1) exposure to sun
2) overeating
3) vitamin lacking
4) fluid diet
98. The ampoules are first washed with ordinary water…
1) by hand or automatic machines
2) and then with pyrogen-free distilled water
3) is dried from the frozen state.
4) by treating it with an acid
99. After filling the ampoules are closed with…
1) is dried from the frozen state.
2) by hand or automatic machines
3) sterilized rubber caps or stoppers.
4) a fine powder
Составьте предложения в правильном порядке.
1sleeplessness, 2) of, 3) complains, 4) patient, 5) the.
1) 12345
2) 32451
3) 54321
4) 23451
1The course, 2) to me, 3) the inflammation, 4) was, 5) in the kidneys, 6) of, 7) injections, 8) preventing, 9) prescribed.
1)
2)
3)
4)
1To be, 2) he, 3) want, 4) didn’t, 5) operated on.
1) а) 15423
2) б) 24315
3) в) 12345
4) г) 25341
1To, 2) like, 3) my, 4) tablets, 5) little, 6) doesn’t, 7) niece, 8) take.
1)
2)
3)
4)
1Of, 2) who, 3) the wards, 4) round, 5) an, 6) makes, 7) evening?
1) 1234567
2) 2657413
3) 7654321
4) 2653417
1Right, 2) was, 3) diagnosis, 4) the, 5) initial?
1) 25431
2) 21345
3) 25431
4) 24531
1The clinic, 2) why, 3) from, 4) was, 5) the patient, 6) discharged?
1) 245631
2) 254631
3) 263514
4) 134526
1a light, 2) him, 3) did, 4) administer, 5) the doctor, 6) diet?
1) 354216
2) 345261
3) 521346
4) 564321
1Depend on, 2) what, 3) a, 4) recovery, 5) successful, 6) does?
1) 265431
2) 263541
3) 123456
4) 356214
Выберите верный вариант перевода выделенного слова
109. Human activity is influencing the global environment.
1) Постоянно разрушается
2) оказывает постоянное влияние
3) происходит благодаря
4) оказывало влияние
110. The work being done at present in the laboratory solves a lot of problems.
1) Выполняемая
2) выполненная
3) которая будет выполнена
4) завершённая
111. They said that they had worked in the laboratory.
1) Работали
2) работают
3) будут работать
4) закончили работу.
Выберите правильную форму глагола.
112. A patient complained that his prescription (был потерян).
1) was lost
2) had been lost
3) lost
4) loose
113. A newly discovered substance (добавлено) to the list of Pharmacopoeia.
1) was added
2) has been added
3) had been added
4) will have been added
114. All tests (проверены) and (сложены) into special boxes.
1) have been checked and put
2) had been checked and put
3) has been checked and put
4) were checked and put
115. This solution (не будет готов) by 6 o’clock tomorrow.
1) won’t be prepared
2) wasn’t prepared
3) won’t have been prepared
4) didn’t prepare
116. I came to the drugstore at that time all the drugs (были разложены) on the shelves and prices (были написаны) on drug packs.
1) was put …. was written
2) will be put …. written
3) had put …. had written
4) had been put …. had been written
117. The saline solutions (подготовлены) according to the instruction.
1) have been prepared
2) will be prepared
3) are preparing
4) were preparing
118. A new book on pharmacology (опубликована) recently.
1) was published
2) is published
3) has been published
4) have published
119. This report (будет закончен) by next month.
1) will have been finished
2) will be finished
3) was finished
4) is finished
120. The lethal dose of anesthetic (была введена) before doctor could say something.
1) had been injected
2) has been injected
3) was injected
4) have been injected
121. Ten new hospitals (открылись) in our country.
1) have been opened
2) was open
3) had opened
4) were opened
122. Before the drug was approved by the Pharmaceutical Board, it (было оценено) by toxicologists.
1) was estimated
2) is estimated
3) were estimated
4) had been estimated
123. This medicine (будет выпущено) by the end of this week.
1) shall be produced
2) will be produced
3) will has produced
4) will have been produced
124. A patient (прописаны) anticoagulants and anesthetics.
1) has been prescribed
2) have been prescribed
3) are prescribed
4) is prescribed
125. A patient (не был проинструктирован) about all dangers of this drug intake, and this led to fatal consequences.
1) hadn’t been instructed
2) didn’t instruct
3) wasn’t instructed
4) is not instructed
126. We …. water for drinking and domestic purposes every day.
1) are using
2) uses
3) use
4) do use
127. When a patient woke up the nurse ….. already … for a doctor.
1) have sent
2) was sent
3) had sent
4) had been sent
128. Usually we …. experiments in the morning, but yesterday we …. experiments from 5 to 8 p. m.
1) make – are making
2) are making – were making
3) make – were making
4) make – made
Выберите правильный вариант ответа на вопрос
129. What’s the purpose of using the method of “blind control” in the clinical tests?
1) to exclude the possibility of bias.
2) to investigate the drug’s influence on the blind patients.
3) to prevent overdose.
4) to study the side effects.
130. In what stage is penicillin extracted from the culture medium?
1) fermentation.
2) extracted from the culture medium, concentrated and purified
3) testing
4) freeze-drying process
131. what vitamin is needed to prevent rickets?
1)a
2)b
3)c
4)d
132. In what states of aggregation does water occur in nature?
1) only in solid and vapour condition
2) only in liquid condition
3) only in liquid and solid condition
4) in liquid, solid and vapour condition
133. The human body is composed of more than..... of water.
1) 90 per cent
2) 86 per cent
3) 70 per cent
4) 96 per cent
134. the digestion does not occur in the……..
1) stomach
2) large intestine
3) small intestine
4) oral cavity
135. What is the most exact definition of a solution?
1) physically homogeneous mixture of two substances
2) solids in liquids
3) liquids in liquids
4) gases in liquids
136. What is the process of separating liquids from solids with the view of obtaining the liquids in a transparent condition.
