Правительство Российской Федерации
Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования
"Национальный исследовательский университет
"Высшая школа экономики"
Общеуниверситетская кафедра публичной политики
Программа дисциплины “Социальная политика и социальное государство” (“Social Policy and Welfare State”)
для направления 03.0200.68«Политология» подготовки магистра
для магистерской программы «Политический анализ и публичная политика» по специализации «Права человека и демократическое управление»
Автор программы:
, кандидат экономических наук, *****@***ru
Одобрена на заседании кафедры [Введите название кафедры] «___»____________ 20 г
Зав. кафедрой [Введите ]
Рекомендована секцией УМС [Введите название секции УМС] «___»____________ 20 г
Председатель [Введите ]
Утверждена УС факультета [Введите название факультета] «___»_____________20 г.
Ученый секретарь [Введите ] ________________________ [подпись]
Москва, 2012
Настоящая программа не может быть использована другими подразделениями университета и другими вузами без разрешения кафедры-разработчика программы.
2 Область применения и нормативные ссылки (Scope of Use)
The present syllabus is aimed at faculty teaching this course, their teaching assistants, and students of the degree program 03.0200.68 ‘Political Science’, master’s program ‘Political Analysis and Public Policy’ with the specialization in political analysis and public policy.
This syllabus meets the standards required by:
• National Research University - Higher School of Economics,
• degree program 030200.68 ‘Political Science’, master’s program ‘Political Analysis and Public Policy’,
• Master program curriculum as of 2012.
3 Цели освоения дисциплины (Learning Objectives)
The course “Social Policy and Welfare State” has the following goals:
· to introduce the main problems of modern social policy and welfare states
· to provide students with the knowledge of social policy in Russia and abroad
· to cultivate the skills of analyzing and critical assessment of various directions, frameworks and tendencies of the social policy
· to give students understanding of different agents’ behavior within decision making process about social policy
· to form the ability to analyze the prospective of social policy measures in covered fields..
4 Компетенции обучающегося, формируемые в результате освоения дисциплины (Learning outcomes)
By the end of the course, the students are expected:
• to know about the main problems and challenges in the field of social policy both in Russia and abroad (in developed and developing countries); the functions of social government, public and social goods, government and market failures, different levels of responsibilities, realization and financing of the social policy;
• to be able to access and analyze interactions of different agents in political market within the social policy decision making process, it realization and financing, to understand the constrains and results of social policy;
• to have skills to provide complex analysis of existing laws regulating social policy, reasons, limitations an consequences of different measures of social policy, forecast the real execution of social policy, to focus on problems of welfare states and ways of these problems solutions.
Students’ competences expected by the end of the course:
Competence | ФГОС/ НИУ Code | Descriptors | Teaching methods and forms |
system(СК): | |||
Is able to update and develop his/her level of culture and intelligence level, to build a trajectory of the professional development and career | СК - 4 | Makes definitions on his/her own, possesses skills to select and adopt new literature on his/her topics of specialization or on interfaces, interprets subjects under the study in cultural, political, social context considering historical and technological changes. | Work without assistance with literature, home works on bibliography and abstracting the literature practice. Classroom discussions, data retrieval practice using data bases and Internet, essay writing. |
Is able to analyze, verify, access a fullness of the information in the course of the professional activity, to fill in and synthesize the lacking information in the case of necessity and to work in conditions of ambiguity | СК - 6 | Selects and adopts up-to-date scientific literature on research topic without assistance. Has formed the habit to observe regularly new information on the research topic from different sources. Can apply knowledge he/she has adopted through literature or distant education. | Working on his/her own with the course teachers periodical control, writing essays, home works preparation. |
Is able to conduct professional and research activities in the international environment | СК - 8 | Chooses those informational technologies which could be applied to the research, possesses the tools, uses in a creative way contemporary national and foreign experience. | Participation in the group work and discussions in class, writing essays, home works preparation. |
professional (ПК) | |||
Is able to use Russian and foreign languages as means for business communication easily | ПК-3 | Uses Russian and English language materials | Participation in the group work and discussions in class, writing essays, home works preparation. |
Is able to format, present an report the results of the conducted work. | ПК-5 | Performs the research results according to professional requirements and type of research work. | Homework and team work results presentations. |
Is able to conduct a political science analysis of the political, economic and social researches with the use of the quality and quantity methods. | ПК-8 | Chooses appropriate common and specific methods to analyze a research subject. | Participation in the group work, writing essays, home works preparation. |
5 Место дисциплины в структуре образовательной программы НИУ (Place of the discipline in the Master program structure)
This course is a professional one, taught in the first semester of the second year of Master Program ‘Political Analysis and Public Policy’ for the specialization ‘Political Analysis and Public Policy’. This is an elective course that welcomes but does not necessarily require prior knowledge in economic institutions and public policy.
