УДК 658.7
аспирант кафедры экономики и управления предприятиями и производственными комплексами
Санкт-Петербургский государственный экономический университет
*****@***ru
СЕТЕВАЯ ЛОГИСТИКА КЛАСТЕРНЫХ ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЙ
NETWORK LOGISTICS OF CLUSTER INTERACTIONS
Аннотация: Выявлены структурные признаки, позволяющие соотнести кластерную организацию кооперирования
с тенденцией сетевой логистизации. Определена необходимость формирования логистической сети кластера в целях оптимизации внешних и внутренних ресурсных потоков. Отмечена ключевая роль организации потоков информации
в структуре логистической сети в связи с ускоряющимися темпами развития рынка информационно-коммуникационных технологий.
Annotation: In the article are revealed the structural signs allowing to correlate the clustered organisation of cooperation with
a tendency of a networked logistization. The necessary of formation of logistic network of a cluster for optimization of external
and internal resource streams was defined. The key role of the organization of flows of information in structure of logistic network i
n connection with the accelerating rates of development of the market of information and communication technologies is noted.
Ключевые слова: сетевая логистика, кластерная организация, логистическая сеть кластера, оптимизация потоков ресурсов, сетевой синергетический эффект.
Key words: The networked logistics, organisation of clusters, the logistics network of clusters, the resources flows optimization, effect of networked synergy.
In process of growth of scales and complication of processes the market interaction objectively arises the need to establishment of the long relations between participants of economic activity that corresponds to the network form of management. The organization of network interaction gives to the companies the following advantages:
1. The possibility of concentration and specialization on the functions which are key for ensuring competitive advantages;
2. The decrease in unit costs and investments;
3. The increase in efficiency of functioning through use of assets of several firms, that are located in different elements of the value chain;
4. The attracting of the independent organizations for performance of the accompanying kinds of activity for concentrating on the core competencies;
5. The ensuring the operation stability on the basis of recognition by participants of of the value chains of the interdependence, the more open information exchange and the customization of production;
6. The systematic increase of the level of employees skills [3].
As well as in another type of the organization, in networked structures also the special place is assigned to performance of logistic the manifestation of the network approach in logistics is intensification of activities for formation of logistic networks. In the modern conditions the development of mechanisms of the networked logistics is a necessary factor of economic development in connection with integration of scales of activity, territorial and branched cooperation of the organizations, with strengthening of influence of scientific and innovative activity in the productions processes and also in connection with an intensification of development of the sphere of the information and communication technology (IT) leading to the intensive growth of knowledge, to a virtualization of economy, to a high degree of mobility of factors of production, the labor, the capital, the information.
The logistics network within network approach can be defined as set of the equal and independent organizations between which are established the interrelations in the course of the organization of economic streams of the resources based on the mutual obligations and responsibility, which functions at the expense of the general resource base [4]. The purpose of formation of logistics network, as well as of any other network structure is to decrease in transaction expenses of participants and maximizing the cumulative income due to emergence of network synergetic effect is. In this shows the economic aspect of creation of logistic networks.
The logistics network has a horizontal direction (in it its cardinal difference from logistics system) and is based on use of specialization and the debugged cooperation with suppliers of goods and the intrinsic characteristics of a network form of the organization are the refusal of the rigid hierarchy of interaction, the transition to fixing of certain functions in the knots of networks, the equality of participants, the certain model of the coordination based on the market mechanism (by contract), common use of assets with preservation of economic independence of participants, which «focused the efforts» only on own key competences [3].
The submitted characteristic of logistic network corresponds to the cluster form of interaction of the organizations because the formation and development of the cluster requires unified community of continuously interacting actors, which could allocate themself from the environment. The logic of vertical and horizontal interactions of the organizations within a cluster consists, finally, in the aspiration to minimize expenses, including transaction costs [1]. This fact adequately stimulates participants of a cluster to form own logistic network in the form of "subcluster" or to excrete the specified processes to outsourcing, for example, in the logistics cluster, which is the independent network structure which assumes interaction of the independent geographically concentrated market players, which implement logistics functions and efforts the whom are directed to maintenance of a full cycle of the main and the accompanying streams and through optimization of resources from initial suppliers to ultimate consumers [2, P. 78].
