Иностранный язык (английский язык) Темы контрольных работ (стр. 2 )

       Общие требования:

Переведите текст со словарем (тексты прилагаются) Объясните видо-временные формы глагола (опора на тексты) Изложите разговорную тему:

«Economy and economics» - Экономия и экономика

«The main functions of management» - Главные функции менеджмента

1. Переведите с английского на русский (текст№1). Составьте 6-8 вопросов. Подчеркните сказуемое, укажите время в тексте. Разговорная тема.

Текст №1

1. Translate into English

A mere agreement is not yet a contract. Otherwise an arrangement between two friends to take a walk together, or, to dine together, might give rise to an action at law.

«Every agreement enforceable at law is a contract». This is a definition given by Polock. It is worthy of careful though, because a contract is often defined as an agreement enforceable at law. This is far from correct. An agreement which cannot be enforced at law, because it doen`t fulfil the requirement of certain statues, may still be a contract.

A contract is an enforceable agreement between two or more competent persons embodying an acceptance by another. This definition kike most definition fails adequately to define so comprehensive a tern as contract. The reason is that it is impossible to compress into one sentence all the requirements and circumstances attending the formation of valid contract.

Commonly the term contract is used by English lawers to convey the idea of responsibility which arises from voluntary engagement of one person another. A contract gives rise to certain rights and obligations. But these rights and obligations cannot arise accept between the parties to the contract.

A contract may be binding upon one party to the contract and not upon the other.

Written contracts are not always more binding than oral contacts.

2. Переведите с английского на русский (текст№2). Составьте 6-8 вопросов. Подчеркните сказуемое, укажите время в тексте. Разговорная тема.

Текст №2

1. Translate into English

Consideration is the very essence of a contract. An offer can be withdrawn at any time before acceptance because there is no consideration for keeping it open.

In order to make a valid contract one must observe certain necessaryconditions.

Unenforceable means valid in itself but not capable of being proved in a court ofjustice.

Voidable means capable of being affirmed or repudiated by one or other of the parties according to his wishes. Void means destitute of legal affect. An illegal contract is a mutual agreement to do something contrary to law or public policy. An executed contract is one in which the object of the contract is at once performed whilst an executory contract is one in which one of the parties finds himself to do or not to do a given thing at some future date. Illegal considerations will not make a binding contract. A contract containing an agreement to do anything immoral, indecent or contr ary to law is void as for example contracts to commit, conceal or compound a crime. If only part of the consideration is contrary to law the entire contract is void. A contract founded on a consideration naturally or physically impossible is also void.

3. Переведите с английского на русский (текст№3). Составьте 6-8 вопросов. Подчеркните сказуемое, укажите время в тексте. Разговорная тема.

Текст №3

1. Translate into English

An offer is a proposal. One may revoke a simple offer at any time before it is accepted and in order that it may become binding it must be accepted as made and not with variations or conditions.

It is generally more difficult to conclude that there has been an acceptance than that there has been an offer.

A person who makes an offer is called an offerer: a person to whom an offer is made an offeree. if the offeree accepts the offer he is also called an acceptor. When one person writes an offer to sell and another person at the same time writes an identical offer to buy there might appear to be an acceptance before the offer. This however is not true. We here have two

offers and no acceptance.

An acceptance sent in the same manner in which offer was received is binding until actually received by the offerer if the offerer requested or suggested some other manner of acceptance or if he stated that the offer would not be good till acceptance was received. An offer so long as it is

unrevoked may be accepted within the time designated in the offer and if no time is designated then within a reasonable time under the circumstances.

The person who rnakes an offer may attach any conditions he pleases to it and prescribe any term as of acceptance he chooses. No one is compelled to accept the offer and there is no acceptance until all the terms are complied with however ridiculous they may be.

4. Переведите с английского на русский (текст№4). Составьте 6-8 вопросов. Подчеркните сказуемое, укажите время в тексте. Разговорная тема.

Текст №4

1. Translate into English

Business consists essentially of making and discharge of contracts.