1) Filtration
2) mechanical cleaning
3) separation
4) absorption
137. Who gives the permission for the drug to be produced and used for treatment in Russia?
1) the Ministry of Health Care
2) The Pharmacological Chamber
3) the Government
4) the governmental Food and Drug Administration
138. This vitamin is essential for the maintenance of normal epithelial tissue.
1) Vitamin A
2) Vitamin B
3) Vitamin C
4) Vitamin D
139. The lack of this vitamin in food leads to a serious disease – beri-beri.
1) Vitamin B
2) Vitamin C
3) Vitamin D
4) Vitamin E
140. The lack of this vitamin in food may lead to rickets.
1) Vitamin D
2) Vitamin E
3) Vitamin B
4) Vitamin C
141. The lack of this vitamin in food may lead to the night blindness
1) Vitamin A
2) Vitamin B
3) Vitamin D
4) Vitamin C
142. Match the name of the vitamin with its synonym: Riboflavin
1) Vitamin B2
2) Vitamin D
3) Vitamin A
4) Vitamin B6
143. Match the name of the vitamin with its synonym: Thiamine
1) Vitamin B6
2) Vitamin A
3) Vitamin E
4) Vitamin C
144. Match the name of the vitamin with its synonym: Ascorbic acid
1) Vitamin C
2) Vitamin D
3) Vitamin E
4) Vitamin B1
145. Match the name of the vitamin with its synonym: Cyanocobalamin
1) Vitamin B12
2) Vitamin E
3) Vitamin A
4) Vitamin B2
Подберите синоним
146. Find the synonym: by the oral route.
1) per os
2) through the mouth
3) intestinally
4) intravenously.
Определите, о каком антибиотике идет речь
147. ……. IS VERY IMPORTANT SINCE IT ENABLES THE NERVE CELLS TO REST.
1) MENTAL WORK
2) DIGESTIVE DIET
3) SOUND SLEEP
4) EMOTIONAL OUTBREAK
148. It is frequently saves children's lives in so grave a disease as colibacillosis. It is also successfully used in surgery and dermatology.
1) gramicidin
2) colimycin
3) penicillin
4) ampicillin
Исключите лишнее слово
149. Exclude the word which does not mean a toxic reaction:
1) fever
2) dizziness
3) tiredness.
4) Rash
150. Exclude the word which does not mean a drug from the group of cardiac glycosides:
1) gramicidin
2) digitalis
3) strophanthus
4) purified glycosides
151. Exclude the word which does not mean a constituent of digitalis:
1) digitoxin
2) gitoxin
3) ditoxin
4) intoxin
152. Exclude the word which does not mean a substance which we can find in the ginseng root.
1) vitamin B1
2) vitamin E
3) panaxic acid
4) amylase
153. Exclude the word combination which does not mean a direction in the drug treatment of cancer.
1) Antistress Agents
2) Antimitotic Agents.
3) Metabolic antagonists.
4) Polyfunctional Alcylating Agents
154. WHAT ANTIBIOTICS SHOULD NOT BE TAKEN WITH ACIDIC JUICES?
1) Non-acid-resisting antibiotics
2) VITAMINS
3) acid-resisting antibiotics
Соотнесите форму глагола и время
155. MATCH THE VERB FORM WITH THE NAME OF THE TENSE
1) solves
2) are solving
3) was solving
4) will solve
5) solved
6) will be solving
а) Present Simple
b) Past Simple
c) Future Continuous
d) Future Simple
e) Past Continuous
f) Present Continuous
Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами
156. The alkali metals are ………
1) lithium, rubidium, and caesium
2) silicon, rubidium, and caesium
3) sodium, rubidium, and caesium
4) potassium, rubidium, and caesium
157. When I … to the Pharmacy, they ….. the ointment I ordered.
1) came - hasn’t yet prepared
2) come - hasn’t yet prepared
3) came - hadn’t yet prepared
4) had come - hadn’t yet prepared
158. All the vessels the students …. during the experiment …. carefully ….. .
1) used – WERE washed and dried
2) was used – were washed and dried
3) are used - was washed and dried
4) were used - were washed and dried
159. … is speaking about the manufacture of sodium and potassium compounds and … use in pharmacy.
1) She – they
2) I – their
3) Their – they
4) She – their
160. Most of the sodium salts …. in pharmacy ….. from the carbonate or hydroxide.
1) are used – made
2) used – are made
3) used – made
4) used – is made
plete the sentence: Many medicines taken after a meal can completely ……….. their effect.
1) lose
2) increase
3) follow
4) apply
plete the sentence: Medicines having an organic structure should be taken……….. .
1) three hours to four hours before meal time
2) three hours to four hours after meal time
3) two hours before meal time
4) one-half hour to one hour before meal time
plete the sentence: Antibiotic substances are chemical compounds produced as a result of the metabolic activities of living 'cells which………, in very low concentrations, the growth of microorganisms.
1) accelerate
2) inhibit
3) increase
4) low
plete the sentence: Antibiotics are complex, rather ……….molecular weight substances whose synthesis may be extremely difficult.
1) large
2) small
3) little
4) big
plete the sentence: …… was the first antibiotic to be produced and it still assumes a position of major importance in this field.
1) Penicillin
2) Ampicillin
3) Erythromycin
4) Albomycin
plete the sentence: PILLS OF Chloramphenicol is administered ….. .
1) intramuscularly
2) by the oral route
3) intravenously
4) intradermally
plete the sentence: Non-acid-resisting antibiotics, such as ampicillin, should not be taken with
1) acidic juices or drinks containing alcohol
2) milk
3) hot tea
4) green tea
168. Chloramphenicol is rapidly absorbed from ………….. .
1) the mouth.
2) the air.
3) the skin.
4) the gastrointestinal tract.
169. WHAT DRUGS ARE NOT NECESSARILY KEPT IN THE REFRIGERATOR?
1) EYE DROPS
2) POWDERS
3) OINTMENTS
4) SUPPOSITORIES
plete the sentence: Sulfanilamide is usually given in the form of ………… .
1) tablets.
2) an ointment.
3) a powder.
4) an alcohol tincture.
171. WHAT SYMPTOMS ARE NOT REVEALED IN GASTRITIS?
1) LOSS OF APPETITE
2) EPIGASTRIC PAIN AND DISCOMFORT
3) NAUSEA AND VOMITING
4) RASH
172. Methazid is ……… in mineral and organic acids.
1) insoluble
2) soluble
3) lost
4) made
173. Methazid is…………. in water.
1) used
2) soluble
3) insoluble
4) invisible
174. Methazid is prescribed ….
1) per os, after meals.
2) intravenously, before meals.
