Лекція 2
Тема: Джерела та принципи міжнародного права. Вживання форм інфінітива.
Мета: розширити знання студентів про формальні та матеріальні джерела міжнародного права і принципи його функціонування, активізувати навички читання, збагатити словниковий запас, навчити студентів критично аналізувати інформацію; ознайомити студентів з особливостями вживання форм інфінітиву в англійській мові та закріпити граматичний матеріал.
Read and translate the text, provide Ukrainian equivalents for the following expressions:
Sources of International Law
Collectively the sources of international law constitute that reservoir of authoritative rules and principles to which the international lawyer must refer in order to ascertain the content of the law. An international lawyer must be able to deduce rules of international law in order to substantiate legal opinions supporting particular courses of action. The cogency and consistency of legal argument will stand or fall depending on the familiarity of the lawyer with these sources of law. It is therefore of the most important that each student understand the nature of these sources and their interaction with each other and is accustomed to the methodology involved in citing these sources as authority for particular propositions.
Formal and material Sources of Law
A distinction is frequently made by commentators between formal and material sources of law:
1. Formal sources of law establish constitutional processes and methods which authorize the creation of binding legal rules which are generally applicable to the subject of legal system;
2. Material sources of law provide evidence of particular or specific rules of law which, when proven, are applicable to a particular dispute.
A formal source of law is that from which a rule of law derives its force and validity. A material source is that from which the content, not the validity of the law, is derived. The material source provides the substance of the rule to which the formal source gives force and authority.
The International Court of Justice shall apply the following sources of law to any disputes submitted for settlement:
1. International convention whether general or particular, establishing rules recognized by the contesting states;
2. International custom, as evidence of a general practice accepted as law;
3. The general principles of law recognized by civilized nations;
4. The judicial decisions and the teaching of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations, as subsidiary means for determination of the rules of law.
to constitute | |
authoritative rules and principles | |
to ascertain the content of the law | |
to substantiate legal opinions | |
cogency and consistency | |
for particular propositions | |
to establish | |
constitutional processes | |
to authorize | |
binding legal rules | |
subject of legal system | |
to provide evidence | |
to derive its force | |
validity | |
force and authority | |
general or particular | |
to recognize | |
contesting states | |
civilized nations | |
judicial decisions | |
subsidiary means |
Read and translate the text filling in the gaps using the words from the table:
Ideas; respect; policy; consent; bodies |
The principles of International Law
There are three main legal principles recognized in international law, which are not required, but are based chiefly on courtesy and _______________:
Principle of Comity – in the instance where two nations share common public policy _______________, one of them submits to the laws and judicial decrees of the other.
Act of State Doctrine – respects that a nation is sovereign in its own territory and its official domestic actions may not be questioned by the judicial _______________ of another country. It dissuades courts from deciding cases that would interfere with a country’s foreign _______________.
Doctrine of Sovereign Immunity – deals with actions brought in the court of one nation against another foreign nation and prevents the sovereign state from being tried in court without its _______________. In the U. S., this is governed by the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA) of 1976.
Форми інфинитива
Active | Passive | |
Indefinite | to ask | to be asked |
Continuous | to be asking | - |
Perfect | to have asked | to have been asked |
Perfect Continuous | to have been asking | - |
Вживання різних форм інфінітива:
Indefinite Active to ask | 1. Вживається, коли дія, виражена інфінітивом, відбувається одночасно із дією, вираженою дієсловом-присудком (в минулому, теперішньому чи майбутньому): I am glad to hear it. – Я радий чути це. He was glad to see them. – Він був радий бачити їх. I’ll (shall/will) glad to see you tomorrow. – Я буду радий бачити вас завтра. 2. З дієсловами, що виражають намір, для означення майбутньої дії:
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Indefinite Passive to be asked | Вживається, коли іменник чи займенник, до якого відноситься інфінітив, позначає об’єкт дії, вираженої інфінітивом: This work must be finished today. I don’t want to be disturbed. She was glad to be helped by me. | ||
Continuous Active to be asking | Вживається для позначення тривалої дії, що відбувається одночасно із дією, вираженою дієсловом-присудком: I seem to be waiting in vain. It’s nice to be sitting here now with you. It was pleasant to be driving a car again. | ||
