Английский язык (стр. 13 )

Annually daily every day/ week/month/year fortnightly

half yearly monthly quarterly regularly once/twice/ three times a day/week

1.  Many people ask for………….bank statements; they receive twelve every year.

2.  The agent works in the city centre, but he travels to the port ……….. It isn’t necessary to go every day of the week.

3.  If you pay ……….you only have four payments each year.

4.  Most newspapers are published………..

5.  Companies in the UK publish their financial statements………………..

6.  You are often advised to take medicine…………..by doctors.

7.  Our representatives visits Liverpool………; the other two weeks of the month are spent in the South East.

8.  How often do you use the telephone?.......... I need to telephone people often in my work.

9.  Because of the increased postal charges, send me statement…………; we only need to pay twice instead of twelve times if you do.

10.  You should send remittances……….if you don’t, there will be high interest charges.

V.  Match the word with its definition:

Term	Definition
1.Comercial export invoice	a) a continuous, detailed list of transactions, meetings etc. noted in a book during a period of time
2.Consular invoice	b) a detailed statement of costs
3.Pro Forms Invoice	c) an invoice used in international trade, which include details of freight and insurance
4.Quotation	d) an invoice which is sent out for information or for payment before delivery
5.Record	e) an export invoice which must be inspected and stamped by n official of the consulate of the importing country

Text B

I.  Read and translate this text:

The Bill of Landing

The Bill of Landing (its abbreviation is B/L) is an essential document in international trade and shipment. It is important in law, in finance, and in insurance.

It is important in law because it is legal title to ownership of the goods. If an importer holds the Bill of Landing he can take possession of the goods printed on it. The consignee (the buyer or importer) can get his goods only when he presents the Bill of Landing to the shipping company when the ship arrives.

It is important in finance because the Bill of Landing is usually handed to the bank together with the Export Invoice and the Certificate of Insurance, before the bank will issue credit or accept the Bill of Exchange. The consignor (the seller or exporter) sometimes demands payment before he hands the Bill of Landing to the buyer or his bank.

It is important in insurance because the Bill of Landing states whether the goods have been inspected on board ship by the Captain (or Master) of the ship. In the USA, ‘on deck’ is often used instead of ‘on board’. This is important in deciding who is responsible or liable for any damage to the cargo.

The Bill of Landing is a receipt signed by the captain of the ship for the cargo he has received on board. This is called a ‘shipped’ Bill of Landing (also called a ‘shipped on board’ Bill of Landing). This Bill of Landing states that the captain has inspected the goods after loading, and gives the following details:

-  the name of the shipper

-  the name of the ship

-  the consignee (or ‘to order’)

-  the port of loading

-  the port of discharge

-  the marks and numbers

-  the quantity

-  the type of packing

-  the description of the goods

-  the weight

-  the measurement

Banks usually require ‘shipped’ Bill of Landing for credit transactions.

A ‘clean’ Bill of Landing means that the ship owners agree that the goods were received on board in good condition. If the goods are not in good order and condition, the Bills of Landing are described as ‘dirty’, ‘unclean’, or ‘foul’.

Some Bills of Landing are also called ‘claused’, because the ship owners sometimes add an extra clause to show that the goods were, for example, badly or inadequately packed. This may be important for the insurance surveyor.

A bill of Landing is negotiable document. An importer can endorse the Bill of Landing and sell the goods in this way, even before they arrive. An importer can endorse a Bill of Landing by signing across the back. In this way, ownership of the goods can be transferred to another buyer simply by handing the endorsed Bill of Landing to him. A Bill of Landing can state that the goods must be delivered to a certain person or company, or it may state ‘to order’. (This phrase is also printed on cheques and Bills of Exchange). A letter of Credit may demand that the Bill of Landing should be made out ‘to order’ and endorsed ‘in blank’. This means that the sellers place no restrictions on the right to transfer ownership.

Many ship owners print their own Bills of Landing, and not all look alike. The master of the vessel signs the Bill of Landing and the ship owners retain a copy. The other copies are sent to the exporter (or seller). He will then send a copy to the bank either for payment or for acceptance of a Bill of Exchange. If there is a regular trade between a seller and a buyer, the seller will draw on the buyer’s credit, and send copies of the Bill of Landing by separate mails to make sure he receives at least one. The buyer can then present the Bill of Landing to the shipping company at the port of discharge, and can take delivery of the panies often do this through forwarding agents. When these arrangements are completed, they receive the Bill of Landing from the captain of the ship which transports the goods. There are usually three or four copies. On of the copies is kept by the shipping company, and the other copies are sent to the exporter.

