Задания для самостоятельной работы по английскому языку для студентов заочного отделения юридического факультета
на 3-ий семестр
Вариант 1
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THE LEGAL PROFESSION
The court system is dependent upon the legal profession to make it work. The profession of a lawyer is one of the most important in the state based on the rule of law which we are creating now. Lawyers have to solve many problems that still exist in our society.
The duty of the lawyers is not only to punish people for various crimes: hooliganism, stealing, murder, traffic violation and so on, but they must do their best to prevent crimes, to fight against evil in our country.
England is almost unique in having two different kinds of lawyers, with separate jobs in the legal system. The two kinds of lawyers are solicitors and barristers. This division of the legal profession is due mainly to historical causes. Each branch has its own characteristic functions and a separate governing body.
The traditional picture of the English lawyer is that the solicitor is the general practitioner, confined mainly to the office. The solicitor is the legal adviser of the public. The barrister is the specialist adviser much of whose time is taken up with court-room appearance. A lot of work in English solicitors’ offices is undertaken by managing clerks, now called “legal executives” , who are a third type of lawyers. Today however the lines of demarcation are blurred.
As for our judicial system, it differs greatly from that of the other countries, and it’s natural that each country has its own history and traditions. For example, there is no jury at our courts. Our court is presided over by three equal judges who decide what punishment is to be imposed on the accused. The other participants of a trial are: the counsel, people’s assessors, the prosecutor and witnesses.
Глоссарий:
legal profession – профессия юриста
court – суд
lawyer – юрист
to punish – наказывать
crime – преступление
solicitor –солиситор, стряпчий (юрист, консультирующий клиентов, организации и фирмы; подготавливает дела для барристеров)
barrister – барристер (адвокат, имеющий право выступать в высших судах)
legal adviser – юрисконсульт, советник по правовым вопросам
court-room appearance – выступление в суде
”legal executives” – законные исполнители (персонал, нанимаемый солиситорами, клерки)
jury – присяжные
judge – судья
accused – обвиняемый
counsel – адвокат
assessor – эксперт-консультант суда
prosecutor – обвинитель, прокурор
witness – свидетель
Вариант 2
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THE CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS
Every country has its own Constitution. It's the main document of any country. A constitution is a set of rules which define the relationship between the various organs of government and between the government and citizens of a country.
Belarus was a member of the former Soviet Union it submitted to the Constitution of the USSR.
A new stage in the history of Belarusian statehood began on July 27,1990 when the BSSR Supreme Soviet adopted the Declaration «On the State Sovereignty of the BSSR». On August 25,1991 the BSSR Supreme Soviet declared the political and economic independence of Belarus. On December 11,1991 the Supreme Soviet ratified the Agreement on the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States, signed on December 8,1991 by the leaders of Belarus, Russia and the Ukraine in Viskuli in Belavezhskaya Pushcha. Simultaneously the Supreme Soviet denounced the treaty on the creation of the USSR. The final legal act that pronounced Belarus a new democratic state in Eastern Europe was the new Constitution of the Republic of Belarus adopted by the Supreme Soviet on March 15, 1994.
According to the new Constitution, Belarus is a presidential republic. The head of the state and of the executive power is President who is elected for a 5-year term. The new Constitution consists of a preamble and 8 chapters:
1. the basis of the constitutional system;
2. person, society, state;
3. election system, referendum;
4. legislative, executive and judicial branches of power;
5. local government and self-government;
6. state control and supervision;
7. finance and credit system;
8. the Constitution in action and the order of its changing.
Глоссарий:
Constitution – Конституция
statehood – государственность
sovereignty – независимость, суверенитет
to ratify – ратифицировать; подписывать
to denounce – расторгать
treaty – договор, соглашение
to adopt – принимать
executive power – исполнительная власть
election system – избирательная система
legislative – законодательный
judicial – судебный
government – управление
supervision – надзор, контроль
Вариант 3
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ENGLISH LAW
The courts are the interpreters and declarers of the law, the “sources” of law are therefore the sources to which the courts turn in order to determine what it is. Considered from the aspect of their sources, laws are traditionally divided into two main categories according to the solemnity of the form in which they are made. They may either be written or unwritten. These traditional terms are misleading, because the expression “written” law signifies any law that is formally enacted, whether reduced to writing or not, and the expression “unwritten” law signifies all unenacted law. For example, as will appear, judicial decisions are often reduced to writing in the form of law reports, but because they are not formal enactment they are "unwritten" law.
