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To know Human Anatomy Is Important
Every student of Physical Culture College must know human body as it helps him to master other subjects such as physiology, biochemistry, theory of physical education and others. Besides, the knowledge of the theoretical essentials of anatomy helps the students to understand as well as the laws of its evolution in terms of scientific materialism. And more still, the knowledge of anatomy deepens the proficiency of the student in biological sciences and physical culture.
The teacher of physical culture as well as the trainer can decide of problems of modern physical education and sport only if they know the structure of human body, the changes which happen to it with age and also the effect of physical loading on the functioning of the body.
Vocabulary
the theoretical essentials – теоретические основы
proficiency … in biological sciences — знания … в области биологических наук
... the changes which happen to it with age — изменения,
которые происходят в организме с возрастом
physical loading — физическая нагрузка
in terms of scientific materialism – с точки зрения научного материализма
The man
The human body consists of the following main parts: a head, a torso and limbs. Our head is the centre of all bodily activity.
The forehead, the eyes, the eyebrows and the. eyelashes, the nose, the mouth, the cheeks and the chin make the face. The mouth consists of two lips, teeth and a tongue. The eyes and the ears are very important organs. We 'see with our eyes and we hear with our ears.
The main parts of the torso are the chest, the shoulders, the blades, the back, the waist and the hips. The leg consists of a thigh, a calf, a 'knee, a shin, an ankle and a foot. The foot in its turn consists of a heel, a sole, an instep, a ball and toes.
The arm consists of an upper-arm, an elbow, a forearm and a hand. The wrist is the joint which unites the arm with the hand. The 'hand consists of a palm a back of the hand, four fingers fore finger, middle finger, ring finger, little finger and a thumb.
The surest way to keep fit is to go in for sport all our life. So let's make it our motto.
Words and Word Combinations
consist of — состоять из
surest way to keep fit — верный путь быть здоровым и
бодрым
human — человеческий
arvel — чудо
torso — туловище
limb - конечность
forehead — лоб.
eye — глаз
eyebrow — бровь waist — талия
thigh — бедро
calf— икра (ноги)
knее — колено
shin - голень.
ankle - лодыжка
heel - пятка
sole — подошва
instep - подъем
toe палец на ноге ball - подушечка пальца
eyelash — ресничка
mouth - рот
tooth — зуб,
tongue — язык,
lip — губа,
cheek — щека,
chin — подбородок face — лицо
ear — ухо
chest — грудная клетка,
shoulder — плечо blade — лопатка
back - спинa
arm-pits подмышки
elbow - локоть
forearm — предплечье,
hand — рука, (кисть)
wrist запястье
joint - сустав
palm – ладонь
finger - палец руки
thumb большой палец руки,
motto - девиз
Find odd words.
a) face, nose, eyes, knee, head, mouth, hair;
elbow, arm, upper arm, forearm, ribs, hand; shin, foot, ball, knee, ankle, fingers, sole; back of the hand, fingers, wrist, thigh, palm.Fill in the blanks.
The swimmer opens his... in the water. 2. The player broke the... of his left leg. 3. The weightlifter puts the bar on his... and then performs the last movement. 4. The wrestler put his opponent on the... . 5. The action of the... is very important in the throw. 6. Every part of his leg — his thigh, his ankle and... was put into action. 7. He has weak... and can’t swim the stroke properly.
Questions
1. What main parts does the body consist of?
2. What the main parts of the torso?
3. What does the leg consist of?
4. What makes the face? 5. Name the parts of the, the foot, the arm, the hand.
6. What is the surest way keep fit?
DIALOGUE
A: At the next lesson we must name all the parts of the. Let repeat them.
B: Oh, it is very useful to repeat them now. So what are the main parts of the human body?
A: The main parts of the human body are: the head, the torso and the climbs. Now tell me about the organs of breathing.
B: The organs of breathing are: the nose, the mouth, the throat and the lungs. These organs are very important for the life of a man. I've forgotten the English for the English organ which joins the head to the torso.
A.: Oh, it's the neck. Tell me, what does the arm consist of?
В.: The arm consists of the upper arm, the elbow and the forearm. The part from the shoulder to the elbow is the upper arm from the elbow to the wrist is the forearm. And what does the leg consist of?