3) intramuscularly, after meals
4) orally, before meals
175. The chief therapeutic use of digitalis is in the treatment of ………. .
1) congestive heart failure
2) ulcer
3) bronchitis
4) cancer
176. Ginseng preparations …….the nervous system, ……..cardiac activity, ……….blood pressure, the sugar content of the blood.
1) stimulate…… decrease …… raise ……… keep
2) excite….. stimulate ……. increase………. reduce
3) stimulate …..reduce………. increase…… raise
4) influence ….. reduce…..decrease ……. increase
177. Ginseng is prescribed after consulting the physician and is administered orally in the form of ………….., 15—25 drops 3 times a day, or …………..by 0.25—0.3 gm.
1) an ointment ……….. in powder form
2) a powder. ………….as an ointment
3) an alcohol tincture………. in powder form
4) tablets…………….. as a solution
178. It has been established experimentally that ginseng preparations have a very ….. toxicity and possess a ……. therapeutic activity
1) small ….. big
2) little …….. good
3) low …… wide
4) high……small
179. …….seem to be the most effective and successful treatment of carcinomas.
1) chemotherapy and radiation
2) surgery and chemotherapy
3) physiotherapy and chemotherapy
4) surgery and radiation
180. Most of alkyl radicals have a strong effect on ………
1) the nervous system
2) the urinary system
3) the endocrine system
4) the cardiovascular system
181. If any - of the vitamins is lacking in the diet there occurs ….
1) indigestion
2) nausea
3) cancer
4) deficiency disease.
182. Отнесите следующие вещества к органическим или неорганическим.
1) Na2CO
2) C2H5OH
3) H2PO3
4) C6H12O6
a) неорганические
b) органические
183. Сопоставьте модальные глаголы с их переводами
1) can
2) may
3) must
4) should/would
a) Следует
b) Могу (разрешено)
c) Должен (обязан)
d) Могу (умею)
Выберете правильный вариант перевода предложения. (complex subject)
184. It is said that he is a good doctor.
1) Говорят, что он хороший доктор.
2) Ему говорят, что он хороший доктор
3) Он говорит, что он хороший доктор
4) Говорили что он хороший доктор.
Выберете верную форму инфинитива.
185. She is lazy enough ………. drug regularly.
1) taken
2) to take
3) take
4) takes
Подберите верный перевод к предложениям и фразам.
186. The disease having been diagnosed the doctor prescribed a medicine.
1) Врач определил болезнь и выписал лекарство
2) Когда болезнь была определена, врач выписал лекарство
3) Определив болезнь, врач выписывает лекарство
4) Когда врач определяет болезнь, он выписывает лекарство.
187. Choose the right translation for «контроль в аптечной сети»:
1) the drug-dispensing network
2) chemistry net control
3) chemist’s control network
4) state net control
188. Choose the right translation for «побочные эффекты»:
1) subsidiary effects
2) bad effects
3) side effects
4) side consequences
189. Choose the right translation FOR «после проведения анализов»:
1) the analysis being carried out
2) after carried out the analysis
3) the analysis have been carried out
4) the analysis has been carried out
VII. ТЕСТОВЫЕ ЗАДАНИЯ НА ПОНИМАНИЕ СОДЕРЖАНИЯ ТЕКСТОВ.
(для самоподготовки)
Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Text 1
PRIMITIVE MEDICINE
1. Unwritten history is not easy to interpret, and, although much may be learned from a study of the drawings, bony remains, and surgical tools of the early man, it is difficult to reconstruct his mental attitude toward the problems of disease and death. It seems probable that humans, as soon as they had reached the stage of reasoning, discovered, by the process of trial and error, which plants might be used as foods, which of them were poisonous, and which of them had some medicinal value.
2. However, the man did not at first regard death and disease as natural mon maladies, such as colds, were accepted as part of existence, but serious and disabling diseases were placed in a very different category and were considered to be of supernatural origin.
3. One curious method of providing the disease with means of escape from the body was by making a hole, 2.5 to five centimetres across, in the skull of the victim - the practice of trepanning. Trepanned skulls of prehistoric date have been found in Britain, France and other parts of Europe and in Peru. The practice still exists among primitive people in parts of Algeria, in Melanesia, and perhaps elsewhere, though it is fast becoming extinct.
4. Magic and religion played a large part in the medicine of the prehistoric or primitive man. Administration of a vegetable drug or remedy by mouth was accompanied by incantations, dancing, grimaces, and all the tricks of the magician. Therefore, the first doctors, or "medicine men" were witch doctors. The use of charms and talismans, still prevalent in modern times, is of ancient origin. Apart from the treatment of wounds and broken bones, primitive physicians showed their wisdom by treating the whole person, soul as well as body. Treatments and medicines that produced no physical effects on the body could nevertheless make a patient feel better when both the medicine man and the patient believed in their efficacy. This so-called placebo effect is applicable even in modern clinical medicine.
Определите, являются ли утверждения:
1. PRIMITIVE PHYSICIANS WERE VERY WISE AS THEY TREATED BOTH THE PERSON'S SOUL AND HIS BODY.
1) в тексте нет информации
2) истинным
3) ложным
2. HUMANS DISCOVERED WHICH PLANTS HAD SOME MEDICINAL VALUE BY THE PROCESS OF TRIAL AND ERROR.
1) в тексте нет информации
2) ложным
3) истинным
3. AT FIRST THE MAN REGARDED SERIOUS AND DISABLING DISEASES AS NATURAL PHENOMENA.
1) в тексте нет информации
2) ложным
3) истинным
4. DOMESTIC MEDICINE, CONSISTING LARGELY IN THE USE OF HERBS, STILL PERSISTS.
1) ложным
2) в тексте нет информации
3) истинным
Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
5. A HOLE MADE IN THE SKULL OF THE VICTIM WAS BELIEVED TO BE THE MEANS OF ESCAPE FOR A DISEASE FROM THE BODY.
1)
2)
3)
4)
6. PRIMITIVE MEN KNEW WHICH PLANTS THEY COULD USE AS FOOD.
1)
2)
3)
4)
7. ОТВЕТЬТЕ НА ВОПРОС:
WHAT WAS THE MEDICINE OF THE PREHISTORIC MAN LARGELY INFLUENCED BY?
1) It was influenced by disabling diseases.
2) It was influenced by magic and religion.
3) It was influenced by natural phenomena.
4) It was influenced by patients.
8. ОПРЕДЕЛИТЕ ОСНОВНУЮ ИДЕЮ ТЕКСТА
1) Modern medical practice originates from primitive medicine
and folklore.
