Application of combined accumulators of water ice cold for milk cooling on dairy farms and complexes will allow to save energy owing to accumulation and use of both artificial and natural cold, to reduce electric power inputs by 2 to 3 times owing to preferential night tariff, to raise reliability of refrigerating machinery, to lower capital and operational expenses by 20 to 30% through reduction of the established capacity of refrigerating machinery. This will allow to automatically control the cold-productivity and the size of ice melting surface depending on the thermal load and heat flows that ensures the most effective ice consumption.
, канд. техн. наук
ГНУ Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт электрификации
сельского хозяйства Россельхозакадемии (ГНУ ВИЭСХ Россельхозакадемии), г. Москва
Энергосбережение и повышение энергетической
эффективности систем энергообеспечения сельских зданий
В работе рассмотрены направления энергосбережения и повышения энергетической эффективности систем энергообеспечения сельских зданий, крестьянских и фермерских хозяйств в соответствии с Законом РФ «Об энергосбережении и о повышении энергетической эффективности …»
O. V. Shepovalova, Cand Sc (Eng)
All-Russian Research Institute of Electrification of Agriculture (VIESH), Moscow, Russia
Energy saving and increasing efficiency of POWER
supply of rural buildings
Summary
The paper deals with the directions of energy conservation and improving efficiency of energy supply of rural buildings and private farms in accordance with the Federal Law "On energy saving and energy efficiency...". This law and the State Program of the Russian Federation "Energy conservation and energy efficiency for the period up to 2020” are the basis for organization of modern, highly efficient power supply systems of rural houses and private farms. These documents provide the possibility to create energy systems, which would meet the highest requirements for energy efficiency and environmental health from the design stage to implementation and operation.
Basic principles of energy conservation and increase of energy efficiency are
1. effective and rational use of energy resources;
2. support and stimulation of energy saving and increase of energy efficiency;
3. systematic and integrated approach to energy saving and higher energy efficiency measures;
4. planning of energy saving and increase of energy efficiency;
5. use of energy resources with due account of resource, industrial, technological, ecological and social conditions.
According to the above law the following actions are required to save the energy and to increase efficiency of power supply of rural buildings and private farms:
1. to develop and implement the energy saving and power efficiency enhancement policy across the Russian Federation, its regions and objects;
2. to develop and implement the federal, regional, and municipal programs related to energy saving and power efficiency enhancement;
3. to coordinate the energy saving and power efficiency enhancement actions and to monitor their performance in the field of energy supply of rural buildings and private farms at the state, regional and municipal level, and for individual consumers;
4. to list the equipment within the integrated energy supply systems, which should contain the information on energy efficiency; to define the content of such information according to the Law and the plotting rules of such data; and also the information and its content related to other issues providing the energy saving and power efficiency enhancement when creating and using integrated energy supply systems;
5. to establish the rules how to define energy efficiency classes of a complete set, elements of subsystems, buildings, constructions of farms;
6. to define the requirements of energy efficiency of buildings, structures, constructions, equipment of subsystems and components of integrated energy supply systems;
7. to establish the principles of making the list of obligatory energy saving and power efficiency enhancement actions;
8. to establish the energy efficiency requirements to integrated energy supply systems, their subsystems, equipment and its arrangement;
9. to define the forms and methods of the state support in the sphere of energy saving and power efficiency enhancement.
, канд. техн. наук;
, д-р эконом. наук, чл.-кор. РАСХН;
ГНУ Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт электрификации
сельского хозяйства Россельхозакадемии (ГНУ ВИЭСХ Россельхозакадемии), г. Москва
система автономного энергообеспечения
сельского здания средней полосы россии
В работе рассмотрены вопросы разработки и создания системы автономного энергообеспечения сельского здания средней полосы России. Представлены фотографии, схемы и графики, отражающие процесс изготовления экспериментального образца системы, ее структурный состав и функционирование на объекте эксплуатации. Приведены технические характеристики.
O. V. Shepovalova, Cand. Sc (Eng); L. V. Bondarenko, DSc (Econ), Corresponding Member of RAAS; O. V. Vasiliev;
All-Russia Research Institute of Electrification of Agriculture (VIESH), Moscow, Russia
Independent energy SUPPLY system of rural buildings
IN CENTRAL RUSSIA
Summary
Target and perspective level of power supply efficiency and saving for rural houses and private farms may be achieved only by uniting power generation and delivery equipment and power consuming equipment, processes and structures into an integrated system.
The aim of research was to create a functioning complex system of energy supply; to trace the system creation process from idea, to design, on-site assembling and operation; to define the bottlenecks, and to introduce corrective amendments in conducted research.
