Северо-Кавказский Государственный Технологический институт
Государственный Технологический Университет
Кафедра иностранных языков
Методические указания к практическим занятиям по английскому языку
для студентов направления подготовки
«230100 Информатика и вычислительная техника»
Составитель:
Владикавказ 2015
Unit1. Organizing Data for Computer Processing.
Computers operate on data. They accept data and communicate results. They cannot directly carry out any physical activity. Data supplied to a computer must generally be arranged in predetermined ways to satisfy the numeric (numbers)? alphabetic (letters), or alphanumeric (letters and numbers) forms, demanded by the particular program being used.
A small unit of data field (or data item) that consists of a group of related characters treated as a single entity is called a record.
Records are grouped to form files. A file is a number of related records that are treated as a unit. Finally a data base is a collection of logically related data elements that may be structured in variors ways to meet the many processing and retrieval needs of people and organizations.
Слова к UNIT 1
process (v) – обрабатывать
communicate (v) – сообщать, предавать
supply (v) – снабжать, поставлять
unit - единица, блок, набор
data field – поле данных
data item – элемент данных
character (n) – буква, цифра
related – родственный, связанный
entity – организация; вещь, объект; бытие, сущность
record (n) – запись
retrieval – поиск, поисковый
treat - рассматривать, расценивать
back record - предыдущая запись
Упражнения к UNIT 1
I. Выберите правильный вариант перевода: Computers operate on data.
1. Компьютер обрабатывает данные
2. Компьютер работает с данными
3. Компьютер принимает данные
II. Дополните предложения:
1..... and communicate results
2..... to satisfy the numeric (numbers)? alphabetic (letters), or alphanumeric
(letters and numbers) forms...........
3. Finally a data base is....
III. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. Can computers directly carry out any physical activity?
2. What is a small unit of data and what does it consist of?
3. Why are data elements structured in various ways?
Unit2. An Input/Output Application.
Computers are ofen used to print the names and addresses of prospective customers on gummed labels to ease the mailing of a large volume of promotional material/ Input data for this application are contained in a file of prospect records. Back record has fields for the prospect's name, business, address, city, state and other data. The data needed to develop this file were gathered from the first orders received from the letters and calls of prospective customers and from responses to a few organized and stored on a floppy disk to create the prospect file. Since then the computer has used periodically to add, delete and update the file records stored on the disk.
To process the prospect file and produce the gummed labels, it's necessary to insert the disc in the disc drive and use a few keystrokes to copy the program instructions from the disc to the program storage area of the processor. Under program control, a prospect record in the disc is copied into the input storage area. The data items are arranged in the format specified by the program and moved to the output storage area, and the mailing label is then printed. After a complete label is printed, program control moves to step 5: "if name = END OF DATA then branch to step 7". On the first pass through the program the prospect's name is Adam Appleton. The program compares this name with END OF DATA in step 5, and find that they don't match. Program control then goes to the next step (6) in the sequence, and from these it branches back to the first program step and the next label is printed.
Слова к UNIT 2
prospective - будущий, ожидаемый
gummed level - клейкая метка, склеенная метка
mailing - отправка по почте
promotion - продвигать, распространять
promotional material - распространяемый материал
input data - входные данные
add - складывать суммировать
delete - вычеркивать, стирать
order - команда
update - корректировать, обновлять
disc drive - дисковод
keystroke - нажатые клавиши
storage area - область памяти
program control - программное управление
drive - дисковод
input area - область ввода
output area - область вывода
mailing label - метка отправки
branch - (условный) переход, ветвь, переходить
arrange - размещать, располагать
format - формат
specify - точно определять, устанавливать pass - проход, прогон
Упражнения к UNIT 2
I. Найдите в тексте соответствующие английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:
будущие клиенты; периодически использовался, чтобы печатать имена и названия; гибкий диск; дисковод; данные, необходимые для; элементы данных располагаются.
II Ответьте на вопросы:
1. What are computers ofen used for?
2. Where are input data contained?
3. Where are input data items moved to?
Unit3. Text Manipulation Applications.
Although text is likely to be manipulated in most computer processing tasks we'll focus here in three types of prewritten applications packages that concentrate on that operation.
Using an outlining package.
We've all prepared outlines to guide us in writing papers or in planning other activities. Typically, our thoughts and the sequence of those thoughts, undergo many changes before the outline is completed. An outline processor / or thought processor is a software package that accepts use - ideas, manipulates and reorganizes them in user - specified ways, and then, produces a refined of those thoughts. A package user's first ideas may be keyed into the display screen in a random fashion as ideas begin to accumulate, they can be labeled and repositioned into an outline structure. The major headings are placed at the left side of the screen.