2) The practice of trepanning is fast becoming extinct.
3) It is very difficult to interpret ancient history.
4) The first doctors, or "medicine men" were witch doctors.
Text 2
TROPICAL MEDICINE
1. The first half of the 20th century witnessed the virtual conquest of three of the major diseases of the tropics: malaria, yellow fever, and leprosy. At the turn of the century, as for the preceding two centuries, quinine was the only known drug to have any appreciable effect on malaria. With the increasing development of tropical countries and rising standards of public health, it became obvious that quinine was not completely satisfactory. Intensive research between World Wars I and II indicated that several synthetic compounds were more effective.
2. The first of these to become available, in 1934, was quinacrine (known as mepacrine, Atabrine, or Atebrin). In World War II it fulfilled the highest expectations and helped to reduce disease among Allied troops in Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Far East. A number of other effective antimalarial drugs subsequently became available, the insecticide DDT among them. The lethal effect of DDT on the mosquito, its relative cheapness, and its ease of use on a widespread scale provided an intensive world-wide campaign, sponsored by the World Health Organisation, bringing malaria under control.
3. Yellow fever is another mosquito-transmitted disease, and the prophylactic value of modern insecticides in its control was almost as great as in the case of malaria. The forest reservoirs of the virus present a more difficult problem, but the combined use of immunisation and insecticides did much to bring this disease under control.
4. Until the 1940s the only drugs available for treating leprosy were the chaulmoogra oils and their derivatives. These, though helpful, were far from satisfactory. In the 1940s the group of drugs known as the sulfones appeared, and it soon became apparent that they were infinitely better than any other group of drugs in the treatment of leprosy. Several other drugs later proved promising. Although there is as yet no known cure for leprosy, the outlook has so changed that there are good grounds for believing that this age-old scourge can be brought under control
Определите, являются ли утверждения:
9. INSECTICIDES WERE USED IN THE FOREST RESERVOIRS TO BRING YELLOW FEVER UNDER CONTROL
1) в тексте нет информации
2) ложным
3) истинным
10. THE SULFONES APPEARED TO BE MUCH BETTER THAN ANY OTHER GROUP OF DRUGS IN THE TREATMENT OF LEPROSY.
1) ложным
2) истинным
3) в тексте нет информации
11. MOSQUITOES ARE ABLE TO DEVELOP A RESISTANCE TO DDT.
1) ложным
2) истинным
3) в тексте нет информации
Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
12. THERE IS NO CURE FOR LEPROSY KNOWN TO ANY COUNTRY PHYSICIANS.
1)
2)
3)
4)
13. RESEARCH SHOWED THAT SEVERAL SYNTHETIC COMPOUNDS WERE MORE EFFECTIVE THAN QUININE.
1)
2)
3)
4)
14. ОТВЕТЬТЕ НА ВОПРОС:
WHY DID THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION SPONSOR THE WORLD-WIDE CAMPAIGN OF BRINGING MALARIA UNDER CONTROL?
1) Because a new and highly efficient insecticide DDT appeared.
2) Because malaria was widely spread in Africa.
3) Because it wanted to help reduce the disease among Allied
troops in Africa.
4) Because the standards of public health were rising.
15. ОПРЕДЕЛИТЕ ОСНОВНУЮ ИДЕЮ ТЕКСТА
1) Quinine lost its effect on malaria in the first half of the 20th
century.
2) The major diseases of the tropics are malaria, yellow fever, and
leprosy.
3) Insecticides did much to bring the three of the major diseases of
the tropics under control.
4) Chaulmoogra oils and their derivatives were helpful for treating
leprosy until the 1940s.
Text 3
PLASTIC SURGERY
1. Plastic surgery is surgical speciality concerned with the collection and improvement of physical appearance. It is largely concerned with the bodily surface and with reconstructive work of the face and exposed parts. Although surgical reconstruction of the nose was performed by Hindu physicians before the time of Christ, modern techniques of plastic surgery were originated in the post-World War I years by surgeons repairing the wounds and disfigurements of combat veterans.
2. The term "plastic" refers to the molding and reshaping of body tissues - bone, fat-muscle, cartilage, and skin. Tissue may be moved to fill a depression, to cover a wound, or to improve appearance. The transfer of skin tissue is one of the most common procedures performed in plastic surgery. Sheets of epithelial cells cultured in vitro and synthetic compounds such as silicone are also used as a substitute for absent or deficient natural tissue.
3. Plastic surgery is sometimes considered, incorrectly, to be synonymous with aesthetic, or cosmetic, surgery - that is, surgery performed solely to improve appearance in otherwise healthy persons. The aesthetic element of most plastic surgery, however, is directed at improving severe functional impairments caused by bums and other traumatic injuries; to correct acquired or congenital abnormalities, such as cleft lip and cleft palate, facial bone fractures, and tumours; and to compensate for tissue removed in cancer or other surgery, including reconstruction of the breast following mastectomy.
4. The development of microsurgery in the 1960s and 70s greatly expanded the scope of reconstructive surgery, allowing surgeons to reattach severed fingers and limbs. Exceedingly fine needles and sutures make it possible for the surgeon to rejoin small blood vessels and other minute structures under an operating microscope.
Определите, являются ли утверждения:
16. AN OPERATING MICROSCOPE HELPS THE SURGEON TO REJOIN SMALL BLOOD VESSELS AND OTHER MINUTE STRUCTURES.
1) ложным
2) истинным
3) в тексте нет информации
17. PLASTIC SURGERY IS DIRECTED AT CORRECTING SUCH ABNORMALITIES AS CLEFT LIP AND CLEFT PALATE, AND TUMOURS.
1) ложным
2) истинным
3) в тексте нет информации
18. PLASTIC SURGERY IS SYNONYMOUS WITH AESTHETIC, OR COSMETIC, SURGERY.
1) в тексте нет информации
2) ложным
3) истинным
19. ELECTION MICROSCOPY ENABLED OBSERVERS TO PEER MORE DEEPLY INTO THE STRUCTURES OF THE CELL.
1) в тексте нет информации
2) ложным
3) истинным
Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
20. COSMETIC SURGERY IS PERFORMED TO IMPROVE APPEARANCE IN OTHERWISE HEALTHY PEOPLE.
1)
2)
3)
4)
21. MODERN TECHNIQUES OF PLASTIC SURGERY WERE AIMED AT REPAIRING THE WOUNDS AND DISFIGUREMENTS OF MILITARY MEN.
1)
2)
3)
4)
22. ОТВЕТЬТЕ НА ВОПРОС:
WHAT DOES PLASTIC SURGERY DEAL WITH?