This course is crucial for mastering the degree program of students of general political analysis specialization and is based on/linked to the following courses:
• Economic Institutions and Public Policy
• Global Actors in Public Policy
• Theory and Methods of Political Science Research
• Quantative & Qualative Methods of Data Analisys
• Game theory & Collective actions
• Academic-research seminar “Human Rights Monitoring”.
It is also crucial for the students’ research papers and Master’s dissertation, especially for those who chose specialization in analysis of social policy.
6 Тематический план учебной дисциплины (Course Plan)
№ | Topic | Total hours | Contact hours | Independent students’ work | |
Lectures | Seminars | ||||
1 | Introduction to public sector economics. Public goods | 12 | 4 | 8 | |
2 | Social policy: decision making process | 14 | 2 | 2 | 10 |
3 | Social policy (main definitions and evolution) | 10 | 2 | 8 | |
4 | Social policy in Russia: main spheres | 32 | 8 | 2 | 22 |
5 | Welfare states | 26 | 6 | 2 | 18 |
6 | Different levels of social policy | 14 | 4 | 10 | |
7 | Government failures | 14 | 2 | 2 | 10 |
8 | Corporate social policy | 8 | 2 | 6 | |
9 | The role of international organization in coordination and realization of social policy | 14 | 2 | 2 | 10 |
Total: | 144 | 32 | 10 | 102 | |
7 Формы контроля (Requirements and Grading)
Type of grading | Type of work | 1st year | Characteristics | |||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |||
Current (week) | ||||||
Homework | 2 | 3-4 thousand words | ||||
Final | Exam | X | Written exam – 40 min |
7.1 Критерии оценки знаний, навыков (Course Grade Criteria)
Within the frame of the course the student should demonstrate: the knowledge of theoretical and normative literature on the topics of the course, good knowledge of the literature from the main list and some knowledge of the literature given in the additional list; ability to analyze the material read; ability to summarize and to confront arguments, facts, figures and points of view given in the reading materials and lectures; to put the received information in the current national and international context; ability to discuss the topics covered within the frame of the course on a high level.
During the lectures and seminars the following forms of work will be applied: discussions, analysis of the cases of social policy and welfare states (Each of the students are to prepare at least one case of related to the topic of the seminar for every seminar), analysis of the international, Russian and foreign social policy programs in different levels. The invitation of experts to talk on their experience related to the topic of the particular lecture/seminar is possible.
The current control includes one homework (3-4 thousand words analysis of one problematic issue in the field of thee family and child protection state policy) as prescribed by the curriculum. It is to be prepared at home and delivered in class.
The final control is done in the form of the written exam. The duration of the exam is 40 min with the use of reading and normative materials (open book exam) or without (close book exam).
During the final control the student should demonstrate that the material, prescribed by the syllabus was learned fully as well as the ability to analyze and creatively interpret the information received, to critically assess different fields of social policy, reasons and consequences of certain social policy measures for different actors.
The presentation of the student on the exam should be clear precise and comprehensive. It should cover substance of the question and demonstrate a student’s understanding of a various aspects of the problem.
8 Содержание курса (Course Description)
Topic 1. Introduction to public sector economics. Public goods.
Public and social goods. Market failures. Coordination games. Collective actions. Free-rider problem. Externalities. Demand and supply on social and public goods. Collection, allocation, and distribution
of resources. Tax Systems and Structures
Lectures: 4 hours. Seminars: 0 hours.
Independent student’s work : 8 hours.
Required Reading:
The Handbook of Public Sector Economics. / Donijo Robbins. CRC Press, 2005. Ch. 5-7.
Mueller D. C. Public Choice III. Cambridge University Press, 2003. pp. 9-43.
Optional Reading:
Институциональная экономика. Новая институциональная экономическая теория / под. ред Аузана – М.:, Инфра-М, 2011.. Ch. 5, pp. 178-190.