Слова к UNIT 3
manipulation application - программа обработки
application package - пакет прикладных программ
outlining package - пакет схем
outline - схема, план; контур, очертание
guide - направлять, руководить
key (v) - переключать
random - случайный, произвольный
label (v) - обозначать, помечать
indent (v) - зазубривать, выдалбливать, вырезывать; располагать
Упражнения к UNIT 3
I. Выберите правильный вариант перевода:
The major headings are placed at the left side of the screen.
1. Основные заголовки помещаются с левой стороны рабочего стола.
2. Основные заголовки помещаются с левой стороны экрана.
3. Основные заголовки располагаются в нижней части экрана.
II. Образуйте предложения из следующих слов:
1. All, we've, outlines, prepared, us, to quide, in papers, writing.
2. Or, thought, processor, an outline, is, processor, package, a software
3. The, headings, major, are, at, the, placed, left, of, side, the, screen.
III. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. What is an outline processor?
2. How may a package user's first ideas be keyed into the display screen?
3. Where are the major headings placed?
Unit4. Using a word processing package.
After using an outline package to produce an organized sequence of thoughts we turn to the word processing package to create writer, edit, store retrieve and print the text. Before word processing became commonplace, written communications was a time consuming and expensive process. It's still a big job. But it's a lot easier now that millions of office and home computers are equipped with word processing (WP) programs.
After a letter is written and stored it's easily retrieved by the user of WP system. After inserting the disc (or discs) containing the WP program and the stored text, the operator uses a few keystrokes to load the WP program into the program storage area and to then notify it that a particular document is needed. The program locates the needed text and duplicates it in primary storage section next, the user keys in the name address of the person to whom the letter should be sent and these facts are also read into primary storage. Finally, under program control, the name of the addressee is inserted into the text at appropriate places to personalize the message, and the letter is printed.
Слова к UNIT 4
word processing package - пакет обработки текстов
writer - редактор (программы)
edit - редактирование
store - запоминать, хранить
retrieve - отыскивать
communication - коммуникация, связь
notify - извещать, уведомлять, доводить до сведения
primary storage - первичное запоминающее устройство
read (v) - переводить, считывать
appropriate - подходящий, соответствующий
personalize - олицетворять, воплощать
Упражнения к UNIT 4
I. Образуйте глаголы из следующих слов:
using, organized, processing, communication, preparing, computer, consuming.
II. Задайте всевозможные вопросы к следующим предложениям:
1. The program locates the needed text and duplicates it in primary storage section.
2. The name of the addressee is inserted into the text at appropriate places.
III. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. What do we do after using an outline package?
2. Why is word processing easier now?
3. What does the operator do after inserting the disc containing the WP program?
4. Where is name of the addressee inserted into?
UNIT 5. Using a data communications package.
A data communications package is software that allows the user to send and receive data over communications lines. The data transfer may be between two points, or it may involve communication throughout a network of computers and workstations. A data communication package supports the use of an electronic mail / message system (EMMS) - a system that can store and deliver, by electronic means, text and messages that would otherwise likely be forwarded through the postal service or sent verbally over telephone lines.
In addition to providing software to support the few of data between offices, a communications package may also provide easier access to data stored in the huge outline libraries of outside information puter users can subscribe to such services and then use telephone lines to retrieve facts stored over 1000 data
Слова к UNIT 5
data communication - передача данных
data communication package - пакет передачи данных
workstation - рабочая станция (в сети)
message - сообщение
forward - передвигаться в сети (о данных)
verbally – устно
Упражнения к UNIT 5
I. Образуйте существительные из следующих глаголов:
communicate, pack, allow, use, compute, store, deliver, serve, provide, inform, subscribe.
II. Найдите в тексте соответствующие английские эквиваленты следующих сочетаний:
отправлять и принимать данные; программное обеспечение; которое позволяет пользователю; чтобы отыскивать факты, хранящиеся; может обеспечить более легкий доступ; передача данных; через сеть компьютеров и рабочих станций; использование электронной почты.
III. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. What is a data communication package?
2. What may the data transfer involve?
3. What may a communication package also provide?
UNIT 6. Interactive and Batch Processing.
Interactive and batch are terms that describe the timing of the processing of applications
Interactive processing occurs immediately after input data are entered into a computer system, and the output results are quickly produced.
So data may be entered into a computer and processed immediately on an interactive basis at the time a transaction occurs. But in batch processing, the data are gathered for a time and collected into a group (or batch) before they are entered into a computer system and processed. Batch techniques were used almost exclusively in the early 1960 - s to process computer applications. But for many jobs the delay caused by accumulating data into batches was a serious problem. To solve this problem, interactive processing is now reliving batch processing in many situations.