II. Answer these questions:

  i.  How can you characterize the Bill of Landing?

  ii.  Why is it important in law?

  iii.  When can the consignee get his goods?

  iv.  Why is it important in finance?

  v.  Why is it important in insurance?

  vi.  When is the Bill of Lading called ‘shipped’?

  vii.  What does it state?

  viii.  What does a ‘clean’ Bill of Landing mean?

  ix.  When are the Bills of Landing described as ‘dirty’?

  x.  Why are some Bills of Landing called ‘claused’?

  xi.  Why is the Bill of Landing a negotiable document?

  xii.  Do all Bills of Landing look alike? Why?

  xiii.  How can a buyer present the Bill of Landing to the shipping company?

III. Say whether the statements are true or false:

A Bill of Landing gives the person named on it the right to possess the goods described on it. The consignee’s name is usually printed on the Bill of Landing. If the Bill of Landing is made out ‘to order’ it means that ownership of the goods cannot be transferred to another person. The Bill of Landing is signed at the bottom by the exporter. A shipped Bill of Landing is one which is signed by the captain of the ship after he inspects the goods on board ship. The marks and numbers of the containers or crates must be printed on the Bill of Landing. You endorse a Bill of Landing by signing it, and you can then transfer ownership of the goods to someone else. The Bill of Landing is one of the shipping documents which must be presented to a bank when payment is arranged. Copies of the Bill of Landing are sent to the exporter and the customs only. In insurance it is important to know if the Bill of Landing is ‘clean’ or not. The consignee is the person who receives the goods.

IV.  Match the equivalents:

A	B
1. Airway bill	a) груз
2. Bill of Exchange	b) сделать передаточную запись на бланке
3. Bill of Landing	c) вексель
4. Bill of Landing to order	d) авиагрузовая накладная
5. Cargo	e) ордерный коносамент
6. Clean Bill of Landing	f) разгружать
7. Consignee	g) грузоотправитель
8. Consignor	h) бланк транспортной накладной
9. Dirty Bill of Landing	i) право собственности
10.Discharge	j) коносамент
11.Endorse in blank	k) грузополучатель
12.Shipment	l) коносамент с оговорками
13.Shipped Bill of Landing	m) отправка товаров
14.Title	n) коносамент, транспортная накладная

V.  Match the terms with its definitions:

Term	Definition
1. Cargo	a) a right to posses, or own goods or property
2. Consignee	b) goods carried or transported by road, rail, sea or air
3. Consignor	c) ownership can be transferred by endorsing and transferring a document
4. Negotiable	d) the person or institution ( in the exporting country) which sends the goods
5. Title	e) the person or institution ( in the importing country) to which goods are sent

VI.  Insert the correct words in the appropriate spaces in the passage below:

Accept, airmail, consignee, discharge, endorsing in blank, law, negotiable, packing, present, receipt, responsibility, shipped, title, transfer, unclean.

The Bill of Landing is important in international finance, insurance, and (1)……….. It is the legal (2)……….to ownership of the goods described on the Bill of Landing. The (3)………..cannot accept delivery of his consignment unless he possesses a copy.

You can describe a Bill of Landing in one way by saying that it is a (4)……….signed by the captain of the ship, stating that he has received the goods on board his ship. A Bill of Landing signed by the captain after he receives and inspects the goods on board ship is called (5)………..Bill of Landing. If the goods are damaged before they reach the ship the captain or the ship owners issue an (6)…………Bill of Landing (sometimes called ‘dirty’ or ‘foul’). If the captain receives the goods on board in good condition, the full title of the document he signs is ‘clean, shipped on board Bill of Landing’. Banks usually demand shipped Bills of Landing before they accept (7)………..for the credit.

The holder of a Bill of Landing can (8)………..possession of the goods to another person or company by (9)……….or signing on the back of it. In other words, the Bill of Landing, unlike the Air Bill, is a (10)……….document. If a buyer or bank asks the seller not to restrict the negotiability of the Bill of Landing, they demand that it should be endorsed (11)……….

The details printed on the Bill of Landing must include the port of loading and the port of (12)……….. The type of packing must also be stated. Examples of this are cases, crates, and boxes.

When the Bill of Landing is completed, copies are sent by (13)……….on separate days, so if one is lost, the other may reach the importer. The importer, or consignee as he is described on the Bill of Landing, can then (14)……….the Bill of Landing to the shipping company and (15)……….delivery of his goods.

VII.  Translate into English:

Фактуры разделяются на торговые, консульские и фиктивные в зависимости от назначения. Фактура является документом, содержащим описание и расценки отправляемых товаров. Фиктивная фактура служит своего рода уведомлением о расценках на заказ. Фактура необходима для предъявления администрации порта и таможенным властям для растаможивания товаров. Груз должен сопровождаться транспортной или авиагрузовой накладной. В транспортных накладных указываются грузополучатель и грузоотправитель, право собственности на груз, средства оплаты, например, вексель. Транспортные накладные могут быть с оговорками, например, о порче груза. При использовании ордерных коносаментов на бланке делается передаточная надпись с указанием доверенного лица.