Topic 2. Social policy: decision making process
Political market. Different actors in political market. Decision making process in democracy and under dictatorship. Voting and representative democracy. Different voting models. Parties and political cycle. Populism in modern world (in case of democracy and quasi-democracy). Public Debt and Stability. Budget deficit.
Lectures: 2 hours. Seminars: 2 hours.
Independent student’s work: 10 hours
Required Reading:
The Handbook of Public Sector Economics. / Donijo Robbins. CRC Press, 2005. Ch. 3, 8, 10.
Mueller D. C. Public Choice III. Cambridge University Press, 2003. pp. 9-43. Ch. 9, 11, 13, 14, 18
Optional Reading:
D. C. Public Choice III. Cambridge University Press, 2003. pp. 9-43. Ch. 23,
Topic 3. Social policy (main definitions and evolution)
Basic definitions of social policy. Main functions of government. Theories of state - different approaches. The reasons for social policy conduction in modern world. Human and social capital: definitions an estimation. Evolution of social policy.
Lectures: 2 hours. Seminars: 0 hours.
Independent student’s work: 8 hours
Required Reading:
Esping-Andersen G. The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Polity Press, 2010 pp. 9-35.
Human Development Reports http://hdr. undp. org/en/humandev/
Optional Reading:
Институциональная экономика. Новая институциональная экономическая теория / под. ред Аузана – М.:, Инфра-М, 2011.. Ch. 10.
Нелль- Насколько социальной является «социальная рыночная экономика»? М., Политэконом, 2000, № 2 (13), с. 51-59
Barzel, Y. A. Theory of the State: Economic Rights, Legal Rights and the Scope of the State (Political Economy of Institutions an Decisions). Cambridge University Press, 2002
Becker G. S. Human Capital. – New York.: Columbia University Press, 1964.
Frohman L. The Break-Up of the Poor Laws—German Style: Progressivism and the Origins of the Welfare State, 1900–1918 // Comparative Studies in Society and History, 50(4), 2008
Hirshleifer J. Anarchy and its Breakdown // Journal of Political Economy, 1995, No 103
Olson M. Dictatorship, Democracy, and Development // American Political Science Review. 1993, No 87.
Topic 4. Social policy in Russia: main spheres
Social policy in Russia basic trends and decision making process. Economic crises (1990-es, 1998, 2008-09) and social policy. Main indicators of social policy in Russia (cross-country comparison).
Population policy, child and family protection. Pension system. Healthcare policy. Education policy. Labour market policy. Social policy and poverty
Lectures: 8 hours. Seminars: 2 hours.
Independent student’s work: 22 hours
Required Reading:
Вишневский и рубль. Консервативная модернизация в СССР. М.: ОГИ, 1998.
Обзор социальной политики в России. Начало 2000-х. Под ред. . – М.: НИСП, 2007. См. http://www. *****/publications/pdf/Social_policy_overview. pdf
Социальные неравенства и социальная политика в современной России. Под ред. и . М., Наука, 2008.
Социальная поддержка: уроки кризисов и векторы модернизации / , , А. Я. Бурдяк, , / под ред. , – М.: Издательство «Дело» РАНХ, 2010.
Optional Reading:
Население России 2009 / Под ред. . http://*****/weekly/2011/0479/biblio01.php
Zakharov S. V. Fertility Trends in Russia and the European Newly Independent States: Crisis or Turning Point? // Population Bulletin of the United Nations. Below Replacement Fertility. Special Issue Nos. 40/UN. N. Y., 2000. (ST/ESA/Ser. N/40-41). p.292-317.
Topic 5. Welfare states.
Types of welfare states, problems of classification. European welfare capitalism. Origins and history of the welfare state. Social policy in modern welfare states: basic trends and indicators. Main challenges of welfare states in case of globalization and demographic pressure (ageing, migration).
Lectures: 6 hours. Seminars: 2 hours.
Independent student’s work: 18 hours
Required Reading:
Björklund, A. 2006. Does family policy affect fertility? Lessons from Sweden, Journal of Population Economics 19(1): 3–24
Esping-Andersen G. The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Polity Press, 2010
Readings in Social Welfare. Theory and Policy / Robert E. Kuenne. Oxford. Blackwall Publishers. 2000.
*****dra Globalization and the Decline of the Welfare State in Less-Developed Countries // International Organization 56, 2, Spring 2002
W. van Oorschot, M. Opielka, B. Pfau-Effinger The culture of Welfare State: Historical an Theoretical Arguments, 2008
Optional Reading:
Aidukaite J. Old welfare state theories and new welfare regimes in Eastern Europe: Challenges and implications // Communist and Post-Communist Studiesp. 23-39.
