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Учебные материалы по практике перевода для студентов
Лечебного факультета
Использованная литература:
Методические разработки для практики чтения и устной речи на английском языке по вопросам медицинских специальностей: тексты, упражнений, тесты, ситуационные задачи. М., 2012 (МР)Модуль 2
Text 2
CAN ASTMA BE CURED?
Asthma is an eminently controllable illness. Indeed, for most sufferers control is so effective that amounts to a virtual cure. But asthma is not curable in the same way as, say, bacterial pneumonia; it never entirely goes away. Also, no one cure would ever suffice. It is becoming increasingly clear that there are many types of asthma – and they differ greatly in their presentation and genesis. For example, asthma that presents as a chronic cough, the “cough variant of asthma”, appears to be very different from the life-threatening variety which results in extreme respiratory failure and sometimes death.
Nevertheless, the sine qua non1 of asthma – as we understand it today – is the increased sensitivity of the airways to many different agents. These agents include respiratory viruses (common cold viruses), pollutants in the air (ozone and tobacco smoke), airborne allergens (animal dander, pollens and molds) and exercise, especially in a cold and dry environment. These agents, called triggers, induce an inflammatory reaction in the airways that, in turn, results in the common symptoms of cough, wheezing, increased mucus production and shortness of ccessful control of asthma entails controlling the inflammation of the airways and reversing the symptoms before they get out of hand.
The greatest advances in controlling asthma may be the change in physicians’ attitude towards using preventive medications, as well as attempts to make home rescue plans more aggressive and self-sufficient. The availability of selective and potent medications has made such changes avoiding known triggers in the environment, such as cigarette smoke, dust mites and dander from warm-blooded pets, patients can help minimize airway inflammation.
Another effective strategy for preventing inflammation is the use of certain medications either daily during a season (for most individuals with asthma it is the fall season), during multiple seasons or year-round. One class of these medications stabilizes the mast cells (large cells filled with potent inflammation-inducing chemicals called leukotrienes) which line the respiratory tract and play a central role in allergy-induced asthma. The mast cell-stabilizing inhalants include Cromolyn and Nedocromyl. Cromolyn is of particular interest as it is derived from the plant Ammi Visnaga, long used by American Indians as an herbal remedy for colic. Another exciting new class of oral medications, called leukotriene modifiers, neutralize the action of leukotrienes. This class holds great promise. But the most effective preventive medications for asthma belong to the family of corticosteroids.
(“Scientific American”)
Notes to the text
1 sine qua non (лат.) – обязательное условие
Lead-in
Ex.1 | Read the title of the text and say |
· what organs are affected in asthma
· whether you know the answer to the question which is the title of the text
Ex.2 | Read the text and complete the sentences with appropriate words or words combinations. |
1. Asthma cannot be …….. .
a) cured completely
b) controlled
c) life-threatening
2. Asthma is conditioned by ……… .
a) chronic cough
b) increased sensitivity of the airways
c) respiratory failure
3. Triggers are the factors which ………. .
a) control the inflammation of the airways
b) stop the symptoms of asthma
c) induce the inflammation of the airways
4. Patients can reduce the risk of asthma attacks by ……….. .
a) doing special exercises in cold weather
b) using leukotriens
c) avoiding known triggers.
Language Practice
Ex.3a) | Scan the text and find the terms to match the definitions. |
1. Any substance causing unusual hypersensitive reaction in predisposed people.
2. Big cells in connective tissue having large granules rich in histamine and heparin which play an important role in allergy and inflammation.