1) It deals with sheets of epithelial cells cultured in vitro.
2) It manufactures synthetic compounds such as silicone.
3) It is largely concerned with the bodily surface.
4) It deals with treating the deep-seated tumours.
23. ОПРЕДЕЛИТЕ ОСНОВНУЮ ИДЕЮ ТЕКСТА
1) The transfer of skin tissue is one of the most common
procedures performed in plastic surgery.
2) Surgical reconstruction of the nose has been performed by
physicians from time immemorial.
3) Plastic surgery is concerned with the collection and
improvement of severe functional impairments.
4) Microsurgery allows surgeons to reattach severed fingers and
limbs.
Text 4
RADIATION THERAPY
1. Ionising radiation is the transmission of energy by electromagnetic waves (e. g., X-rays) or by particles such as electrons, neutrons, or protons. Interaction with tissue produces free radicals and oxidants that damage or break cellular DNA, leading to cell death. When used properly, radiation may cause less damage than surgery and can often preserve organ structure and function.
2. The type of radiation used depends on the radiosensitivity of the tumour and which healthy organs are within the radiation field. High-energy sources, such as linear accelerators, deposit their energy at a greater depth, sparing the skin but treating the deep-seated tumour. Electron-beam radiation has low penetration and is useful in treating some skin cancers. Healthy organs have varying tolerance thresholds to radiation, bone marrow being the most sensitive and skin the least. The nervous system can tolerate much more radiation than the lungs or kidneys.
3. Radiation therapy can also be palliative if a cure is not possible; the size of the tumour can be reduced, thereby relieving pain or pressure on adjacent vital structures. It also can shrink a tumour to allow better drainage of an area, such as the lung, which can help to prevent infection and decrease the chance of bleeding. Radioactive implants in the form of metal needles or "seeds" are used to heat some cancers, such as those of the prostate and uterine cervix. They can deliver high doses of radiation directly into the tumour with less effect on distant tissues.
4. An organ can also be irradiated by the ingestion of a radioactive substance. The drawback to this procedure is the difficulty in calculating the correct dose. Irradiation is less effective in treating tissues that are poorly oxygenated (hypoxic) because of inadequate blood supply than it is in treating those that are well oxygenated. Some drugs enhance the toxic effect of radiation on tumour cells, especially those that are hypoxic.
Определите, являются ли утверждения:
24. IRRADIATION IS MORE EFFECTIVE IN TREATING TISSUES THAT ARE WELL OXYGENATED.
1) в тексте нет информации
2) ложным
3) истинным
25. INTERACTING WITH TISSUE IONISING RADIATION CAUSES CELL DEATH.
1) истинным
2) в тексте нет информации
3) ложным
26. RADIOACTIVE IMPLANTS CAN DELIVER HIGH DOSES OF RADIATION DIRECTLY INTO THE TUMOUR WITH MORE EFFECT ON DISTANT TISSUES.
1) в тексте нет информации
2) ложным
3) истинным
27. THE IMPORTANCE OF NUCLEAR GENETIC MATERIAL DNA IN REGULATING THE CELL'S PROTEIN PRODUCTION IS EVIDENT.
1) истинным
2) в тексте нет информации
3) ложным
Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
28. RADIOACTIVE METAL NEEDLES ARE USED TO HEAT THE CANCER OF PROSTATE.
1) 3
2) 1
3) 4
4) 2
29. THE TOLERANCE THRESHOLDS TO RADIATION IS DIFFERENT IN HEALTHY ORGANS.
1) 2
2) 3
3) 4
4) 1
30. ОТВЕТЬТЕ НА ВОПРОС:
WHAT IS THE ADVANTAGE OF RADIATION THERAPY IN TREATING TUMOURS COMPARED TO OTHER METHODS?
1) It can be of different types.
2) It may cause less damage than surgery.
3) It can transmit energy by electromagnetic waves.
4) It can be enhanced with some drugs.
31. ОПРЕДЕЛИТЕ ОСНОВНУЮ ИДЕЮ ТЕКСТА
1) Healthy organs have varying tolerance thresholds to radiation.
2) Radiation therapy is used in treating tumours in different organ structures.
3) Electron-beam radiation has low penetration and is useful in treating some skin cancers.
4) Irradiation is not effective in treating hypoxic tissues.
Text 5
PUBLIC HEALTH CARE
1. Public health has been defined as the art and science of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical and mental health, sanitation, personal hygiene, control of infection, and organisation of health services. From the normal human interactions there has emerged a recognition of the importance of community action in the promotion of health and the prevention and treatment of disease.
2. The practice of public health chaws heavily on medical science and philosophy and concentrates especially on manipulating and controlling the environment for the benefit of the public. It is concerned therefore with housing, water supplies, and food. Public health medicine is a part of the greater enterprise of preserving and improving the public health. Occupational medicine is concerned with the health, safety, and welfare of people in the workplace. Its aim is to reduce the risks in the environment in which people work.
3. The venture of preserving, maintaining, and actively promoting public health requires special methods of information-gathering (epidemiology) and corporate arrangements to act upon significant findings and put them into practice. Statistics collected by epidemiologists attempt to describe and explain the occurrence of disease in a population by correlating factors such as diet, environment, radiation, or cigarette smoking with the incidence and prevalence of disease.
4. The government, through laws and regulations, creates agencies to oversee and formally inspect such things as water supplies, food processing, sewage treatment, drains, air contamination, and pollution. Governments are also concerned with the control of epidemic infections by means of enforced quarantine and isolation - for example, the health control that takes place at seaports and airports in an attempt to assure that infectious diseases are not brought into a country.
Определите, являются ли утверждения:
32. HEALTH CONTROL AT AIRPORTS IS A PREVENTIVE MEASURE AGAINST BRINGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES INTO A COUNTRY.
1) в тексте нет информации
2) истинным
3) ложным
33. GOVERNMENT AGENCIES INSPECT WATER SUPPLIES, AIR CONTAMINATION, AND POLLUTION.
1) ложным
2) в тексте нет информации
3) истинным
34. OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE IS AIMED AT REDUCING THE RISKS IN THE ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH PEOPLE LIVE.