The created experimental model of the system is designed for independent and mixed energy supply of rural buildings and private farms of the central Russia.
The system consists of the module of system integration, which includes the block of accumulation and transformation of energy, the emergency block, the block of visualization of conditions and control of subsystem programs; the block of solar electrical supply; vacuum light transmissive structures, installed in the building; compensating block; connecting wires and elements.
The paper presents the photographs, profile and graphs how an experimental model of the system was created, its structural composition and performance in the project. Technical characteristics are cited.
When creating an experimental model the method of combining the functions, developed by the authors, was applied. It allowed cutting the integration cost of renewable energy plants, solar power units in particular, in the energy supply systems because the elements of the system performed in parallel other necessary functions. Therefore the cost of multipurpose elements is subtracted from the overall cost of the system, or the system effectiveness essentially rises without additional inputs that also results in lower cost of 1 kW. The created model also includes a compensation block – flat mirror reflectors located on an internal surface of the roof and on the earth in front of the facade. The use of architectural and planning decisions and the landscape can improve the plant efficiency by 15-20% and smooth the uneven radiation at the receiver during the day and the year.
The system is developed on a modular principle with initial installation of equipment with minimum objective power and subsequent connection of new modules and subsystems. In this case parameters of voltage transducer and integration module are chosen on the basis of maximum system loading. The voltage transducer (invertor) is rated at 10 W, several subsystems (up to 5) may be controlled simultaneously. The maximum number of connected sources (including the central networks) is 6; the maximum number of programmed lines of discrete input/conclusion is 52.
The created experimental model of the system of independent power supply of a rural building will allow developing typical systems and their standard series for standby or basic independent power supply. Application of similar typical systems will save the power, raise reliability of standby power service by 25-30%, energy security of rural buildings and farms by 50-100% depending on the season and service conditions of isolated power supply systems.
, канд. техн. наук; , канд. биол. наук;
, канд. с.-х. наук; , канд. техн. наук;
, канд. физ.-мат. наук; ;
ГНУ Агрофизический научно-исследовательский институт Россельхозакадемии
(ГНУ АФИ Россельхозакадемии), г. Санкт-Петербург
ОСНОВЫ СОЗДАНИЯ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ РАЗВИТИЯ БИОТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ КОМПЛЕКСОВ КРУГЛОГОДИЧНОГО ИНТЕНСИВНОГО ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИ БЕЗОПАСНОГО ПРОИЗВОДСТВА ВЫСОКОКАЧЕСТВЕННОЙ РАСТИТЕЛЬНОЙ ПРОДУКЦИИ
Рассмотрены разработанные и реализованные оригинальные вегетационные светоустановки (ВСУ), наукоёмкие агротехнологии выращивания растений и управления их продукционным процессом, малогабаритная оптимизирующая вегетационная система МОВС-1-АФИ «Оптиматор», являющиеся основой создания биотехнологических комплексов (БТК) круглогодичного интенсивного экологически безопасного производства растительной продукции высокого качества. Приведены показатели эффективности производства и качества растительной продукции, выращиваемой в ВСУ. Рассмотрены перспективы развития БТК. Обсуждены вопросы, связанные с экологической безопасностью производства в условиях БТК.
I. N. Chernousov, Cand Sc (Eng); G. G. Panova, Cand Sc (Biol); Yu. I. Zheltov,
Cand Sc (Agr); I. V. Karmanov, Cand Sc (Eng); V. L. Sudakov, Cand Sc
(Physics and Math); A. V. Alexandrov; O. R. Udalova
Agrophysical Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences,
Saint Petersburg, Russia
the basics for creation and the prospects for development of biotechnological complexes for intensive ecologically safe all-year growing of high-quality plant production
Summary
To provide the population of the Russian Federation with fresh high-quality whole food in quantities, which meet medical standards, it is of vital importance to set up and put into practice knowledge-intensive automated biotechnological complexes for intensive resource-saving growing of high-quality plant products that do not involve construction of specialized industrial facilities.
A biotechnological complex (BTC) is a system of pioneering energy-saving installations of various versions (modules) for growing plants in illumination environment by knowledge-intensive resource-saving technologies. These installations are placed in houses or rooms with computer-controlled microclimate. BTC is also equipped with a small-size optimizing plant growing system МОВС-1-АФИ “Optimator” designed to develop, adjust and refine new technologies of crop cultivation. “Optimator” system is a compact physical model of controlling plant growing processes in BTC and greenhouses that makes it possible to find the optimal parameters of plant production.