Cooperation of participants of a cluster in principle is their logistic integration. The cluster, as the logistics system, unites all actors of the logistic chain in the way of value creation, starting with the delivery of raw materials to sales of finished products to end consumers. In this case, the cluster by its activities, solves the problem of optimization of processes of flows and of the risng of efficiency through whole system synergy, not by the individual participant. Thus, the potential of economic growth of the clustered structures, along with the competition is logistics. Clusterisation of region or industry, in effect, means its logistisation [5, P. 5]. However, the presence of well-developed cooperative logistics network can't provide the full formation of sectoral or regional cluster, because the interorganizational bonds in logistics networks are more conservative than in clusters. They are strictly defined by functions of elements of logistics chain and do not imply the obligatory presence of a «critical mass» of participants of the cluster, that ensure the existence of basic structural characteristics of a cluster – interaction in a competitive environment.
Another words, the main objective of logistic network within a cluster is transformation of material and non-material streams of the independent organizations having the hierarchical (system) forms of management to the network forms which are as close as possible to modern conditions of high market dynamics and to the providing factors of that.
In view of that in world economy the markets of information and communication technologies maintain the need for continuous creation of innovative products (services) of the mass and individual demand, the question of transformation and distribution of information streams among participants of a cluster becomes rather relevant. Participants branch of information and communication technologies often function as networked structure, which inherent the high extent of self-organization. Offering to buyers the products and services, they act on behalf of network, owning only by its separate part, sometimes absolutely small, but providing to consumers access to all set of network resources [6, Page 56 - 57]. Similar forms of the organization of business can be defined how logistics network.
Are the advantages of the networked logistics organization of a cluster:
1. The formation of the general resource base of participants;
2. The creation of a common knowledge base for exchange of necessary competences and information;
3. The distribution of risks between partners and the consistence of interaction;
4. The unification of the mechanism of information transfer and technologies;
5. The stability of information communications.
Information platforms of generation and dissemination of knowledge as a part of logistic network of a cluster, it is supposed to create on the basis of the universities and institutes, who enters a cluster, but, at the initial stage of formation of a cluster it can be the partial association of internal enterprise portals of participants of a cluster for placement of the general information. The inclusion in a cluster of the educational and scientific organizations are requires creation of the uniform portal of generation and dissemination of knowledge.
Thus, the modern cluster has to include not only the scientific organizations and manufacturing installations, but also the chains of research and production in a whole: the training centers, the engineering centers, the centers of a transfer of technologies, social objects, what also confirms the importance of formation of logistic network of a cluster for the optimization of material and non-material streams of resources providing efficiency of «transfer of knowledge» and the creation of new non-standard decisions.
Список литературы
Инновационное развитие промышленного кластера/ , , . – СПб.: Изд-во Политехн. ун-та, 2012. – 350 c. Логистические кластеры: сущность и виды/ //Экономические науки.-2011. -№77. - С. 78-81. Современные формы организации логистики: системы и сети // УЭкС. 2011. №32. URL: http://cyberleninka. ru/article/n/sovremennye-formy-organizatsii-logistiki-sistemy-i-seti (дата обращения: 24.02.2017). Инвариантность сетевых форм организации логистических цепей/ , // Вестник Астраханского государственногог технического университета. Серия: Экономика. – 2011. - № 2. – С. 72-79. Логистика кластерных структур региональной экономики/ // Современные проблемы науки и образования. 2014. №4 С.364. Рынки ИКТ: инновационная активность и восприимчивость к инноватике/// Экономика и предпринимательство. 2016. № 7(72). С. 55 - 61.