A.: The leg consists of the thigh, the knee, the shin and the foot.
В.: We have mentioned almost everything, haven’ t we?
A.: I suppose we have.
В.: Let us 'call it а day then. (Давайте на этом закончим)
A.: Yes, let us.
Human body
Human body is a marvel of construction. Every part of the human body has its own duty which it performs without difficulty as long as the man takes care of his health.
If we are not careful enough we may sprain an ankle, twist a blade, pull a muscle, strain the eyes, break a leg or an arm, etc.
It is important for sportsmen learning the English language to know well the names of all parts of the human body in English as all special sporting texts contain a great number of words concerning numerous parts of the body. Especially it concerns such kinds of sport as swimming, track-and-field athletics, gymnastics, boxing, sports games and others.
The knowledge of such words helps the student to better understand sports texts and makes communication between sportsmen easier.
Students engaged in different kinds of sport have to read much English literature. Learning English words helps the student to acquire the necessary proficiency.
Questions
What harm can we do to our body if we are not careful enough? Is it important for sportsmen learning the English language to know well the names of all parts of the human body in English? Do the special sporting texts contain a great number of words concerning numerous parts of the boy? What kinds of sport does it especially concern?HEALTHY FOOD
All food is made up of nutrients which our bodies use. There are different kinds of nutrients: carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals. Different foods contain different nutrients.
Before we cut down on fat, sugar and salt, we have to know a bit more about the kind of food these things might be in. The biggest problem comes when these things are hidden in other foods: biscuits, crisps, sausages, meat pies, soft drinks and so on. The best way is to get into the habit of checking the ingredients and nutritional value on the sides of packets although this isn't always easy to do. Another thing to know is, for example, that we do need fat to live, it's an essential part of our diet and physically we couldn't exist without it. But we all know that to eat much fat is bad for our health. The matter is that there are different kinds of fat. There are fats that are good for us and fats that are bad for us. Eating less of the bad ones and more of the good ones can actually help us to live longer! Bad fats are the saturated fats, found in animal productions, like red meat, butter and cheese.
Friendly fats are the unprocessed fats found naturally in foods like nuts and seeds, olives, avocados and oily fish, including tuna.
One more thing to know is that when food is cooked, its structure changes. It can change the vitamin and nutrient contents of food.
More and more people feel strongly about the way, their food is produced. Nowadays so much of the basic food we eat — meat, fish, fruit and vegetables — is grown using chemicals and additives. Although fertilizers and pesticides have greatly increased the quantity of food and helped to improve its appearance, there is a growing concern about the effects of these chemicals in the food chain. This concern has led to a growth in the demand for organically grown products.
Today there is another problem. It is modified food, which is cheaper that ordinary one. There is a rumour that such food can cause cancer and other problems. Nobody knows, either is just an imagined fear or a real problem. This problem could be solved and examined, but it will take some time.
The food we eat depends on lots of things. Taste is a big factor. Culture, religion and health also play a part in what food we eat. Advertising and social factors also have a big influence.
Income is also an important factor. That is why not surprisingly, money, rather than a lack of knowledge about how to eat well, is at the heart of the problem.
Finally, there are three main messages to follow for healthy eating:
First, we should eat less fat, particularly saturated:
Secondly, we are to cut down on sugar and salt.
Thirdly, we must eat more fresh fruit and vegetables.
QUESTIONS:
What nutrients do you know? What are the main things to know about food we eat? What fats are good? What fats are dangerous for our health? What are the main factors that determine the food we eat? What are three main messages to follow for healthy eating?VOCABULARY:
nutrient — питательное вещество
carbohydrate — углевод
protein — белок
fat — жир
to contain — содержать
to cut down on — уменьшить прием чего-л.
to hide (past hid, p. p. hidden) — прятать, спрятать
crisp — ломкий, хрупкий
to get into the habit of — зд. взять за привычку
essential — существенный, жизненно важный
saturated fat — жиры с высоким содержанием насыщенных жирных кислот
butter — масло
unprocessed fat — необработанные жиры
seed — семя, семечко
avocado — авокадо, аллигаторова груша
tuna — тунец
additive — добавка
fertilizer — удобрение
pesticide — пестицид, ядохимикат
to increase — увеличить
to improve — улучшить
concern — интерес, участие, заинтересованное отношение
food chain — пищевая цепочка
to lead (past led, p. p. led) — вести, приводить
demand — потребность
modified food — модифицированная еда
rumour — молва, слух(и), слушок, толки
to cause — быть причиной, вызывать
cancer — рак (онкология)
fear — страх, боязнь, опасение
to solve — решать
to depend on — зависеть от
income — прибыль; заработок
lack — недостаток, нужда; отсутствие чего-л.