Throughout the year, the above installations can provide several yields of vegetative production with the total mass, for example, of salad or mustard up to 85 kg/m2, of dill or parsley up to 72 kg/m2, of cucumbers up to 180 kg/m2 and of tomatoes up to 100 kg/m2. The vegetable produce has high content of vitamins and mineral elements and a high grade of other eating qualities. The content of nitrates in the produce is considerably lower than the maximum level allowed by sanitary norms, while the pesticides and other contaminants are entirely absent.
The paper presents the indices of production efficiency and quality of plant products grown in such installations and considers technical and biotechnological aspects of BTC development.
Ecological safety of plant production in BTC is provided by the waste-free technology.
The plant growing installations of three types and production techniques used in them are the basis of developing BTC for intensive ecologically safe all-year production of high-quality plant products. The high efficiency and great economic performance of these installations prove the feasibility of BTC, which may find wide application in the Russian Federation and benefit the supply of population with fresh high-quality plant products.
; , канд. техн. наук;
, канд. с.-х. наук;
ГНУ Северо-Западный научно-исследовательский институт механизации
и электрификации сельского хозяйства Россельхозакадемии
(ГНУ СЗНИИМЭСХ Россельхозакадемии), г. Санкт-Петербург
ПОВЫШЕНИЕ ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ ПИТАТЕЛЬНЫХ РАСТВОРОВ В ИНТЕНСИВНОЙ СВЕТОКУЛЬТУРЕ НА ОСНОВЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ ЭЛЕКТРОХИМИЧЕСКОЙ АКТИВАЦИИ (ЭХА)
Представлены результаты исследований по использованию питательных растворов на основе электрохимически активированной воды при выращивании салата в интенсивной светокультуре.
A. P. Mishanov; V. N. Sudachenko, Cand Sc (Eng);
A. E. Markova, Cand Sc (Agr); T. V. Kolianova
North-West Research Institute of Agricultural Engineering and Electrification
(SZNIIMESH), St-Petersburg, Russia
Improvement of nutrient solutions by electric
and chemical activation when growing plants under intensive photoculture conditions
Summary
Intensive cultivation of leaf vegetables in hydroponic (soilless) conditions poses strict requirements to the quality of nutrient solutions. The solution running to the trays has to deliver to plants the required amount of nutrient elements and create the comfortable environment for root systems in terms of the ratio between pH, elect4ic conductivity, oxidation and reduction potential (ORP) of water, and O2.
A technique of electric and chemical activation of solutions in a flow-through diaphragm cell allows maintaining the ORP of water and water solutions at the required level. As a result a catholyte with ORP – 860 mV and anolyte with ORP +1200 mV are produced.
Watering of salad plants with a mixture of cathodic and anodic water at 2 : 1 ratio in the seedling period and supply of the nutrient solution based on 2 : 1 cathodic and anodic water with ORP from – 60 to + 70 mV demonstrated a positive effect on the growth, development and quality of salad. The growing time of salad was two to four days shorter against the practice of growing salad on the tap water. The saving of both water and nutrients was from 0,7 L/m2 (recirculation) to 2,25 L/m2 (water culture). Besides, longer useful life of nutrient solution, which was prepared by the above technique, in the recirculation system decreases environmental load.
, канд. техн. наук, доц.; ;
РУП «НПЦ НАН Беларуси по механизации сельского хозяйства»,
г. Минск, Республика Беларусь
АВТОМАТИЗИРОВАННАЯ СИСТЕМА УПРАВЛЕНИЯ
ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИМИ ПРОЦЕССАМИ В КОМБИКОРМОВОМ ЦЕХЕ
СВИНОВОДЧЕСКОГО КОМПЛЕКСА
В условиях интенсивного ведения животноводства
большое значение приобретает организация правильного использования сырьевых компонентов для приготовления комбикормов. Наиболее рационально и с высокой отдачей используются комбикорма, сбалансированные по протеину, аминокислотам, микроэлементам, витаминам и другим биологически активным веществам. Однако из-за отсутствия требуемых технических средств и оборудования значительное количество сырья для производства комбикормов используется неэффективно в виде кормосмесей и дробленого зерна. В связи с этим разработка нового оборудования для производства комбикормов и модернизация действующего должна осуществляться с оснащением современными автоматизированными системами управления и контроля.
В статье описана автоматизированная система управления технологическим процессом комбикормового цеха.
A. I. Punko, Cand Sc (Eng), V. I. Khrutskij, D. I. Romanchuk
Republican Unitary Enterprise “Scientific and Practical Centre of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus for Agriculture Mechanization”, Minsk, Belarus
computerized control system of technological processes
in feed-milling department on a pig complex
Summary
In the conditions of intensive farm animal husbandry the proper management of raw components for formulated feed is of great importance. Such feeds have a good balance of protein, amino acids, microelements, vitamins and other biologically active substances and are used with high return. However due to the lack of required equipment significant amount of raw material for complete feed making is used inefficiently in the form of crushed grain or simple feed mix.