Perfect Active to have asked | 1. Вживається, коли дія, виражена інфінітивом, передувала дії, вираженій дієсловом-присудком: I am glad to have done it. He seems to have come at home. 2. Вживається після модальних дієслів: must – очевидно, ймовірно, may – можливо для вираження припущення: He must have done it. – Очевидно, він зробив це. She may have married. – Можливо, вона вийшла заміж. 3. Після певних модальних дієслів вживається для позначення дії, яка мала відбутись, але не відбулась: should – варто було б would – хотів би could – міг би might – можна було б ought (to) – слід було б to be (to) (в формі was/were) – мав би You should have visited your aunt when she was ill. – Вам слід було б відвідати тітку, коли вона була хвора. 4. Вживається після певних дієслів для позначення дії, яка всупереч намірам не відбулась:
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Perfect Passive to have been asked | Вживається, коли іменник чи займенник, до якого відноситься інфінітив, позначає об’єкт попередньої дії, вираженої інфінітивом: He felt to have been deceived. She seems to have been asked about it. I hoped to have been helped. | ||
Perfect Continuous Active | Виражає тривалу дію, що відбувалась протягом певного часу і передувала дії, вираженій дієсловом-підметом: I know him to have been learning French for many years. |
Дієслова після яких вживається інфінітив:
to aim – намагатись
to afford – дозволяти собі
to agree – погоджуватись
to appear –з’являтись
to arrange – домовлятись
to ask – просити
to attempt – намагатись
to beg – благати
to begin – починати
to choose – обирати
to consent – погоджуватись
to continue – продовжувати
to dare – насмілитись
to decide – вирішувати
to determine – визначати
to demand – вимагати
to desire – бажати
to expect – очікувати
to fail – зазнавати невдачі
to forget – забувати
to guarantee – гарантувати
to happen – відбуватись
to hate – ненавидіти
to help – допомагати
to hesitate – сумніватись
to hope – сподіватись
to intend – мати намір
to learn – вчитись, дізнаватись
to like – любити, хотіти
to love – любити
to manage – справлятись
to mean – мати на увазі
to negotiate – домовлятись
to offer – пропонувати
to plead – благати
to prefer – надавати перевагу
to prepare – готувати
to pretend – прикидатись
to promise – обіцяти
to propose – пропонувати
to refuse – відмовлятись
to regret – шкодувати
to remember – пам’ятати
to resolve – вирішувати
to seek – шукати
to seem – здаватись
to start – починатись
to swear – клястись
to threaten – погрожувати
to trouble – тривожити
to try – намагатись
to want – хотіти
to wish – хотіти, бажати
1. Визначте форму інфінітива, перекладіть речення:
1. I am glad to have told you this story.
2. I am glad to have been told this story.
3. I want to introduce you to this actress.
4. I want to be introduced to this actress.
5. I am glad to have met her at the station.
6. I am glad to have been met at the station.
7. We are happy to have invited him to the party.
8. We are happv to have been invited to the party.
9. He will be happy to visit this famous picture gallery.
10. He was happv to have visited this famous picture gallery.
11. Children like to be told fairy tales.
12. 1 did not intend to stop at this station.
13. I did not expect to be stopped.
14. I am sorry to have caused vou so much trouble.
15. He cannot stand to be told lies.
16. I remembered to have come across this word in some book.
17. I am very sorry to have missed this interesting lecture.
18. She is happv to have heard the concert of the famous Italian conductor.
19. She is glad to have been present at the lecture.
20. He is very glad to have finished his book.
21. Our sportsmen are proud to have won the cup.
22. I only want to be allowed to help you.
23. .1 was grateful to have been given a room with a large window.
24. He was happy to have returned home.
25. He was happv to be at home again.
26. I am sorry to have interrupted you.
27. I am sorry not to have found vou at home.
2. Розкрийте дужки, вживаючи правильну форму інфінітива:
1. He seems (to read) a lot.
2. He seems (to read) now.
3. He seems (to read) since morning.
4. He seems (to read) all the books in the library.
5. We expect (to be) back in two days.
6. He expected (to help) by the teacher.
7. The children seem (to play) since morning.
8. I am glad (to do) all the homework yesterday.
9. She seems (to work) at this problem ever since she came here.
10. I am sorry (to break) your pen.
11. I want (to take) you to the concert.
12. I want (to take) to the concert by my father.
13. She hoped (to help) her friends.
14. She hoped (to help) by her friends.
15. I hope (to see) you soon.
3. Розкрийте дужки, вживаючи правильну форму інфінітива:
1. They seemed (to quarrel): I hear angry voices from behind the door.
2. They are supposed (to work) at the problem for the last two months.
3. Her ring was believed (to lose) until she happened (to find) it during the general cleaning.
4. They seemed (to wait) for ages.
5. I hate (to bother) you, but the students are still waiting (to give) books for their work.
6. He seized every opportunity (to appear) in public: he was so anxious (to talk) about.
7. Is there anything else (to tell) her? I believe she deserves (to know) the state of her sick brother.
8. He began writing books not because he wanted (to earn) a living. He wanted (to read) and not (to forget).
9. I consider myself lucky (to be) to that famous exhibition and (to see) so many wonderful paintings.
10. He seems (to know) French very well.
11. The woman pretended (to read) and (not to hear) the bell.
12. You seem (to look) for trouble.
13. It seemed (to snow) heavily since early morning: the ground was covered with a deep layer of snow.