Still, batch processing remains an efficient approach to use in applications such as preparing bills, processing payroll checks, and accounting for credit - card purchases. After all, you don't want to get a water bill every time you take a drink, nor do you expect to get paid every hour clearly, it makes sense to accumulate data, such as water usage, hours worked, and credit charges made, and then process all the data for a period at once.
It's possible to combine the useful beauties of interactive and batch processing in a single system. A common business practice is to use interactive processing when customers are waiting and a quick response is needed. At the same time, data produced by the interactive processing may be captured and accumulated into batches so that they may be processed later. For example, the purchase you make at a department store today may be handled immediately by a clerk using an online workstation. But the data generated by your purchase (the item bought, the purchase amount, the department and store involved, and so on) is accumulated and used to produce management reports at a later time.
Слова к UNIT6.
interactive processing - обработка (данных) в интерактивном режиме
batch processing - пакетная обработка (данных)
timing - синхронизация; согласование по времени
transaction - входное сообщение
bill - законопроект, билль
payroll - платежная ведомость
account (for)- отсчитывать, объяснять; отвечать за что - либо
(credit) charges - расходы, издержки
capture - собирать (данные)
accumulate - накапливать, суммировать
online - (работающий) в темпе поступления информации
generate - создавать, образовывать
report - отчет, сообщение
Упражнения к UNIT6.
I. Образуйте предложения из следующих слов:
1. The, timing, that, describe, and, interactive, batch, are, terms, of, the, processing, applications, of.
2. Entered, are, into, system, a, computer data, input, after occurs, immediately, on, interactive, an, basis, at, time, the, a, occurs, transaction.
И. Найдите в тексте соответствующие английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:
Происходит сразу после того, как; это термины, которые описывают; прежде, чем они вводятся в компьютерную систему; использовалось в начале 1960 - х; для того, чтобы решить эту проблему; остаётся эффективным подходом; покупки по кредитным карточкам; в единую систему.
UNIT7. Storage / Retrieval Application.
Data entered into computer systems today are usually stored on magnetizable discs or tapes. Data stored on metal discs are often kept in online storage units where they are always available to the processor in a fraction of a second. But floppy discs and tapes are commonly removed from their storage / retrieval devices when the data they hold isn't being processed.
The names file management system (FMS) and data base management system (DBMS) are given to these packages that allow people to define data items, pace these items in specified records, combine these records into designated files and then manipulate and retrieve stored data in various ways to achieve user goals. Both types of packages support many separate files, but an FMS can typically access appropriate records from two or more files at once.
Adding, changing and deleting file records is a common and necessary data processing task called file maintenance or file updating. The use of a file or data base management package makes this task much easier.
Слова к UNIT7
storage - память; хранение, запоминание
retrieval - поиск
online storage unit - неавтономный блок памяти; блок памяти, работающий в
режиме онлайн
fraction - доля
storage device - запоминающее устройство
retrieval device - запоминающее устройство
file management system - файловая управленческая система
database management system - система управления базой данных package - пакет (программ) data item - элемент данных record - записывать
specified - специальный, установленный
designated - обозначенный, указанный
manipulate - обрабатывать
access - получать доступ; обращаться
deleting - стирание, удаление
file maintenance - сопровождение (ведение) файла
file updating - корректировка (содержимого) файла; обновление файла
Упражнения к UNIT7
I. Приведите следующие словосочетания на русский язык:
are usually stored; where they are always available; in a fraction of a second; floppy discs; isn't being processed; data base management system; to define data items, combine these records into designated files, retrieve stored data; to achieve user goals; changing and deleting file records.
II. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. Where are data entered into computer systems usually stored?
2. Are data stored on metal discs often kept in online storage units?
3. What do both types of packages support?
UNIT8. Using a project management package.
A project is usually a one - time operation with a series of tasks that must be completed over a limited time period. All organizations have projects that must be managed: a hospital or school must build a new wing, a company must develop and introduce a new project, and so on.
A project management package is software that helps managers plan schedule and control the human and material resources required to complete project tasks on time and for a reasonable cost. A manager identifies the project activities that must be performed, determines the sequence in which those tasks must be carried out, and estimates the time needed to complete each task.
Once these initial steps have been entered and stored in the system, the project management package identifies the largest sequence of events in the project. The sum of the individual activity times in this sequence of tasks is know as the critical path.