Presently the considerable part of equipment has become outdated and doesn't meet the modern requirements. This lowers efficiency of formulated feed components and, in the long run, efficiency of animal breeding in general. Technical reconstruction of feed-milling plants with partial or full replacement of equipment has become an urgent issue.
The offered system provides centralized computer-aided control of the drives of all the mechanisms, continuous acquisition and display of information on their state, and remote switching of mechanisms. The system features higher productivity and lower operational costs, as well as smaller number of process shutdowns, and higher reliability of equipment functioning.
In the paper the automated control system for a feed-milling plant is described in a block diagram.
Kaupo Toom; Timo Tamm; Andres Annuk
Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 56, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
POSSIBILITIES OF CUTTING WIND GENERATOR POWER CHARTS
ABSTRACT
The relative importance of wind energetic becomes more important every day. Due to the wind stochastic nature the study and fitting of wind energy production charts are not compensated with the electricity consumption charts. In addition it is vital to predict the power outlet of a wind park for 24 hours to ensure reserves in the network. In the progress of the forecast errors may happen. Sometimes grid operators cut the wind park power curves to avoid problems in the grid. It is reasonable to make the planned cutting of peak capacities. The part of power production charts, which have been cut, can be used, for example, for district heating.
Каупо Тоом; Тимо Тамм; Андрес Аннук
Эстонский университет наук о жизни, г. Тарту, Эстония
usability. But at unsuitable storage conditions (closed unheated room, unheated from one side open shelter etc.) the relatively quick destruction occurs.
Милан Брожек; Александра Новакова
Чешский сельскохозяйственный университет, г. Прага, Чешская Республика
ВЛИЯНИЕ УСЛОВИЙ ХРАНЕНИЯ НА МЕХАНИЧЕСКИЕ
СВОЙСТВА БРИКЕТОВ
Аннотация
К брикетам, изготовленным из биомассы с целью их последующего сжигания, предъявляется ряд требований, определенных в соответствующих национальных руководящих документах. В Чешской Республике требования к механическим свойствам брикетов прописаны в Директиве Министерства окружающей среды № 14/2003, по которой минимальная плотность брикетов должна составлять 900 кг м-3. При этом прочность брикетов не устанавливается. Однако с точки зрения эксплуатации соответствующая степень уплотнения имеет очень большое значение, чтобы при обращении с брикетами не происходило ни образования крошек, ни разрушения.
Исследуемые брикеты были изготовлены из стружки – смесь ели (около 90%) и сосны (около 10%). Для производства брикетов был использован пресс фирмы Briklis, модель BrikStar 50, с диаметром камеры сжатия 65 мм. Все брикеты изготавливались при постоянной настройке параметров пресса. Цель опытов было определение изменений механических свойств брикетов при их длительном хранении при подходящих, менее подходящих и неподходящих условиях.
Первым показателем, за которым проводили наблюдение, была пригодность различных помещений для длительного хранения брикетов. Брикеты разделили на три части и разместили в следующих хранилищах:
· Хранилище А – бумажные пакеты в закрытом отапливаемом помещении.
· Хранилище В – пластмассовые ящики в закрытом не отапливаемом помещении.
· Хранилище С – пластмассовые ящики в не отапливаемом хранилище, открытом с одной стороны.
Время хранения брикетов было вторым фактором наблюдения. Из каждого вышеупомянутого хранилища через заранее определенные интервалы (6, 12, 18 и 24 месяца, опыты продолжаются до сих пор) отбирались образцы брикетов (всегда 100 штук) для следующего опыта. Первая партия брикетов (тоже 100 штук) была протестирована сразу же после изготовления. Полученные результаты были использованы при окончательной оценке как контрольные данные.
Результаты опытов показали, что время хранения не имеет большого значения для долговечности брикетов, на которую оказывает влияние место хранения, точнее пригодность хранилищ именно для этой цели. В соответствии с рекомендациями производителя сухие и отапливаемые помещения можно рассматривать как подходящие места хранения. И наоборот, не отапливаемые помещения совершенно непригодны для хранения, независимо от их конструкции.
Из результатов опытов однозначно следует, что при подходящих условиях (закрытое отапливаемое помещение) даже относительно недолгий период (24 месяца) хранения оказывает отрицательное влияние на механические и потребительские свойства брикетов. При неподходящих условиях (закрытое не отапливаемое помещение или не отапливаемое, открытое с одной стороны хранилище) происходит относительно быстрое самопроизвольное разрушение брикетов, которое начинается сразу же после закладки на хранение.