THE ENVIRONMENT: PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
Read the text and translate it.
Problems. Pollution damage to the air, sea, rivers or land caused by chemicals, waste and harmful gases. The biggest polluter today is the car. Exhaust fumes are the main cause of bad air quality, which can make people feel ill and have difficulty breathing. This problem is especially bad in big cities where, on days when there is not much wind, a brown layer of smog hangs in the air. The number of cars is increasing every year and this causes serious congestion. Governments build new roads trying, to improve the situation, but this means that they cut down trees and destroy more of the countryside.
The greenhouse effect is caused by harmful gases known as greenhouse gases. These gases are produced when we burn fuels, especially coal burned in power stations to make electricity. The gases go up into the Earth's atmosphere and stop heat from leaving the Earth. As the heat cannot escape, the temperature on the Earth is panning up. This is known as global warming. Global warming may result in the melting of the ice at the Poles and rising of sea levels, leading to serious flooding and other disasters in many parts of the world. In other places the temperature will rise and there will be less rain, turning more of the land into desert.
Holes in the ozone layer. The ozone layer is a layer of gases that protects us from ultraviolet light coming from the sun, which can have a harmful effect on animals and causes skin cancer in humans.
Acid rain is a rain harmful to the environment because it contains acid from factory smoke. Acid rains cause damage to trees, rivers and buildings.
Species extinction is a natural feature of the evolution of life on earth, the best-known example is the disappearance of the dinosaurs. In the last 400 years, however, human activities have been responsible for the loss of most of the animals and plants that have disappeared.
Deforestation is the term used to describe the disappearance of forests from large parts of the world's surface. Deforestation has been occurring steadily since the XX-th century.
Solutions. Alternative forms of transport. One of the main problems with cars is that they cause a lot of pollution and often carry only one person. Public transport is more environmentally friendly because buses and trains can carry large number of people at the same time. Even cleaner solutions are electric cars and bicycles.
Alternative energy sources such as wind, wave and solar power do not pollute the environment. They are much cleaner than oil and coal, but it's more difficult to get them regularly.
Recycling is another solution: instead of throwing away glass, paper, cans can be taken to special "banks" and recycled there.
Protecting. Many people try to protect the environment by joining environmental groups that inform people about ecological problems and try to persuade governments to take more care of the environment, especially by organizing problems.
Vocabulary
acid rain — кислотный дождь
after-effect — последствие
alternative forms of transport / sources of energy — альтернативные виды транспорта (источники энергии), т. е. не наносящие ущерба окружающей среде
to cut down trees — вырубать деревья
disaster — катастрофа
dump — свалка
dustbin — мусорный бак
the environment — окружающая среда
to harm / damage / destroy / pollute the environment — наносить ущерб окружающей среде
to protect the environment (to look after the environment) — защищать окружающую среду
environmentalist / green (person) — эколог, «зеленый»
exhaust fumes — выхлопные газы
finite resources — исчерпаемые ископаемые
flooding — наводнение
habitat — среда обитания
global warming — глобальное потепление
the greenhouse effect — парниковый эффект
littler (to littler) / rubbish / refuse / waste / trash — мусор (мусорить), отходы
the ozone layer — озоновый слой
to pollute — загрязнять (polluter; polluted; pollution; pollutant (gases))
to pour waste into water — сливать отходы в водоемы
power station — электростанция
purification system — очистные сооружения
to recycle — перерабатывать
recycling centers — центры по переработке отходов
solar / wave / wind power — энергия солнца, волн, ветра
toxic waster — токсичные отходы
ultraviolet light — ультрафиолетовое излучение
2. Divide the words and expressions given below into two lists: "protectors of the environment" and "threats to the environment".
greenhouse effect, car, power station, national park, smog, Greenpeace, acid rain, urban development, recycling, species extinction, global warming, lead-free petrol, exhaust fumes, ozone layer, cutting down trees, toxic waste, rubbish, dustbins.
