Экология и сельскохозяйственные технологии: агроинженерные решения (стр. 2 )

A. I. Punko, Cand Sc (Eng); D. I. Romanchuk

Republican Unitary Enterprise “Scientific and Practical Centre of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus for Agriculture Mechanization”. Minsк

TECHNOLOGY AND EQUIPMENT FOR PRODUCTION OF GRANULATED FUEL FROM FARM CROP BY-PRODUCTS

Summary

Fuel pellets is an advanced and ecologically clean kind of fuel. They are a real alternative to coal and oil; by the combustive characteristics they compete with natural gas. The urgency of application of fuel granules is proved by the constant increase of agricultural and wood waste application in large-scale generation of fuel energy in Europe, Scandinavian countries and North America. The aim of presented research aimed at developing new technologies and equipment for production of fuel granules at the least costs is undoubtedly topical.

The offered technological line will be used for manufacturing granules from plant by-products after cleaning and processing the cereal and other agricultural crops, such as straw, corn stalks, etc.

Under 1600 hours annual work load of the line and 1,5 to 2 t/h throughput it is planned to produce up to 3000 tons of fuel granules per year with one-shift pared with existing equipment the offered line will provide annual economy of 27 thousand kW of electric power and 25 tons economy of liquid fuel. With the self cost of one ton of granules being € 40 and the selling price varying from € 60 to 65, the general annual economic benefit of one line will be from € 60 to 70 thousand. For the nearest 5 years Belarus will need from 8 to 10 lines of the kind. Besides, ecological aspect is also very important. Heat from pellets combustion is close to that of coal, but CО2 emission is 10 to 50 times less, and ashes production is 15 to 20 times smaller. With these facts in view, fuel granules may be considered a full replacement of coal.

Analysis of qualitative characteristics of fuel granules produced from grain waste and straw proves that fuel granules are quite competitive on the market of energy sources. The presented data demonstrates the efficiency of farm crops waste and straw granulation that allows receiving fuel with stable combustion sulphur and chlorine content and by combustion value agricultural crops waste occupies intermediate position between straw and wood fuel.

Thus, manufacture of fuel granules from by-products of grain cleaning and straw processing is perspective from the point of view of both economy and ecology.

The technology of fuel granules production will save considerably the fuel power resources, abate environmental pollution, and secure additional income by transition to local kinds of fuel.

, канд. биол. наук; , канд. биол. наук

ГНУ Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт органических удобрений
и торфа Россельхозакадемии (ГНУ ВНИИОУ Россельхозакадемии), г. Владимир

РЕМЕДИАЦИЯ ПОЧВ, ЗАГРЯЗНЕННЫХ ОТХОДАМИ

ИНДУСТРИАЛЬНОГО ЖИВОТНОВОДСТВА

Регулярное ненормированное применение бесподстилочного навоза в сверхвысоких дозах обусловливает химическое и биологическое загрязнение почв. В исследованиях, проводимых с 1995 г. на опытном поле ГНУ ВНИПТИОУ, определяется эффективность фито-, биоремедиации переунавоженных почв. Установлена высокая устойчивость произрастания амаранта багряного, редьки масличной на почвах, загрязненных бесподстилочным навозом. Высокая урожайность данных культур, интенсивный вынос ими биогенных элементов обусловливают детоксикацию загрязненных земель. Ризосфера редьки масличной, амаранта багряного характеризуется высоким санирующим действием в отношении патогенных, болезнетворных микроорганизмов, жизнеспособных яиц гельминтов. В соответствии с результатами многолетних исследований разработана и внедрена в хозяйствах с крупными животноводческими
комплексами технология фиторемедиации почв, загрязненных бесподстилочным навозом, пометом.

S. I. Tarasov, Cand Sc (Biol)

All-Russian Research and Design Institute of Organic Fertilizers and Peat, Vladimir, Russia

инновационной деятельности.

А.V. Тikhomirov, Cand Sc (Eng)

All-Russia Research Institute of Electrification of Agriculture (VIESH), Moscow, Russia

innovative and investment vehicles for introduction of new
developments related to upgrading of power supply systems and equipment in agro-industrial complex

Summary

The major component of scientific and technological progress is innovative and investing activity. It offers opportunities for practical implementation of new ideas into investment projects, and their subsequent dissemination in agricultural and social sphere. In this regard, the role of innovation and investment vehicles for introduction of new developments related to power supply is ever increasing. Given that there are always some difficulties on the way to innovations and investments, which have to be overcome in order to achieve the positive results, it is important to take into account relevant recommendations and apply every available resource to support the innovative process.