, д-р техн. наук;
Северо-Кавказский научно-исследовательский институт механизации
и электрификации сельского хозяйства Россельхозакадемии
(ГНУ СКНИИМЭСХ Россельхозакадемии), г. Зерноград
ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКАЯ ОЦЕНКА ПРОЦЕССА ПОДОГРЕВА ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ ВОДЫ С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ СОЛНЕЧНОЙ ЭНЕРГИИ
Солнечная энергия уверенно завоевывает устойчивые позиции в мировой энергетике. К преимуществам солнечной энергетики относится то, что солнечная энергия – это экологически чистый источник энергии, позволяющий использовать его во всех возрастающих масштабах без негативного влияния на окружающую среду.
V. S. Gazalov, DSc (Eng); E. U. Abelentsev
North Caucasian Research Institute of Mechanization and Electrification of Agriculture,
Zernograd, Russia
Energy estimation of industrial water heating
with solar energy
Summary
Solar energy is steadily gaining a stable position in global power economy. The advantage of helioenergetics is its eco-friendly character, allowing to apply it on an increasing scale without the negative environmental impact.
Solar water heating devices not connected to central water supply heating systems can find wide application in farming for water supply of houses, production facilities, and field camps. In some cases even nowadays, with organic fuel being rather expensive, solar water heating devices turn to be economically efficient. Installation of solar devices gives an opportunity to increase reliability of hot water supply that is very important for some objects, especially for livestock farms. Introduction of solar water heating devices into rural everyday life allows improving living and working conditions of villagers. At the same time application of solar energy instead of organic fuel combustion contributes to lower environmental pollution.
Year-round electric solar water heater consists of a solar collector, electric water heater of capacitive type, pipelines and apparatus. One of the technical solutions aimed at preventing the water to freeze in a solar collector under hard winter frosts and lowering energy inputs to heat the water during morning water withdrawal, is to fit the solar collector with containers filled with phase-changing substance (paraffin).
One of the most upcoming trends in improvement of heat accumulating devices is application of accumulators with melting substances. Heat accumulation principle is that the material accumulates substantial amount of thermal energy during transition from solid state into liquid one (during melting), and gives back accumulated heat during hardening.
Solar access was investigated for different months for the daily time of 13 hours. Solar water heating process was estimated for Rostov region conditions. Test data was processed showing that the major part of solar access is registered within the range of 40 to 70 degrees of solar collector’s deviation from the vertical plane. When the collector is fixed horizontally (angle of 90 degrees), solar radiation level decreases by 40%. When the collector is fixed vertically (angle of 0 degrees), solar radiation level decreases by 15 to 30% average. These results are the basis for development of cost-effective year-round electric solar water heaters of rational design.
; , канд. техн. наук
ГНУ Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт электрификации
сельского хозяйства Россельхозакадемии (ГНУ ВИЭСХ Россельхозакадемии), г. Москва
ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ПРИ РАЗЛИЧНЫХ РЕЖИМАХ ПАСТЕРИЗАЦИИ МОЛОКА УФ И ИК-ИЗЛУЧЕНИЯМИ
Проведены исследования на экспериментальном образце установки пастеризации молока по выявлению эффективности воздействия УФ и ИК излучения на свойства молочного продукта. Обосновано применение технологии, основанной на интегральной переработке молока под воздействием оптического излучения в УФ и ИК диапазонах с сохранением биологически активных веществ в молоке, что позволит получить легкоусвояемые микробиологически безопасные продукты питания с заданными свойствами.
S. A. Letaev; V. V. Malyshev, Cand Sc (Eng)
All-Russia Research Institute for Electrification of Agriculture (VIESH), Moscow, Russia
experimental study of different regimes of milk pasteurization with ultraviolet and infrared radiation
Summary
One of the important ways to promote the health of people is to improve the system of healthful and dietary meals, for children in the first place. Milk is considered the principal component of the balanced nutrition owing to its exclusive health utility amongst the products of animal origin. The explanation is its unique natural composition of proteins, sugar, vitamins and minerals. Growth of milk production requires innovative technologies of efficient milk processing with maximum conservation of biologically valuable substances and organic qualities. This is especially important when preparing milk products for children and medicinal and prophylactic food.
One of these innovative technologies is non-thermal processing of milk based on bactericidal property of ultra-violet (UV) radiation. After the milk has been treated with UV of a certain spectrum, intensive syntheses of the vitamin D starts, with the latter preventing the development of children’s rickets to a considerable extent. Integrated processing of milk with UV and IR radiation is a new process and a number of studies were performed on a pilot installation for milk pasteurization to estimate the effect of UV and IR radiation on characteristics of milk and milk liquid products.