The error annuls the contracts with the exception of cases when the contracting party would have been equally willing to enter into a contract with any other person.

When there is a mutual mistake as to the existence of the subject matter, the defendant can rescind the contract.

A person cannot avoid a contract on the grounds of his own fraud. Certain contracts shall not be enforceable unless they are in writing and are sighed by the party to be charged of his agent; for example, contracts not to be performed within a year.

Rescission of contracts is the revocation of contracts and agreements. Contracts may be annulled by mutual consent of the parties, which may occur by the act of one party where the other has failure has been partral only.

The term «covenant» is applied to denote a contract under seal; and the term «agreement» generally denotes a contract not under seal.

A simple contract is other called a «parol» contract, and it makes no difference whether it is in writing or only made orally.

The term «promise» is used to signiff any mere parol engagement by one person with another whether there is no consideration fort he promise nor any corresponding duty on the part of him to whom it is made

5. Переведите с английского на русский (текст№5). Составьте 6-8 вопросов. Подчеркните сказуемое, укажите время в тексте. Разговорная тема.

Текст №5

1. Translate into English

Auctioneers are agents appointed by the seller to sell goods either privately or by public auction for a reward generally in the form of commission. The relationship between a banker and his customer is really that of debtor and creditor. The banker is the debtor so long as money of the customer remains in his hands.

A broker is an agent employed to buy or to sell goods for other people for compensation commonly called brokerage. However, a broker is not entrusted with the possession of the goods in which he deals and cannot sue or act in his own name.

A stockbroker is a member of the exchange and effects sales and purchases of stocks and shares by dealing with other members of the exchange of which he is a member.

A stockjobber is a member of the London Stock Exchange who buys and sells on his own behalf but a stockbroker is a member of the London StockExchange who buys and sells on behalf of a principle.

Commission agents are a somewhat indefinite class of agents who buy and sell goods or transact business generally for other persons receiving for their labour and trouble a cer{ain payment, generally calculated at so much per cent, upon the amount of the transaction.

6. Переведите с английского на русский (текст№6). Составьте 6-8 вопросов. Подчеркните сказуемое, укажите время в тексте. Разговорная тема.

Текст №6

1. Translate into English

The auctioneer is primarily the a gent of the seller and his authority may be revoked at any time before a sale takes place unless the rights of third parties have intervened.

When no principle is disclosed the auctioneer is personally liable upon the contract and he may be sure in his own name.

The duties of an auctioneer are to obey the instructions of his principle and to carry out his duties himself and clerks unless he has authority to do so.

A factor is an agent employed to sell goods delivered to him by or for his principle for a compensation in the from of commission. He differs from a broker principally in the fact that he takes the possession, management and control of goods whereas a broker does not. He may buy or sell as the case may be for his principle in his own name or in the name of the principle whereas a broker should buy and sell in the name of his principle only. It has often been questioned whether an agent can under any circumstances take a commission from both sides, from his own principle and from the third party. There is no doubt that the practice is very common and it appears that there is nothing illegal in it if the principle approves or has distinct notice of the fact.

7. Переведите с английского на русский (текст№7). Составьте 6-8 вопросов. Подчеркните сказуемое, укажите время в тексте. Разговорная тема.

Текст №7

1. Translate into English

The price is generally fixed by the parties. But it necessary that the price should be fixed before hand. It valuation of a third person.

When goods are sold by description it is an implied condition that the goods shall coffespond with the description if the buyer relies upon it.

When the sale is by sample the bulk shall coffespond with the sample in quality or the buy shall have reasonable opportntriti. r for comparing the bulk with the sample.

No particular form of words is needed to create a warranty as every affirmation which is made at the time of the time of the sale oi u p. rronul chattel is a warranty.

Where goods are delivered to the buyer an approval or «on sale or return» or on other similar terms the property in them passes to the buyer as soon he approves of them or does some act showing his adopiion of the transaction; and finally he will be presumed to have approved of the goods if he retains them and gives no notice of rejection wittiin a reasonable time.