Ситуации использования тенсов/ Назначения тенсов (база)

To BE Indefinite Present -- Используется:

1 Профессии: I am a student. He is not a teacher.

2 Родственники: She is my sister. Is he your brother?

3 Эмоции: Why is he so angry? He is not angry, he is just hungry.

4 Возраст: How old are you? I am 15 (years old).

5 Описания: My friend is very kind. My car is big and comfortable.

6 Время: What time is it? It is 3 p. m. now. You are late.

7 Место: Where are you? I am at home. Is he not at work now?

There are many cars on the roads today.

8 Национальность: Where are you from? I am from Russia. I am Russian.

To BE Indefinite Past -- Используется:

1 Профессии: I was a student 5 years ago. He was my teacher.

2 Родственники: My grandfather was a doctor.

3 Эмоции: Why was he so angry? He was not angry, he was just hungry.

4 Возраст: When I was 15 years old, my family lived in Berlin.

5 Описания: That house was very big and new. The girl was tall and nice.

6 Время: What time was it? It was at 3 p. m. You were late.

7 Место: Where were you yesterday evening? I was at home.

There were many cars on the roads yesterday.

8 Национальность: Where are you from? I am from Russia. I am Russian.

To DO Indefinite Present -- Используется:

1 Обычное повторяющееся действие: I usually go to work by car.

2 Законы и явления природы: The sun rises in the East.

3 Расписания поездов, самолетов, кино What time does the film start?

4 Истории, анекдоты, комментарии: She comes into the room and sees all the mess.

5 Ментальные глаголы: I know him very well.

6 Модальные глаголы: Can you help me?

7 Imperative: Do it! Don't do it! Stop doing it!

To DO Indefinite Past -- Используется:

1 Одно действие в прошлом: The Titanic sank in 1912. I saw a new movie yesterday.

2 Повторяющееся действие в прошлом: I took Italian courses when I was a child.

3 Бывшая привычка: I used to go to the cinema a lot. (but now I don't)

4 Несколько действий подряд: He jumped up and rushed out from the room.

To BE Continuous Present -- Используется:

1 Действие в момент речи: What are you doing? I am sitting at home and watching TV.

2 Действие around now: This week I am not working.

3 Изменяющаяся ситуация: It is getting cold. Is your English getting better?

4 Я собираюсь: I am going to phone to him tomorrow morning.

5 Запланировано: Next week I am flying to Berlin.

6 Преувеличение (негатив): You are always leaving your things all over the place!

7 Особые глаголы: to live, to work, to study, to look, to feel. You are looking nice today!

To BE Continuous Past - Используется:

1 Действие длилось в точно указанный момент в прошлом.

-- What WERE you doing at 5 o'clock yesterday evening?

-- I WAS sitting at home and watching TV.

2 Действие длилось в рамках указанного периода в прошлом

— from 3 till 5 p. m.

— between 3 and 5 p. m.

— all day, the whole evening

-- What WERE you doing from 5 till 8 p. m. yesterday evening?

-- I WAS at home and I WAS reading a book all the evening.

3 Длительное действие, в которое "втыкается" короткое. When I was cooking dinner, I burnt my finger.

4 Два параллельных действия в прошлом. While I was cooking dinner, my husband was doing laundry.

5 При описании обстановки или атмосферы. The day was nice - the sun was shining, the birds were singing.

6 Преувеличение (негатив): The boy was constantly playing tricks on his poor mother.

To have The Present Perfect Indefinite -- Используется

1 Действие завершено, но момент времени ещё не истёк

I have done my homework TODAY. – Я сделал ДЗ. I have been to Paris THIS YEAR. – Я ездил в Париж в этом году.

2 Новости. I have not done my HW. – Я не сделал ДЗ. Scientists have deciphered the complete genetic code of X mammoth.

3 Когда-либо в жизни. Have you ever eaten caviar? - No, I haven't. = Вы когда-нибудь ели икру?

Have you ever had a car? = У вас когда-нибудь была машина? Have you ever been to Berlin? Have you ever read anything by Agatha Christie?

4 Действие случилось неизвестно когда, но сейчас перед нами есть результат

Sarah has broken her leg and she can't walk now. – Сара сломала ногу и не может ходить.

5 Несколько раз в жизни

I have seen this movie 3 times. = Я видел этот фильм три раза. It is the first time I have driven a car.

6 Условие завершения одного действия до появления другого

I will let you go to the cinema after you have finished your homework. = Я разрешу тебе пойти в кино только после того, как ты закончишь ДЗ.

7 Филиал Present Perfect Continuous для ментальных глаголов, to be и to have

I have known him for ages. = Я знаю его уже сто лет. I have been ill for a week. = Я болею уже неделю. I have had a car for 5 years.

8 Just, already & yet

I have JUST finish reading this book. – Я только что закончил читать эту книгу.

I have ALREADY read this book. – Я уже читал/прочитал эту книгу.

Have you read this book YET? – Ты уже читал/ прочитал эту книгу?

I haven't finish reading this book YET. – Я ещё не закончил чтение этой книги.

to have The Present Perfect Continuous

Вариант 1

В ситуации присутствуют два обязательных компонента:

1 - какой-то длительный процесс, который (возможно) уже закончился, но нет упоминаний ни о его длительности, ни о его законченности

2 - последствия этого процесса в настоящем времени

Примеры:

1 You look tired. Have you been working hard? -- Ты выглядишь усталым. Ты много работал?

2 I am wet through! I have been running in the rain. -- Я весь промок! Я бежал под дождём.

3 Look, everything is white! It has been snowing. -- Смотри, всё белое! (Долго) шёл снег!

to have The Present Perfect Continuous

Вариант 2

В ситуации присутствуют два обязательных компонента:

1 - ДЛЯЩИЙСЯ в настоящее время процесс

2 - указания на длительность этого процесса

в виде начала (since morning)

в виде общей длительности (for four hours, all day)

Примеры:

1 I have been learning English for five years. -- Я учу английский уже 5 лет

2 I have been looking for you all morning. -- Я ищу тебя всё утро.

3 How long have you been learning English? – Since I was 8. -- Как давно ты уже учишь английский? – C 8ми лет.