The developed method of combined milk pasteurization with optical radiation in UV and IR range provides conservation of biologically active substances in milk that allows obtaining the safe food stuffs with given characteristics.
Designed technological installation for milk pasteurization with UV and IR radiation proved to be efficient, environmentally friendly and universal, i. e. suitable for treating the liquids with different physical, chemical and biological properties.
Санкт-Петербургский государственный аграрный университет
(СПбГАУ), г. Санкт-Петербург
перспективы ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИя УФ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ
ДЛЯ ВОДООБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ СЕЛЬСКОГО ХОЗЯЙСТВА
В РЕСПУБЛИКЕ ТАДЖИКИСТАН
Республика Таджикистан горная страна, 93% всей территории занимают горы. Климатические условия влияют на сезонное изменение качества воды. В настоящее время более 50% водоснабжения происходит за счет использования открытых источников. В сточных водах населенных пунктов обнаруживаются многие виды патогенных бактерий, вирусов и паразитов. Одной из важнейших задач при обеззараживании воды, является применение экологически чистые технологии, в которых не используются химические реагенты, т. е. технологии, не приводящей к образованию в процессе обеззараживания токсичных соединений при одновременном полном уничтожении патогенной микрофлоры. В настоящее время обеззараживание воды УФ облучением не используется в республике. Ультрафиолетовое обеззараживание воды обеспечивает экологическую безопасность, высокую эффективность и экономичность.
R. Z. Yuldashev
Saint Petersburg State Agrarian University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
PERSPECTIVES OF UV TECHNOLOGIES APPLICATION IN WATER SUPPLY
OF AGRICULTURE IN REPUBLIC OF TADJIKISTAN
Summary
In Tadjikistan there are about 1000 big and small rivers. Environmental conditions influence the seasonal change of water quality. Presently above 50% of water supply is from open sources (rivers). The origin of waste water in the republic is rain, melting of snow and ice. In waste effluents from settlements many kinds of pathogenic bacteria, viruses and parasites are found. The illnesses caused by these microorganisms vary and can lead to serious consequences for human health.
The main technique used in the world to prevent infectious diseases and protect the surface water against infection is water disinfection by chlorine, ozone or UV irradiation. Modern sewage treatment facilities should clean the water not only from mechanical and chemical pollution, but also from pathogenic micro flora. Improvement of treatment facilities efficiency through application of UV irradiation allows to significantly lower bacterial contamination and to raise the quality of water. The main objective of research in this sphere is to generate uniform irradiation and to decrease power inputs in water treatment.
Despite technical transporting and storing problems and potential risk of emergency situations, chlorination process is widely applied in the republic up to date in spite of its essential weak points, such as inefficiency concerning viruses and high toxicity of chlorine.
Today ultraviolet disinfection of water is not used in the republic though this method is ecologically safe, highly efficient and profitable. In this case no hazardous substances are formed in the water as they do during chlorination and ozone treatment. Ultraviolet is capable to fully suppress any pathogenic microorganisms as it destroys the most proof forms of ability to live of microorganisms. Application of UV-radiation involves much lower operational costs compared to chlorination and, especially, ozone treatment. An important indicator is absorption of UV radiation by the substances dissolved in water. Intensity of radiation falls sharply in with the beam penetration into liquid. The phenomenon is described by Bouguer-Lambert-Beer Law.
Method of UV disinfection has the following advantages against chlorination:
- In the water treated by ultra-violet radiation the toxic and mutagen compounds, which have a negative impact on biocenosis of reservoirs, are not found;
- UV disinfecting time is from 1 to 10 seconds in a flowing mode therefore there is no need to create contact capacities;
- Lower operating costs;
- Easy to use equipment.
, д-р техн. наук, проф.;
Санкт-Петербургский государственный аграрный университет
(СПбГАУ), г. Санкт-Петербург
ИСПЫТАТЕЛЬНЫЙ СТЕНД ДЛЯ КОНТРОЛЯ И ИЗМЕРЕНИЯ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ ЭНЕРГИИ В ЭЛЕКТРОДВИГАТЕЛЯХ
Разработан испытательный стенд для определения энергетических параметров электродвигателей, который оснащен информационно-измерительной системой. Предложено создание энергетического паспорта на электродвигатель, приведены результаты эффективности использования энергии в асинхронном двигателе.
V. N. Karpov, DSc (Eng); Z. Sh. Yuldashev, Cand Sc (Eng)
Saint Petersburg State Agrarian University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
TEST STAND FOR CONTROL AND ASSESSMENT OF EFFICIENT
ENERGY USE IN ELECTRIC MOTORS
Summary
The study of energy loss structure shows that up to 90% of energy is lost in the sphere of energy consumption and only 9 to 10% - during power transmission. Only two-thirds of electricity is transformed by various electric drives into mechanical energy.