Text C

The Bank of England

The bank of England was founded in 1694 by a group of wealthy merchants and landowners for the purpose of raising a loan for King William III in order to finance his war against Louis ХIV, King of France. Although it was a private bank, it enjoyed a special relationship with the government, and became, in effect, the government’s bank. In 1946 the Bank of England was nationalized and since then has been formally under the control of the Treasury, the government’s financial ministry. The Governor of the Bank of England is appointed, in theory, by the Queen, in practice, by the Prime Minister on the advice of the Chancellor of the Exchequer.

As the government’s bank, the Bank of England carries out many functions. It runs the accounts of government departments and handles the government’s vast number of financial payments, receipts and transfers. It also raises money for the government by the sale of government securities and treasury bills. Government securities or gilts are long-term fixed interest loans, payable by the government at a fixed date up to twenty years in the future. Treasury bills are short-term loans sold at a discount and repaid at their face value after ninety-one days. Another responsibility of the bank is the issue of bank notes. It is the only bank in England and Wales which is allowed to issue bank notes, although in Scotland and Northern Ireland the commercial banks issue their own notes. Finally the Bank of England manages the gold and currency reserves and by buying and selling these can influence the sterling exchange rate.

The Bank of England is also the bankers’ bank, since all banks doing sterling business in the United Kingdom are required to have accounts with mercial banks use these accounts to make payments to one another. The Bank of England can influence the behaviour of commercial banks by controlling the amount of money it requires them to deposit in their accounts. If it increases the amount required, then the banks will have less money to lend to their customers, and this will have an effect on the economy as a whole.

The Bank of England exercises the general authority and supervision over the banking and financial system in the United Kingdom, maintaining good order and confidence. The Bank is situated in Threadneedle Street, in the heart of the City of London.

In the City of London you can see literally dozens of banks, both British and foreign, in every street. There are the headquarters and several branches of the major British banks: Barclays, Lloyds, Midland and National Westminster – which occupies the tallest building in London. These banks have a branch network all over the United Kingdom and provide ‘retail’ banking services for individuals as well as for both large and small companies. They offer two kinds of accounts – deposit accounts which bear interest and current accounts for which a cheque book is provided to withdraw and transfer money. The clearing of cheques, together with other money transfer systems is a major activities of these banks, that is why they are called ‘clearing banks’. They cooperate to clear cheques through the Bankers’ Clearing House, a centralized cheque-clearing system based in the City of London.

Unlike the clearing banks, merchant banks do not normally provide services to the general public. They are specialized ‘wholesale’ banks with a small staff and no branch network, which raise loans for large companies and governments and provide financial and investment advice. They are involved in the financing of international trade and will accept or guarantee Bills of Exchange, that is why they are sometimes referred to as ‘accepting houses’.

Foreign banks in London generally concentrate on international banking, particularly in Eurodollar market – Eurodollars are US dollars held in bank accounts outside the USA.

However, recently some foreign banks have begun to land money to companies in Britain and a few have started to offer banking services to a general public, although on a limited scale, since they do not have a branch network. Banks are gradually becoming more like one another and it is more accurate to talk of merchant banking and retail banking rather than merchant banks and retail banks. The British clearing banks now have their own merchant banking divisions and are engaged in extensive international operations and some merchant banks are now offering banking services to the general public. The rapid advances in technology make a branch network less important than

it used to be as a basis for offering services to the public. The present trend is for all banks to offer a wide range of financial services to all types of customers.

Содержание

Unit 1A “ Starting a business”	4
Unit 1B “Business plan”	9
Unit 1C “Bank loans”	14
Unit 2A “Budgeting”	18
Unit 2B “Insurance”	23
Unit 2C “A loan agreement (part 1-2)	28
Unit 3A “Taxation”	30
Unit 3B “Business organization”	32
Unit 3C “A loan agreement (part 3-4)	36
Unit 4A “Joint-stock company	37
Unit 4B “Organization structure”	41
Unit 4C “A loan agreement (part 5-6)	45
Unit 5A “Production	46
Unit 5B “Products and brands”	51
Unit 5C “A loan agreement” (part 7-8)	53
Unit 6A “Labour unions”	55
Unit 6B “Who needs unions?”	58
Unit 6C “A loan agreement” (part 9)	60
Unit 7A “A preparation for negotiations”	62
Unit 7B “Business letter”	65
Unit 7C “Types of business letters”	68
Unit 8A “Business documents”	73
Unit 8B “The Bill of Landing”	76
Unit 8C “The Bank of England”	79