform motion.
53. To give a true picture of the surrounding matter is the task of natural science.
54. Devill was the first to prepare crystalline silicon in 1854 by electrolysis of impure sodium aluminium chloride.
55. The cooling is carried out by methods to be discussed in the next chapter.
56. The kinetic theory of gases assumes a gas to be made up of particles moving about with random motion.
57. For a system under consideration to be in complete equilibrium, it is necessary that there will be mechanical equilibrium.
Прочитайте и переведите текст.
Heat
One must know that heat is the transfer of thermal energy between two bodies which are at different temperatures.
Heat is to thermal energy as work is to mechanical energy. Heat flows between regions that are not in thermal equilibrium; in particular, it flows from areas of high temperature to ones of low temperature. All objects (matter) have a certain amount of internal energy that is related to the random motion of their atoms or molecules. This internal energy is directly proportional to the temperature of the object. When two bodies of different temperature come into thermal contact, they will exchange internal energy until the temperature is equalized. The amount of energy transferred is the amount of heat exchanged. Sometimes one confuses heat with internal energy, but it is a common misconception and there is a difference: heat is related to the change in internal energy and the work performed by the system. The term “heat” is used to describe the flow of energy, while the term “internal energy” is used to describe the energy itself.
Heat transfer mechanisms. Heat tends to move from a high temperature region to a low temperature one. This heat transfer may occur by the mechanisms conduction, and radiation. The term “convection” is used to describe the combined effects of conduction and fluid flow. In the past, this has been regarded as a third mechanism of heat transfer, but, logically, it is not a mechanism of its own.
Conduction is the most common means of heat transfer in a solid. On a microscopic scale, conduction occurs as hot, rapidly moving or vibrating atoms and molecules interact with neighboring ones, transferring some of their energy (heat) to these neighboring atoms.
Convection is usually the dominant form of heat transfer in liquids and gases. This is a term used to characterize the combined effects of conduction and fluid flow. In convection, enthalpy transfer occurs by the movement of hot or cold portions of the fluid together with heat transfer by conduction. For example, when water is heated on a stove, hot water from the bottom of the pan rises, heating the water at the top of the pan.
Radiation is a means of heat transfer. Radiative heat transfer is the one form of heat transfer which can occur in the absence of any form of medium and as such is the only means of heat transfer through a vacuum. Thermal radiation is a direct result of the movements of atoms and molecules in a material. Since these atoms and molecules are composed of charged particles (protons and electrons), their movements result in the emission of electromagnetic radiation, which carries energy away from the surface. At the same time, the surface is constantly bombarded by radiation from the surroundings, resulting in the transfer of energy to the surface. Since the amount of emitted radiation increases with increasing temperature, a net transfer of energy from higher temperatures to lower ones results.
Кратко изложите содержание текста на английском языке, располагая информацию в соответствии со следующей схемой:
Heat
Heat transfer mechanisms
Conduction Radiation Convection
Образец текстов для итогового контроля (экзамен):
1. Read and translate the text.
Classical mechanics
Newton's theory of mechanics is today referred to as classical mechanics because it accurately represented the effects of forces under all conditions known in his time, even though it has been superseded by quantum mechanics and the relativistic mechanics of Albert Einstein.
Classical mechanics may be divided into statics and dynamics. In statics, interest centres on the topic of equilibrium, in which any number of forces balance each other and thereby cancel. A rigid framework, such as a bridge, a vehicle chassis, or the timber frame of a house or roof, will experience various stresses according to the loading characteristics. The study of statics is important for determining the loading limits of such structures.
If the forces acting on a system do not cancel, motion will result; the analysis of this situation falls within the province of dynamics. Before the work of Galileo and Newton, ideas about the motion of material bodies were vague. There was a common belief that, in the absence of forces, all bodies eventually achieve a state of rest. Forces were thus required to act continuously to produce any sort of motion. This led to difficulties in explaining how, for example, an arrow can continue to fly through the air when the only evident source of propulsion is the bow.
Newton produced the first systematic set of mathematical laws to describe the motion of bodies. Newton maintained that mere motion does not require force: only accelerated motion needs a mechanism. Uniform motion in a straight line is "natural" and will continue indefinitely unless some agency interferes. This is the essential content of Newton's first law of motion. Thus, a vehicle slows to rest only because frictional forces sap its energy. In space, there is no friction to restrain the Earth's motion within the solar system.
Newton's second law relates the acceleration of a body to the forces acting on it. The acceleration is proportional to the force, the constant of proportionality being the body's mass, which is a measure of its inertia. Newton's third law, expressing the equality of action and reaction, frames a principle that is exploited in the case of the rocket, in which the backward expulsion of gases causes a reactive force that drives the payload forward. These laws of classical mechanics embody the laws of conservation of energy, momentum, and angular momentum, which play a central part in understanding all isolated mechanical systems.
2. Read the text. Render it in Russian.
Magnetic properties of metals
When an electric current is passed through a coil of metal wire, a magnetic field is developed around the coil. When a piece of copper is placed inside the coil, this field increases by less than 1 percent, but, when a piece of iron, cobalt, or nickel is placed inside the coil, the external field can increase 10,000 times. This strong magnetic property is known as ferromagnetism, and the three metals listed above are the most prominent ferromagnetic metals. If the metal is hard, the loss, or reversal, of magnetization will be slow, and the sample will be useful as a permanent magnet. If the metal is soft, it will quickly lose its magnetism; this will make it useful in electrical transformers, where rapid reversal of magnetization is essential.
In many types of solids, the atoms possess a permanent magnetic moment (they act like small bar magnets). What is exceptional about ferromagnetic solids is that the interatomic forces cause the moments of neighbouring atoms spontaneously to align in the same direction. If the moments of all of the atoms in a single sample lined up in the same direction, the sample would be an exceptionally strong magnet with exceptionally high energy. That energy would be reduced if the sample broke up into domains, with all atomic moments in each domain being aligned but the direction of magnetization in adjacent domains being in opposite directions and thus tending to cancel one another.
Electrical properties
The electrical conductivity of a metal (or its electrical resistivity) is determined by the ease of movement of electrons past the atoms under the influence of an electric field. This movement is particularly easy in copper, silver, gold, and aluminum - all of which are well-known conductors of electricity. The conductivity of a given metal is decreased by phenomena that deflect the moving electrons. These can be anything that destroys the local perfection of the atomic arrangement - for example, impurity atoms, grain boundaries, or the random oscillation of atoms induced by thermal energy. This last example explains why the conductivity of a metal increases with falling temperature: in a pure metal at room temperature, most resistance to the motion of free electrons comes from the thermal vibration of the atoms; if the temperature is reduced to almost absolute zero conductivity can increase.
3. Speak on the topic.