In agricultural production more than 90% of all electric motors are cage induction motors (IM). The reason for their wide application compared with other motor types their utmost simplicity, reliability and efficiency.
The IM’s energy characteristics are degrading with its operation that leads to higher energy intensity of production. The design IM power capacity for the electric drive of a working machine is chosen with a significant reserve coefficient, which reaches 1,3. This leads to higher energy loss.
The characteristic features of IM operation in farming are seasonality, non-uniform load, low quality of electricity and working conditions that end up in an early failure. The life time of IM ranges from 35 to 50% of the design value, depending on the level of maintenance and operation.
The method of controlling and managing energy efficiency in consumer energy system (CES) is based on the method of finite relations (MFR). The essence of this method is in the fact that the energy efficiency of any process is evaluated by the objective measure - the relative power consumption. Relative energy intensity is the ratio of the energy parameters at the inlet and outlet of the considered structural element. It includes, beyond the unity, in its numerical value the energy loss in the element, referred to the transmitted energy.
A test stand, equipped with information and measurement system on the basis of an electromechanical brake tester has been designed for pilot studies to determine the relative energy intensity of electric motors (AC and DC), as well as electric motors equipped with frequency converters. The test stand and information and measurement system, which are recognized as inventions, allow experimental studies according to the requirements of MFR.
The energy audit of an electric motor on the test stand equipped with information and measurement system according to the requirements of the MFR, allows to determine the energy efficiency of electric motors and to create their energy registration certificates. The energy registration certificate of an electric motor should include the passport data and standard values of energy efficiency, which represent the quantitative characteristics of the levels of sustainable consumption and conserve energy use in the production process. Having such an energy passport for each motor, which will include all the energy characteristics identified in subsequent energy audit and action plan for maintenance and repair, we can evaluate the technical condition and develop measures to improve energy efficiency, and there will emerge an opportunity to deliberately and consistently manage the efficiency of energy consumption, reducing the power consumption of their operation by the known techniques and tools (regulation, control regimes, etc.) or replacing them with new ones with better energy parameters.
ГНУ Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт электрификации
сельского хозяйства Россельхозакадемии (ГНУ ВИЭСХ Россельхозакадемии), г. Москва
РАЗРАБОТКА И ИСПЫТАНИЕ ВЫСОКОВОЛЬТННОГО ИМПУЛЬСНОГО КУЛЬТИВАТОРА ДЛЯ УНИЧТОЖЕНИЯ СОРНОЙ РАСТИТЕЛЬНОСТИ
Для борьбы с сорняками используются гербициды, загрязняющие окружающую среду. В России и ряде других стран мира разрабатываются опытные и промышленные образцы электропропольщиков, использующие электрическую энергию для уничтожения сорной растительности. Зарубежные агрегаты основаны на использовании переменного однофазного тока высокого напряжения и предназначены для борьбы с сорняками на полях с малой засоренности. В ВИЭСХе в течение ряда лет проводились исследования возможности использования импульсов высокого напряжения для борьбы с сорняками. На основании этих исследований совместно с Брянской ГСХА, был разработан, и на заводе БОЗ «Эталон» г. Брянск изготовлен, и в полевых условиях испытан, высоковольтный импульсный культиватор (ВИК), показавший высокую эффективность истребления сорных растений и позволяющий снизить энергозатраты на борьбу с сорняками и получить экологически чистую продукцию.
V. N. Toporkov
All-Russia Research Institute of Electrification of Agriculture (VIESH), Moscow, Russia
DESIGNING AND TESTING OF A HIGH-VOLTAGE PULSE DEVICE
FOR WEED CONTROL
Summary
UN experts estimate the global annual loss of farm crops due to weeds in 20 billion USD. Herbicides are used for weed control, but they pollute the environment. So in Russia and in some other countries of the world the development of experimental and commercial units, which apply electric energy to kill the weeds, is in progress. Foreign-made devices are based on variable single-phase high-voltage current and are designed for weed control on the fields with light weediness. The best known device is Lasco LW-5 electrical weeder (USA) but its tests under conditions of the big number of weeds in USSR have demonstrated unsatisfactory results.