1) истинным
2) ложным
3) в тексте нет информации
35. THERE ARE STILL MANY PROBLEMS TO BE SOLVED IN THE SPHERE OF PUBLIC HEALTH.
1) истинным
2) ложным
3) в тексте нет информации
Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
36. GOVERNMENTS PLAY AN IMPORTANT PART IN THE SYSTEM OF CONTROL OF EPIDEMIC INFECTIONS.
1) 4
2) 1
3) 3
4) 2
37. THE ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH PEOPLE WORK IS A CONCERN OF PUBLIC HEALTH MEDICINE.
1) 1
2) 3
3) 4
4) 2
38. ОТВЕТЬТЕ НА ВОПРОС:
WHAT INFORMATION DO EPIDEMIOLOGISTS PROVIDE?
1) Statistics collected by epidemiologists explain how to put corporate arrangements into practice.
2) They use statistics to provide special diets for the population.
3) They provide data for government through laws and regulations.
4) They collect data and try to explain the relationship between a disease and different environmental and behavioural factors.
39. ОПРЕДЕЛИТЕ ОСНОВНУЮ ИДЕЮ ТЕКСТА
1) Medicine is involved in improving the health, safety, and welfare of population.
2) The art and science of public health deals with preserving, maintaining, and actively promoting physical and mental health of people.
3) Public health is concerned with housing, water supplies, and food.
4) Governments are responsible for public health in their countries.
Text 6
THERAPEUTICS
1. Therapeutics is treatment and care of a patient for the purpose of both preventing and combating disease or alleviating pain or injury. The term comes from the Greek "therapeutikos", which means "inclined to serve." In a broad sense therapeutics means serving and caring for the patient in a comprehensive manner, preventing disease as well as managing specific problems.
2. Exercise, diet, and mental factors are therefore integral to the prevention, as well as the management, of disease processes. More specific measures that are employed to treat specific symptoms include the use of drugs to relieve pain or treat infection, surgery to remove diseased tissue or replace poorly functioning or nonfunctioning organs with frilly operating ones, and counseling or psychotherapy to relieve emotional distress. Confidence in the physician and in the method selected enhances effectiveness.
3. Disease is a harmful deviation from the normal structural or functional state of an organism. A diseased organism commonly exhibits signs or symptoms indicative of its abnormal state. Thus, the normal condition of an organism must be understood in order to recognize the hallmarks of disease. Nevertheless, a sharp demarcation between disease and health is not always apparent.
4. The study of disease is called pathology. It involves the determination of the cause (etiology) of the disease, the understanding of the mechanisms of its development (pathogenesis), the structural changes associated with the disease process (morphological changes), and the functional consequences of these changes. Correctly identifying the cause of a disease is necessary to identifying the proper course of treatment. Humans, animals, and plants are all susceptible to diseases of some sort. However, that which disrupts the normal functioning of one type of organism may have no effect on the other types.
Определите, являются ли утверждения:
40. BOTH ANIMALS AND PLANTS ARE ALWAYS EXPOSED TO DISEASES.
1) в тексте нет информации
2) ложным
3) истинным
41. IT'S MUCH EASIER TO TREAT THE DISEASE WHEN THE CAUSE OF IT IS KNOWN.
1) в тексте нет информации
2) ложным
3) истинным
42. POST-OPERATIVE THERAPY MAY INCLUDE SUCH TREATMENT AS CHEMOTHERAPY OR RADIATION THERAPY.
1) ложным
2) истинным
3) в тексте нет информации
43. MEDICINE IS THE SCIENCE CONCERNED WITH THE MAINTENANCE OF HEALTH AND THE PREVENTION, ALLEVIATION, OR CURE OF DISEASE.
1) ложным
2) истинным
3) в тексте нет информации
Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
44. PATHOLOGY DETERMINES STRUCTURAL CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH THE DISEASE PROCESS.
1) 1
2) 4
3) 2
4) 3
45. EFFECTIVE TREATMENT DEPENDS ON THE CONFIDENCE OF A PATIENT IN THE PHYSICIAN AND IN THE METHOD SELECTED.
1) 2
2) 4
3) 1
4) 3
46. ОТВЕТЬТЕ НА ВОПРОС:
WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND THE NORMAL CONDITION OF AN ORGANISM?
1) It is necessary for managing specific problems.
2) It is necessary for recognizing the symptoms of a disease.
3) It is necessary for treating specific symptoms.
4) It is necessary for removing diseased tissue.
47. ОПРЕДЕЛИТЕ ОСНОВНУЮ ИДЕЮ ТЕКСТА
1) Diet plays an important part in prevention of diseases.
2) The word "therapeutics" is of Greek origin.
3) The concepts "disease" and "health" differ from each other.
4) The scope of studies of therapeutics is very broad.