3. Match word combinations with their translations.
to pollute the atmosphere токсичные отходы
rubbish bin парниковый эффект
environmental problems загрязнять атмосферу
endangered species электростанция
acid rain мусорный бак
the greenhouse effect переработанная бумага
ultraviolet light солнечная энергия
solar power проблемы окружающей среды
the ozone layer исчезающий вид
power station кислотный дождь
toxic waste ультрафиолетовые лучи
recycled paper озоновый слой
4. Put in an appropriate word or word combination.
All the bottles we use now are made from... glass; Wolves used to be common throughout Europe, but are now...; Local people are protesting because the planned new road will... the environment; ... the forest will destroy the habitat of thousands of birds and animals; The biggest..., today is the car; ... may cause the ice at the North Pole and South Pole to melt and sea level to rise, leading to serious... in many parts of the world; ... is the layer of gases that protects us from... the sun; In the last few years the news has been full of stories of hurricanes, floods droughts and other... caused by the weather.5. Translate into English.
6. Correct the following statements.
Acid rain is friendly to nature; The more trees we cut down, the more trees grow, It's better to busy rubbish than to recycle it; The higher the average temperature on the Earth, the better; Recycling centers are places where rubbish is buried; People who are trying to protect nature are called naturalists.7. Explain the following.
Greenpeace alternative forms of transport smog
the greenhouse effect power station global warming
acid rain recycling dump
8. Which word in each line is the odd one out? Why?
car | bicycle | plane | space rocket |
to pollute | to harm | to litter | to recycle |
ultraviolet light | acid rain | smog | the greenhouse effect |
rain | flooding | melting | air pollution |
recycling | burying rubbish | planting trees | ecological education |
9. Translate from Russian into English.
одна из главных проблем перевозить к.-л.
одновременно выбрасывать
перерабатывать исправить положение
вырабатывать электричество защищать к.-л. от ч.-л.
охранять окружающую среду информировать о ч.-л.
убеждать наносить ущерб ч.-л
выхлопные газы сжигать топливо
пустыня вызывать ч.-л„
быть причиной
10. Fill in the correct word derived from the word in brackets.
The Environment: Our Responsibility.
These days it is... (possible) to open a newspaper without reading about the damage we are doing to the environment. The earth is being... (threat) and the future looks... (horror). What can each of us do?
We cannot clean up our... (pollute) rivers and seas overnight. Nor can we stop the... (appear) of plants and animals. But we can stop adding to the problem while... (science) search for answers and laws are passed in nature's... (defend). It may not be so easy to change your lifestyle and habits... (complete) but some steps are easy to take: cut down the amount of... (drive) you do or use as little plastic as possible. It is also easy to save energy, which also reduces... (house) bills.
We must all make a personal... (decide) to work for the future of our planet if we want to... (sure) a better world for our grandchildren.
11. Answer the questions on the text.
1. Why is the car the biggest polluter? What are other polluters?
Why can the greenhouse effect be dangerous? What do you know about holes in the ozone layer? What are the alternative forms of transport? Can they really solve the problem of air pollution? What is recycling? Do you think the protests organized by the "greens" are really effective?12. Points for discussion.
Observe environmental problems and solutions to them. Think of some consequences of the environmental problems. Use the 1-st and 2-nd Conditionals and don't forget about modal verbs.Ex.: If the average temperature increases it might lead to flooding. If there were no ozone layer we would die of skin cancer.
Do you think that the condition of the environment depends only on industry or on ordinary people too? We often hear the words "harmful effects of civilization on nature". What do they mean? Illustrate the results of harmful and helpful influences of human contacts with nature.13. Put the verbs into the correct form.
Pollution is spoiling the air you breath!
Pollution (hang) like a brown cloud over New York today Dirt smoke (pour) from cars and factories. Pollution (spoil) the air we breathe, and it (harm) our health.
New York (have) a big problem these days. The city (have) dirty air. The air (smell) bad, and it (look) ugly. Pollution (be) a health problem, too, because it (hurt) people's lungs.