In VIESH the possibility to apply high-voltage pulses to kill the weeds has been studied for a number of years. Theoretical and experimental investigations as well as analysis of working conditions of the electric device allowed shaping the requirements to its characteristics and design. VIESH in cooperation with Bryanskaya State Agricultural Academy has designed and manufactured at Standard Factory (Bryansk) a high-voltage unit, which kills the weeds with an electric pulse. Structurally its crucial components, which include three-phase AC synchronous generator (230/400 V, 400 Hz, 20 kVA/16 kW), high-voltage impulse power source, control, protection and supervision systems, front-mounted work tools, and generator’ suspension are placed on back and front suspensions of MTZ-82 tractor.
Field test results of the unit allow to draw the following conclusions:
1. The design of power supply source and work tools should be of modular type to reduce base-robbing effect during the electric weeding.
2. Adult weeds should be treated under 30 kV voltage on the work tools and shoots – under 10 to 15 kV.
In general the electric weeder demonstrated high efficacy in young weeds control, lower energy inputs and possibility to grow ecologically clean crops.
, д-р техн. наук
Санкт-Петербургский государственный аграрный университет (СПбГАУ),
г. Санкт-Петербург
, канд. техн. наук
Санкт-Петербургский автотранспортный и электромеханический колледж (СПбГАиЭК), г. Санкт-Петербург
Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет сервиса и экономики
(СПбГУСЭ), г. Санкт-Петербург
ТОКСИЧНОСТЬ ОТРАБОТАВШИХ ГАЗОВ НА НЕУСТАНОВИВШИХСЯ
РЕЖИМАХ РАБОТЫ АВТОМОБИЛЬНЫХ ДВИГАТЕЛЕЙ
В данной работе представлены сведения по эксплуатации транспортных средств на неустановившихся режимах. Приведены экологические параметры и характеристики топливной экономичности. Так же было произведено сравнение российского цикла и некоторых циклов испытаний транспортных средств разработанных для других стран. Кроме того, представлены результаты исследований по выбросам вредных веществ, для двигателей с питанием на пропан-бутане, дизельном топливе, метане и на бензине. Использовалось искровое и форкамерно-факельное зажигание горючей смеси, а также окислительная и бифункциональная системы каталитической нейтрализации выхлопных газов двигателей. Так же, представлены результаты дорожных испытаний, лабораторные испытания по токсичности, показатели концентрация вредных веществ на холостом ходу и характеристика выбросов вредных веществ за ездовой цикл при «холодном» и «горячем» пуске двигателя. В заключение, была обоснованна необходимость интенсивных разработок и улучшения процесса работы двигателя на неустановившихся режимах. Приведены рекомендации по решению проблемы загрязнения окружающей среды выхлопными газами, посредством комплексной экологизации автомобиля.
Т.Y. Salova, DSc (Eng)
Saint Petersburg State Agrarian University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
S. K. Korabelnikov, Cand Sc (Eng)
Saint Petersburg Motor Car and Electromechanical College, Saint Petersburg
A. A. Sivov
Saint Petersburg State University of Service and Economy, Saint Petersburg, Russia
TOXICITY OF EXHAUST GASES UNDER TRANSIENT BEHAVIOUR
OF AUTOMOBILE ENGINES
Summary
The paper contains information on transient operation of vehicles, ecological parameters and characteristics of fuel economy. Vehicle test cycles, designed for the Russian conditions and those in some other countries, have been compared. Investigation results of exhaust gas emissions for different engines, fuels and fuel systems are presented, namely hazardous substances content for engines powered by propane, butane, diesel, methane and gasoline. Spark and chamber-torch ignition of combustible mixture and oxidation and bifunctional system of catalytic reduction of exhaust gases were applied. The results of road and laboratory toxicity tests, indicators of the pollutant concentration at idle speed and exhaust emission characteristics of the driving cycle with "cold" and "hot" engine start are cited. The need to improve the engine transient operation is substantiated. Recommendations are given how to address the problem of environment pollution by exhaust gases by introducing green vehicles.
Научное издание
ЭКОЛОГИЯ И СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫЕ
ТЕХНОЛОГИИ: АГРОИНЖЕНЕРНЫЕ РЕШЕНИЯ
Материалы 7-й международной научно-практической конференции
17-19 мая 2011 года
Санкт-Петербург
В трех томах
Том 3
Экологические аспекты производства продукции животноводства;
энергообеспечение и информационные технологии
в сельском хозяйстве
Компьютерная верстка
Подписано в печать 28.04.2011. Формат 84/108 1/16.
Бумага книжно-журнальная. Гарнитура «Таймс». Усл. печ. л. 28,56.
Тираж 100 экз. Заказ 87.
Издательство ГНУ СЗНИИМЭСХ Россельхозакадемии
г. Санкт-Петербург, пос. Тярлево, Фильтровское шоссе
Тел. (8
Отпечатано на ризографе ГНУ СЗНИИМЭСХ Россельхозакадемии.
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