Ключи
I. Ключи к тестовым заданиям по грамматике английского языка на материале бытовой лексики
1) 4
2) 3
3) 1
4) 1
5) 2
6) 4
7) 2
8) 3
9) 1
10) 4
11) 2
12) 2
13) 4
14) 3
15) 3
16) 2
17) 1
18) 1
19) 4
20) 3
21) 1
22) 1
23) 4
24) 2
25) 4
26) 1
27) 4
28) 2
29) 1
30) 2
31) 4
32) 1
33) 3
34) 2
35) 1
36) 3
37) 4
38) 3
39) 1
40) 4
41) 3
42) 3
43) 2
44) 3
45) 1
46) 2
47) 4
48) 2
49) 4
50) 1
51) 3
52) 2
53) 1
54) 1
55) 4
56) 3
57) 2
58) 2
59) 1
60) 3
61) 2
62) 1
63) 2
64) 1
65) 3
66) 1
67) 4
68) 2
69) 2
70) 2
71) 1
72) 3
73) 2
74) 2
75) 1
76) 3
77) 2
78) 4
79) 1
80) 2
81) 1
82) 1
83) 2
84) 4
85) 3
86) 3
87) 1
88) 2
89) 1
90) 3
91) 3
92) 1
93) 1
94) 3
95) 1
96) 2
97) 2
98) 2
99) 3
100) 3
101) 2
102) 3
103) 4
104) 2
105) 4
106) 2
107) 2
108) 1
109) 4
110) 1
111) 3
112) 3
113) 4
114) 4
115) 1
116) 4
117) 2
118) 4
119) 4
120) 1
121) 2
122) 2
123) 3
124) 3
125) 4
126) 1
127) 1
128) 3
129) 4
130) 2
131) 3
132) 4
133) 2
134) 4
135) 3
136) 4
137) 4
138) 1
139) 3
140) 1
141) 1
142) 3
143) 4
144) 1
145) 3
146) 4
147) 1
148) 1
149) 3
150) 2
151) 4
152) 2
153) 2
154) 3
155) 4
156) 2
157) 1
158) 2
159) 1
160) 1
161) 3
162) 1
163) 4
164) 4
165) 1
166) 3
167) 2
168) 4)
169) 1
170) 1
171) 2
172) 3
173) 1
174) 2
175) 3
176) 4
177) 4
178) 4
179) 3
180) 3
181) 3
182) 2
183) 3
184) 2
185) 4
186) 2
187) 4
188) 3
189) 4
190) 3
191) 4
192) 2
193) 4
194) 2
195) 2
196) 3
197) 3
198) 4
199) 2
200) 2
201) 1
202) 2
203) 2
204) 2
205) 4
206) 3
207) 4
208) 3
209) 1
210) 2
211) 1
212) 1
213) 1
214) 2
215) 1
216) 2
217) 2
218) 2
219) 4
220) 1
II. Ключи к тестовым заданиям по грамматике английского языка на материале общепрофессиональной медицинской лексики
1) 3
2) 2
3) 4
4) 2
5) 1
6) 1
7) 1
8) 3
9) 4
10) 2
11) 4
12) 2
13) 1
14) 1
15) 3
16) 2
17) 3
18) 3
19) 2
20) 1
21) 3
22) 1
23) 4
24) 1
25) 1
26) 3
27) 1
28) 2
29) 4
30) 2
31) 4
32) 3
33) 1
34) 4
35) 1
36) 2
37) 1
38) 4
39) 1
40) 4
41) 3
42) 2
43) 3
44) 4
45) 1
46) 2
47) 1
48) 3
49) 4
50) 4
51) 3
52) 1
53) 1
54) 2
55) 3
56) 3
57) 2
58) 4
59) 2
60) 1
61) 1
62) 2
63) 2
64) 2
65) 3
66) 1
67) 4
68) 4
69) 2
70) 3
71) 2
72) 1
73) 4
74) 1
75) 1
76) 2
77) 1
78) 3
79) 2
80) 1
81) 2
82) 1
83) 3
84) 2
85) 1
86) 2
87) 3
88) 4
89) 3
90) 1
91) 2
92) 1
93) 2
94) 2
95) 1
96) 1
97) 1
98) 1
99) 1
100) 4
101) 4
102) 3
103) 1
104) 2
105) 1
106) 1
107) 4
108) 2
109) 2
110) 3
111) 1
112) 1
113) 2
114) 2
115) 2
116) 2
117) 4
118) 4
119) 1
120) 3
121) 1
122) 3
123) 4
124) 1
125) 3
126) 3
127) 2
128) 1
129) 1
130) 2
131) 4
132) 3
133) 1
134) 4
135) 1
136) 3
137) 2
138) 1
139) 4
140) 3
141) 1
142) 2
143) 2
144) 1
145) 3
146) 3
147) 1
148) 2
149) 4
150) 2
151) 3
152) 1
153) 2
154) 1
155) 4
156) 2
157) 1
158) 3
159) 2
160) 4
161) 3
162) 2
163) 2
164) 3
165) 4
166) 3
167) 1
168) 4
169) 4
170) 2
171) 2
172) 3
173) 4
174) 1
175) 2
176) 4
177) 3
178) 3
179) 4
180) 4
181) 3
182) 4
183) 1
184) 1
185) 1
186) 1
187) 1
188) 4
189) 1
190) 1
191) 1
192) 3
193) 2
194) 1
195) 3
196) 1
197) 3
198) 3
199) 2
200) 1
201) 3
202) 4
203) 2
204) 4
205) 1
206) 1
207) 1
208) 4
209) 2
210) 4
211) 4
212) 3
213) 2
214) 4
215) 1
216) 1
217) 3
218) 2
219) 2
220) 1
221) 3
222) 4
223) 2
224) 4
225) 1
226) 3
227) 3
228) 2
229) 4
230) 4
231) 4
232) 1
233) 2
234) 3
235) 3
236) 1
237) 2
238) 2
239) 4
240) 2
241) 4
242) 1
243) 3
244) 3
245) 3
246) 4
247) 1
248) 2
249) 1
250) 3
251) 2
252) 1
253) 3
254) 1
255) 1
256) 4
257) 1
258) 1
259) 3
260) 1
261) 3
262) 1
263) 2
264) 1
265) 4
266) 3
267) 2
268) 3
269) 4
270) 3
271) 1
272) 2
273) 2
274) 1
275) 3
276) 4
277) 1
278) 3
279) 1
280) 1
281) 1
282) 4
283) 4
284) 1
285) 1
286) 3
287) 1
288) 1
289) 4
290) 1
291) 3
292) 1
293) 2
294) 4
295) 3
296) 1
297) 3
298) 3
299) 1
300) 2
301) 1
302) 1
303) 2
304) 4
305) 1
306) 1
307) 1
308) 4
309) 1
310) 3
311) 2
312) 4
313) 1
314) 1
315) 2
316) 1
317) 4
318) 1
319) 3
320) 3
321) 1