3. Fatty molecules of the immune system which contribute to inflammation in asthma and bronchitis.
4. Any factor which stimulates or initiates a process or a reaction in the body.
5. Hormones produced by the adrenal cortex and having powerful anti-inflammatory effect.
6. A microscopic infectious agent that can reproduce only in living cells.
7. Origin and development [of a disease].
b) | Point out the terms in (a) with Greek or Latin elements. Which of these elements mean “origin”, “white”, “strange, alien”, “crust”? |
Ex.4 | Choose the best translation for the italicized parts of the sentences. |
1. Indeed, for most sufferers control is so effective that amounts to virtual cure.
a) равняется виртуальному излечению
b) фактически равноценен излечению
2. Also, no one cure would ever suffice.
a) вероятно, ни один способ лечения никогда не будет достаточным
b) вероятно, никто не будет удовлетворен лечением
3. Successful control of asthma entails controlling the inflammation of the airways and reversing the symptoms before they get out of hand.
a) прежде чем они вырвутся из рук
b) прежде чем они станут неконтролируемыми
4. Successful control of asthma entails controlling the inflammation of the airways and reversing the symptoms before they get out of hand.
a) влечет за собой контроль
b) подразумевает предотвращение
5. Another effective strategy for preventing inflammation is the use of certain medications either daily during a season (for most individuals it is the fall season), during multiple seasons or year-round.
a) в течение одного времени года (для большинства это осень), нескольких времен года или в течение всего года
b) во время одного сезона (для большинства это сезон падения), многих сезонов или круглый год
6. Asthma that presents as a chronic cough appears to be very different from the life-threatening variety of asthma.
a) как оказывается, значительно отличается от
b) появляется в отличие от
7. The greatest advances in controlling asthma may be the change in physicians’ attitude towards using preventive medications as well as attempts to make home rescue plans more aggressive and self-sufficient.
a) самыми большими достижениями в контроле астмы, вероятно, являются
b) величайшие успехи в контролировании астмы могут быть
Ex.5 | Find in the text the English for the Russian words and phrases. Use them in sentences of your own on the theme of the text. |
Излечение; хронический кашель; представляющий угрозу для жизни; дыхательная недостаточность; повышенная чувствительность к; вызвать воспалительную реакцию; дыхательные пути; аллергены, переносимые по воздуху; приводить к чему-либо; распространённые симптомы; хрипы; выработка мокроты; одышка; доступность избирательных и сильнодействующих препаратов; избегая известных триггеров; ингаляционное средство; растительный лекарственный препарат; лекарственные средства для перорального применения.
Ex.6 | Complete the sentences choosing the appropriate words from the list given below. Translate the sentences into Russian. |
|
1. Some diseases are not … and their treatment is aimed at reducing the symptoms.
2. Increased … of the airways leads to inflammatory reaction to different agents such as viruses, smoke, animal dander, pollens etc.
3. Cough and … of breath are common symptoms of asthma.
4. One milligram of this substance is … to neutralize the action of the given amount of hydrochloric acid.
5. The necessary condition of breathing is the … of oxygen.
6. Some medications for asthma are taken through … .
inhalation, shortness, availability, sufficient, curable, sensitivity
Ex.7 | Complete the sentences choosing the appropriate words. Translate the sentences into Russian. |
1. This medication is potent/ pollutant and has relatively few side effects.
2. Untreated flu can result from/ result in serious complications.
3. Asthma is a disease that cannot be treated/ cured entirely.
4. Many airborne allergens can induce/ reduce an attack of asthma.
5. Asthma patients should avoid/ prevent the contact with known allergens.
6. Herbalism is a branch of medicine which only uses medications delivered/ derived from plants.
7. The epithelium that lines/ lies the airways consists of different cell types.
8. This is the most affective/ effective preventive medication for asthma.
Follow-up
Ex.8 | Go back to the text and answer the questions. |
1. What is the pathophysiology of asthma?
2. What varieties of asthma are mentioned in the text?
3. What are the common symptoms of asthma?
4. What agents can induce attacks of asthma? What are these agents called?
5. What does successful control of asthma imply?
6. How can a person suffering from asthma minimize the risk of attacks?
7. What medications are used for asthma?
Ex.9 | Choose the information from the text to match the headings. |
1. Symptoms of asthma.
2. Asthma triggers.
3. Modern approaches to asthma treatment.
4. Medications used for asthma.
Ex.10 | Discuss the questions. |
1. Why do individuals with asthma have attacks more frequently in spring and in autumn?
2. Can people suffering from asthma live a normal life? Justify your opinion.
3. How do you understand the phrase “aggressive treatment”?