Since the fashion was set by the Code Napoleon many continental countries have codified much of their law, public and private; on the Continent, therefore, the volume of written law tends to preponderate over the volume of unwritten. But in England unwritten law is predominant, for more of our law derives from judicial precedents than from legislative enactment. This does not, of course, mean that none of our law is codified.
Two principal and two subsidiary sources of English law must be mentioned. These principal sources are Legislation, and Judicial Precedent; the subsidiary' sources are Custom and Books of Authority.
Глоссарий:
interpreter – истолкователь (лицо или орган, толкующие норму права)
solemnity – формальность
unwritten – неписаный
enacted – принятый (о законе), предписанный (в законодательном порядке)
Code Napoleon – кодекс Наполеона
public law – общественное право
private law – частное право
judicial precedent – судебный прецедент
legislative enactment – законодательный акт
Legislation – законодательство
Custom – обычай
Вариант 4
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ENGLISH LEGAL SYSTEM
The United Kingdom does not have a single legal system. The law in Scotland was influenced by Roman law and is different from the law of England, Wales and Northern Ireland.
The English legal system is centralized through a court structure which is common to the whole country. It is hierarchical, with the higher courts and judges having more authority than the lower ones. Some important characteristics of England law are:
1. English law is based on the common law this we mean a system of "judge made" law which has continuously developed over the years through the decisions of judges in the cases, brought before them. These judicial precedents are an important source of law in the English legal mon law systems are different from the civil law systems of Western Europe and Latin America. In these countries the law has been codified or systematically collected to form a consistent body of legal rules.
2. English judges have an important role in developing case law and stating the meaning of Acts of Parliament.
3. The judges are independent of the government and the people appearing before them. This allows them to make impartial decisions.
4. Court procedure is accusatorial. This means that judges do not investigate the cases before them but reach a decision based only on the evidence presented to them by the parties to the dispute. This is called the adversarial system of justice. It can be compared to the inquisitorial procedure of some other European systems where it is the function of the judges to investigate the case and to collect evidence.
Глоссарий:
legal system – законодательство, правовая система
court – суд
judge – судья
judicial precedent – судебный прецедент
source of law – источник права
body of legal rules – совокупность юридических норм
case law – прецедентное право
Court procedure – судопроизводство
accusatorial – обвинительный
adversarial – состязательный
inquisitorial procedure – следственный процесс
Вариант 5
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CRIMINAL AND CIVIL LAW
Law can be defined as that set of rules or regulations by which a government regulates the conduct of people within a society. To understand the law, we must consider the relationship of law to morals. Our legal system is influenced by traditional ideas of right and wrong. Thus, most people would condemn murder, regardless of what the law said. However, everything that is considered immoral is not necessarily illegal.
Laws fall into two major groups: criminal and civil. Criminal laws have a legal action by the government against a person charged with committing a crime. Criminal laws have penalties requiring that offenders be imprisoned, fined, placed under supervision, or punished in some other way. Criminal offences are divided into felonies and misdemeanors. The maximum penalty for a felony is a term of more than one year in prison. For a misdemeanor the penalty is a prison term of one year or less.
Civil laws regulate relations between individuals or groups of individuals. A civil action (lawsuit) can be brought when one person feels wronged or injured by another person. Courts may award the injured person money for his or her loss, or it may order the person who committed the wrong to make amends in some other way. An example of a civil action is a lawsuit for recovery of damages suffered in an automobile accident. Civil laws regulate many everyday situations such as marriage, divorce, contracts, real estate, insurance, consumer protection, and negligence.
Глоссарий:
morals – нравственность
criminal law – уголовное право
civil law – гражданское право
charged – обвиняемый
crime – преступление
penalty – наказание
criminal offence – уголовное преступление
felony – тяжкое уголовное преступление
misdemeanor – правонарушение, проступок, мисдиминор (категория наименее опасных преступлений, граничащих с административными правонарушениями)
civil action – гражданский иск
lawsuit – судебное дело, иск
negligence – халатность
Основные порталы (построено редакторами)