322) 2
323) 3
324) 1
325) 3
326) 1
327) 1
328) 2
329) 2
330) 1
III. Ключи к тестовым заданиям по страноведению
1) 2
2) 3
3) 1
4) 4
5) 1
6) 1
7) 3
8) 1
9) 4
10) 2
11) 1
12) 1
13) 1
14) 2
15) 4
16) 3
17) 3
18) 4
19) 3
20) 4
21) 2
22) 2
23) 4
24) 4
25) 2
26) 2
27) 2
28) 3
29) 2
30) 3
31) 4
32) 2
33) 3
34) 3
35) 3
36) 2
37) 3
38) 3
39) 2
40) 3
41) 2
42) 4
43) 3
44) 4
45) 2
46) 3
47) 1
48) 1
49) 2
50) 4
IV. Ключи к тестовым заданиям по основам делового общения
1) 4
2) 1
3) 3
4) 3
5) 3
6) 3
7) 3
8) 1
9) 3
10) 1
11) 4
12) 2
13) 4
14) 3
15) 2
16) 2
17) 3
18) 1
19) 3
20) 4
21) 4
22) 1
23) 3
24) 3
25) 4
26) 1
27) 3
28) 4
29) 1
30) 4
31) 3
32) 6
33) 5
34) 2
35) 1
36) 2
37) 3
38) 5
39) 4
40) 6
41) 3
42) 6
43) 4
44) 5
45) 2
46) 1
47) 5
48) 3
49) 2
50) 4
51) 1
52) 6
53) 3
54) 3
55) 3
56) 1
57) 3
58) 1
59) 4
60) 3
61) 1
62) 2
63) 1
64) 2
65) 3
66) 4
67) 3
68) 4
69) 2
70) 1
71) 2
72) 3
73) 1
74) 4
75) 4
76) 2
77) 1
78) 3
V. Ключи к тестовым заданиям на знание медицинской лексики общепрофессиональной направленности
1) 2
2) 1
3) 4
4) 2
5) 1
6) 4
7) 1
8) 4
9) 2
10) 2
11) 2
12) 1
13) 2
14) 3
15) 3
16) 1
17) 2
18) 4
19) 4
20) 1
21) 1
22) 1
23) 1
24) 2
25) 4
26) 4
27) 2
28) 3
29) 3
30) 2
31) 3
32) 1
33) 4
34) 2
35) 2
36) 4
37) 3
38) 2
39) 1
40) 3
41) 2
42) 4
43) 4
44) 3
45) 2
46) 4
47) 3
48) 1
49) 2
50) 1
51) 1
52) 2
53) 1
54) 3
55) 2
56) 2
57) 1
58) 1
59) 1
60) 1
61) 4
62) 3
63) 4
64) 1
65) 3
66) 3
67) 1
68) 2
69) 4
70) 1
71) 2
72) 1
73) 4
74) 1
75) 2
76) 3
77) 4
78) 1
79) 3
80) 4
81) 1
82) 1
83) 2
84) 1
85) 4
86) 1
87) 2
88) 1
89) 1
90) 2
91) 3
92) 1
93) 2
94) 2
95) 3
96) 2
97) 1
98) 2
99) 3
100) 1
101) 1
102) 2
103) 4
104) 1
105) 1
106) 2
107) 3
108) 2
109) 2
110) 4
111) 3
112) 1
113) 4
114) 2
115) 2
116) 4
117) 1
118) 2
119) 4
120) 1
121) 2
122) 3
123) 2
124) 3
125) 4
126) 2
127) 3
128) 4
129) 1
130) 3
131) 2
132) 1
133) 4
134) 2
135) 1
136) 1
137) 4
138) 2
139) 1
140) 4
141) 1
142) 1
143) 3
144) 2
145) 3
146) 2
147) 3
148) 1
149) 1
150) 1
151) 1
152) 2
153) 1
154) 2
155) 3
156) 1
157) 1
158) 4
159) 2
160) 3
161) 3
162) 3
163) 4
164) 3
165) 1
166) 3
167) 2
168) 1
169) 3
170) 1
VI. Ключи к тестовым заданиям на знание специальной лексики
1) 4
2) 1
3) 2
4) 4
5) 1
6) 2
7) 3
8) 2
9) 3
10) 4
11) 2
12) 3
13) 4
14) 1
15) 3
16) 2
17) 2
18) 3
19) 2
20) 3
21) 1
22) 4
23) 2
24) 3
25) 3
26) 1
27) 3
28) 1
29) 2
30) 4
31) 1
32) 3
33) 2
34) 4
35) 3
36) 3
37) 2
38) 3
39) 2
40) 1
41) 3
42) 3
43) 3
44) 3
45) 1
46) 2
47) 4
48) 2
49) 2
50) 3
51) 2
52) 1
53) 2
54) 1
55) 2
56) 3
57) 2
58) 2
59) 2
60) 3
61) 1
62) 2
63) 1
64) 4
65) 4
66) 3
67) 1
68) 3
69) 1
70) 2
71) 2
72) 4
73) 1
74) 4
75) 4
76) 1
77) 2
78) 1
79) 3
80) 1
81) 2
82) 2
83) 1
84) 3
85) 2
86) 5
87) 6
88) 1
89) 4
90) 2
91) 4
92) 2
93) 3
94) 3
95) 3
96) 3
97) 3
98) 2
99) 3
100) 3
101) 1
102) 2
103) 1
104) 2
105) 4
106) 1
107) 1
108) 2
109) 2
110) 1
111) 1
112) 2
113) 2
114) 1
115) 3
116) 4
117) 1
118) 3
119) 1
120) 1
121) 1
122) 4
123) 4
124) 1
125) 1
126) 3
127) 4
128) 3
129) 1
130) 2
131) 4
132) 4
133) 3
134) 2
135) 1
136) 1
137) 1
138) 1
139) 1
140) 1
141) 1
142) 1
143) 1
144) 1
145) 1
146) 1
147) 3
148) 2
149) 3
150) 1
151) 4
152) 2
153) 1
154) 3
155) 1a 2f 3e 4d 5b,
6c
156) 2
157) 3
158) 1
159) 4
160) 2
161) 1
162) 4
163) 2
164) 1
165) 1
166) 2
167) 1
168) 4
169) 2
170) 1
171) 4
172) 2
173) 3
174) 4
175) 1
176) 2
177) 3
178) 3
179) 4
180) 1
181) 4
182) 1a 2b
3a
4b
183) 1d 2b
3c
4a
184) 1
185) 2
186) 2
187) 3
188) 3
VII. Ключи к тестовым заданиям на понимание содержания текстов
1) 2
2) 3
3) 2
4) 2
5) 3
6) 1
7) 2
8) 1
9) 3
10) 2
11) 3
12) 4
13) 1
14) 1
15) 3
16) 2
17) 2
18) 2
19) 1
20) 3
21) 1
22) 3
23) 3
24) 3
25) 1
26) 2
27) 2
28) 1
29) 1
30) 2
31) 2
32) 2
33) 3
34) 2
35) 3
36) 1
37) 4
38) 4
39) 2
40) 3
41) 3
42) 3
43) 2
44) 2
45) 1
46) 2
47) 4
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