Слова к UNIT8.
project- проект; план
project management package - пакет (программ) по управлению проектом identify- идентифицировать; отождествлять; распознавать enter - вводить; входить event- событие; исход, результат
critical path - критический путь (в сетевом планировании)
Упражнения к UNIT8.
I. Образуйте предложения из следующих слов:
1. Organizations, projects, all, have, must, that, be, managed.
2. identifies, a, project, manager, the, that, activities, performed, be, must.
3. Of, sum, the, individual, the, activity, in, time, this, of, tasks, sequence, known, is, the, path, as, critical.
II. Переведите на русский язык следующие словосочетания: a one time operation; must be carried out; control the human and material resources; sequence of events; is known as; a series of tasks; on time; far a reasonable cost.
UNIT9.Using a memory - resident package.
We've seen how people use spreadsheets, graphics packages, word processing programs, and other applications software to streamline their activities. But many busy people are frustrated because they steel seem to lack the time each day to do what needs to be done. A memory - resident package is one that's loaded in a quiet corner of the computer's primary storage area where it waits to be called on to take over several time - consuming office ch a package allows its users to carry out most or all of the following activities:
1. They can store a wealth of data that they may need to have at their fingertips - names, addresses, phone lists, things to do, ideas that need to be followed up, appointments and so on. All this material can be retrieved with a few keystrokes.
2. They can have their own private "telephone operator" that will retrieve and then dial telephone numbers, and will remind them with a chime and a note on the display screen when it's time to make an important call.
3. They can display a "desk calculator" on the screen along with an electronic paper tape that allows them to make and record calculations.
4. They can press a few keys each morning to retrieve their appointment calendar and the notes that remind them of the time, place and subjects of the day's activities. Memory - resident software waits patiently while the user is preparing a spread = sheet, working on a document, or doing other work. These programs and the data entrusted to their care are always available with a few keystrokes.
Слова к UNIT9.
Memory resident-резидентная программа
Package-блок; модуль; корпус; пакет (программ)
Sheet - лист; бланк; карта; схема; диаграмма
Spread - разброс; протяженность
Spread sheet - схема разброса
Streamline - упрощать
Frustrate - настраивать
Storage area - область памяти
Primary-первичный, исходный
Call - запрашивать
Take over - принимать
Time - consuming - трудоёмкий, отнимающий много времени
wealth - изобилие
appointment - условленная встреча
chime - звуковая сигнализация
display - отображать; выводить
desk calculator - настольный калькулятор
paper tape - бумажная лента
key - ключ, кнопка; клавиша
entrust- вверять, возлагать
UNIT 10. Sequential and Direct Storage and Retrieval
Data to be proceseed either are recorder on secondary storage medium such as a disc or tape prior to processing or are entered directly into the system through an online input device. Implicit in all the applications that we've studied is the fact that the data items placed in secondary storage must be organized in some way before they can be stored and retrieved. In most cases the data are placed in files organized in either a sequential way or a direct way.
A sequential file is one in which records are stored one after another. The storage sequence is generally determined by a record key - an identifying field or value that's found in every record in the file. The contents of each key value or field must be unique for each record because duplications would cause serious problems.
Sequential processing consists of retrieving and processing the first record stored in the file sequence then the second record in the order, and so on until the entire file has been searched. But sequential processing has some limitations. The transaction affecting the records in the sequential master file must first be sorted into the same key sequence as the master file. And when processing a sequential file, records near the end of the file cannot be retrieved until all precedent records in the sequence have been read into the computer.
In a direct (or random) file, records are stored in such a way that the computer can go directly to the key or identifying value of the record needed without having to search through a sequence of other records. Records to be retrieved in a direct file must be stored on a medium such as a hard or flexible disc, and these disks must be kept in a direct - access storage device (DASD) if the processor is to have access to their content.
Direct processing consists of directly locating, retrieving and updating any record stored in a file without the need to read preceding or succeeding file records. When a computer system is performing direct processing, it typically accepts input data from an online keyboard or some other transaction - recording device.
Updating anybody's savings account is an example of an interactive application. Direct files must be used to store interactive input data when the objective is to quickly process transaction and give fast response to users. But interactive input data can also be stored and accumulated in direct files to support a later batch processing operation. And batch data can also be entered by a record key into a direct file. After the data are accumulated for a period, they may be processed against master records stored in another direct file.
Слова к UNIT10.
Storage medium - запоминающая среда, среда для хранения (информации) prior to - раньше, прежде, до
online - неавтономный, (работающий) в режиме онлайн
recording device - записывающее устройство
transaction - входное сообщение; транзакция
transaction - recording device - устройство, записывающее входные сообщения
interactive application - (прикладная) - интерактивная система
batch - группа; серия; групповой, пакетный
