Read and translate the text: progress of inorganic chemistry

1. Read and translate the text:

PROGRESS OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

We shall define inorganic chemistry today as the study of formation, composition, structure, and reactions of the chemical elements and their compounds, except those of carbon. Many will say that this is not the definition of inorganic chemistry alone, but chemistry itself and the subject is becoming an integrated whole.

A modern inorganic chemist slightly distinguishes between inorganic, organic, and physical chemistry. He attaches organic groups to a metal atom if it is more convenient for investigation; he uses any of the available methods of physical chemistry, if necessary for the solution of his problem.

Two facts helped the development of inorganic chemistry: the growth of the theoretical techniques of quantum mechanics and new optical, electrical and magnetic techniques of physical measurement be which structure can be investigated. For a full understanding of the way in which these achievements affected the development of inorganic chemistry, let’s make a short survey of the history of the subject.

We may start with 1828, the year in which Wohler, the pioneer of organic synthesis, showed the relationship between inorganic and organic chemistry. For the next fifty years inorganic and organic chemistry progressed side by side. The main work in inorganic chemistry dealt with the preparation of new compounds and the development of methods of analysis. Great numbers of new compounds were being described and important work was being carried out on the determination of atomic weights. The year 1887 may be accepted as the date of appearance of physical chemistry as another branch of the subject. Many research workers were now interested in physical chemistry because it offered the precision which was lacking in inorganic chemistry. At the same time, organic chemistry developed into a system in which structure could be determined. Without the technique for such stereo chemical investigations inorganic chemistry lagged behind. Thus we find that by this time organic chemistry, because of its system, and physical chemistry, because of its precision, was constantly attracting workers of inorganic chemistry. People say that facts give a science its substance it is the theory, which provides its strength. It is owing to the development of the theory that inorganic chemistry has before is such exciting prospects at the present time.

1.  distinguish – розрізняти, помітити

2.  measurement – вимірювання, вимір, розмір

3.  precision – точність, чіткість

4.  lag – відставати, запізнюватися

5.  prospect – вид, перспектива

a) Make up 5 sentences of your own with the words in bold.

b) Learn the unfamiliar words for you.

c) Answer the following questions:

1. What definition of chemical chemistry can you give today?

2. What facts helped the development of inorganic chemistry?

3. What exactly attracts the scientists who investigate inorganic and physical chemistry?

The Present Perfect Continuous tense українською (Теперішній доконано-тривалий час )

Теперішній доконано-тривалий час (THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE)

Головна ідея полягає в тому, що якась дія сталася в минулому (ми підкреслюємо конкрентний час у минулому) і досі відбувається.

1. Стверджувальна форма теперішнього доконаного-тривалого часу утворюється за допомогою допоміжного дієслова to be в теперішньому доконаному часі (have been, has been) і дієслово із закінченням - ing:

We have been living here for three years.
Ми живемо тут протягом трьох років.

2. Для утворення питальної форми допоміжне дієслово to have ставиться перед підметом, а інша частина часової форми – після підмета:

Have you been living here for three years?
Ви живете тут протягом трьох років?

3. Для утворення негативною форми після допоміжного дієслова to have ставиться негативна частка not:

We have not been living here for three years.
Ми не живемо тут протягом трьох років.

Thе PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Стверджувальна форма
I have been reading
He has been reading
She has been reading
It has been reading
We have been reading
You have been reading
They have been reading

Питальна форма
Have I been reading?
Has he been reading?
Has she been reading?
Has it been reading?
Have we been reading?
Have you been reading?
Have they been reading?

Негативна форма
I have not been reading
He has not been reading
She has not been reading
It has not been reading
We have not been reading
You have not been reading
They have not been reading

Вживання цього теперішнього доконаного тривалого часу

4. Теперішній доконано-тривалий час вживається:

a. Для вираження дії, яка почалося в минулому і продовжується до поточного моменту, а іноді і в момент розмови:

We have been translating this article since twelve o’clock.
Ми перекладаємо цю статтю з дванадцяти годин.

b. Для вираження дії, яка почалася в минулому, тривала протягом певного періоду і закінчилася до моменту мовлення або до певного моменту часу в теперішньому. У цьому випадку зазвичай вказується, скільки часу тривала дію:

Vincent opened his packet. “I have been doing a little sketching myself, he said.
Вінсент відкрив свій пакет. “Я і сам трохи попрацював над етюдами”, – сказав він.