The above barriers may be classified as psychological, economic, technological, legislative, and informational. Risk psychology, fear of failure and false move in some cases would not permit successful implementation of ideas. Economic barriers are usually connected with a lack of funding or the higher cost of offered technology or machines against presently available ones. Technological barriers can be overcome in the design and development of new, less costly and more efficient technologies. Legal barriers are related to the lack of legislative and normative acts to stimulate innovative and investing processes. To overcome the information barrier the publication and dissemination in the Internet of all the innovative proposals should include the business plans and risk analysis.

State support is expected not so much in theform of budget subsidies, but in creation of environment for innovation and investment projects, especially in agriculture when establishing rural power supply systems. This includes, first of all, free access to small-scale power sources in the electricity market, non-discriminatory preferential access to power supply and regulation of power tariffs. Important resources to support innovation and investment projects aimed at higher energy efficiency are legislative encouragement of innovations; attracting private capital through subsidies, moderate rates of certification; creation of a special fund for the development and implementation of innovative projects; development and implementation of target programs for pilot and demonstration plants and facilities; establishment of tax rebates and subsidies on interest rate loans and leases, preferential tariffs.

Of particular significance are such innovative projects as resonance single-wire electrical transmission system; solar modules and a collector of the Torah with stationary concentrators to produce electrical and thermal energy; hybrid solar-wind-diesel power complex; energy saving and environmentally friendly autonomous system of microclimate control in livestock houses and other production facilities with a polymeric heat exchanger and air ozonator; technology and equipment for production of gaseous and liquid fuels from biomass, plant and wood waste, and peat through fast pyrolysis. Implementation of investment and innovation projects to upgrade rural energy facilities will accelerate the introduction of new practices, complete sets of equipment, fuels that are in demand by consumers, but also to enhance the efficiency of agricultural technologies, which reduce energy intensity of agricultural production.

, д-р техн. наук, проф.

Санкт-Петербургский государственный аграрный университет (СПбГАУ),

г. Санкт-Петербург

СПЕЦИФИКА И МЕТОДЫ РЕШЕНИЯ ПРОБЛЕМЫ

ЭФФЕКТИВНОГО ЭНЕРГОИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ В АПК

В статье приведены сведения о результатах теоретических и методических разработок, позволяющих не только рассматривать энергоемкость продукции, как структурный показатель, но и определять роль каждого элемента и процесса в потребительской системе в создании его величины для обоснования энергосберегающих решений.

V. N. Karpov, DSc (Eng)

St. Petersburg State Agrarian University, Saint Petersburg, Russia

specific character and methods of solving the problem
of efficient energy use in agro - industrial complex

Summary

Major disadvantages of energy use in agro-industrial complex (AIC), disclosed during the recent reforms, are high energy intensity of products, insufficient electric power supplied per job, and low value of average energy consumption per rural resident compared with the urban one.

An additional deep-rooted disadvantage is the lack of interest to the renewable energy resources with regard to the territory and specific character of an individual enterprise despite the fact that agricultural production is well adapted to the use of these resources, in particular, without the lease of land.

The study undertaken at Saint Petersburg State Agrarian University is based on the concept of a consumer energy system (CES), consisting of three types of energotechnological processes (ETP), which form its overall structure (elements, lines, parallel lines). The main consistency feature is participation of each element, including ETP, in creation of power intensity of production.

The method of finite relations (MFR), which is based on the possibility of measuring the energy parameters, on conservation laws and some provisions of definite integration, was developed to analyze the energy efficiency processes. There was also designed a special information and measuring system (IMS), which implements MFR, and a test stand for electric motors. The results obtained by using MFR and IMS allow to make at this stage a number of important conclusions and proposals how to increase the energy efficiency.

It is also assumed that the main purpose of the method of finite relations and the designed information and measuring system is to conduct energy service contract surveys (energy auditing) of the consumer systems of the enterprises.

However, we cannot assume that the complex and multifaceted problem of energy efficiency can be solved only through developing an effective method of control.

Proper allowance must be made for the fact that energy services in agriculture should be provided by special companies, which meet the requirements of market relations (license, measurement equipment certification and software, integration into the existing system of self-regulation, etc.).Therefore, the branch engineers need a special training, which considering the specific features of Agro-Industrial Complex should be only provided by agricultural universities. There has to be established a unified methodology of energy audit, data analysis and justification of energy efficiency measures.