Birkelund Gunn E. Welfare states and social inequality: Key issues in contemporary cross-national research on social stratification and mobility // Research in Social Stratification and Mobilityp 333–351.
Social Policy / J. Baldock, N. Manning, S. Miller, S. Viskerstaff. New York: Oxford University Press. 2006.
P. Taylor-Gooby Attitudes toWelfare // Journal of Social Policy, 14, 1985
The Welfare State Reader / Pierson K. And F. Casteles. Cambridge. Polity. 2000.
Topic 6. Different levels of social policy.
Fiscal decentralization: pro & contra. Federalism (US, German and Russian models). Decentralization in federal and unitarian *****ssian federalism and social policy. Tiebout hypothesis and external migration: incentives and barriers.
Lectures: 4 hours. Seminars: 0 hours.
Independent student’s work: 10 hours
Required Reading:
Социальные неравенства и социальная политика в современной России. Под ред. и . М., Наука, 2008.
The Handbook of Public Sector Economics. / Donijo Robbins. CRC Press, 2005. Ch. 2
Mueller D. C. Public Choice III. Cambridge University Press, 2003. Ch 9, 10.
Optional Reading:
Федеральный закон «О внесении изменений в законодательные акты Российской Федерации и признании утратившими силу некоторых законодательных актов Российской Федерации в связи с принятием Федеральных законов "О внесении изменений и дополнений в Федеральный закон "Об общих принципах организации законодательных (представительных) и исполнительных органов государственной власти субъектов Российской Федерации" и "Об общих принципах организации местного самоуправления в Российской Федерации"» от 01.01.01 N 122-ФЗ
Topic 7. Government failures.
Markets distortion, bureaucracy and corruption. Lobbying and lobby-groups. Problems of efficient government expenditures. Social control and audit. Social goods, from public to private: contacting and privatization (case-study)
Lectures: 2 hours. Seminars: 2 hours.
Independent student’s work: 10 hours
Required Reading:
The Handbook of Public Sector Economics. / Donijo Robbins. CRC Press, 2005. Ch. 4, 14
Mueller D. C. Public Choice III. Cambridge University Press, 2003. Ch 15-17, 20.
Optional Reading:
Topic 8. Corporate social policy.
Main actors and stakeholders of corporate social policy. Ethical and economic reasons for corporative social policy. Internal and external corporate social policy. Private-public *****ssian specialities: soviet legacy in social infrastructure, mono-cities.
Lectures: 2 hours. Seminars: 0 hours.
Independent student’s work: 6 hours
Required Reading:
Бизнес как субъект социальной политики: должник, благодетель, партнер? / , , (отв. ред.); Независимый институт социальной политики. М.: ГУ–ВШЭ, 2005
Carroll A. B. The pyramid of corporate social responsibility: Toward the moral management of organizational stakeholders. // Business Horizons: 39–48, 1991.
Optional Reading:
Концепция корпоративной социальной ответственности и стратегическое управление // Российский журнал менеджмента 2004. №3.
Зачем бизнесу социальная ответственность // Управление компанией 2004, № 7.
Topic 9. The role of international organization in coordination and realization of social policy
International organizations: different fields and responsibilities (FAO, WHO, UNFPA, UNPD, UNICEF). The main international social programmes. The role of international organization in social programmes for developing countries: carrying out, audit, results measurement. Supranational organizations: the role of EU in European social policy
Lectures: 2 hours. Seminars: 2 hours.
Independent student’s work: 10 hours
Required Reading:
Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nationshttp://www. fao. org/index_en. htm
Millenium Development Goals http://www. un. org/millenniumgoals/
UNICEF http://www. unicef. org/
US Agency for International Development http://www. usaid. gov/
Optional Reading:
Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab http://www. povertyactionlab. org/
9 Образовательные технологии (Teaching Methods and Recommendations)
The course is taught with the use of interactive techniques. Students are expected to analyze the social policy measures with regard a certain given issue, work of the international, federal an regional authorities of social protection, coherence, logic and effectiveness of the complex state policy (and in some cases corporations) in this regard and to deliver their opinion. Also, students analyze the challenges and prospective of certain cases in the given field of social policy.
The course is taught by the staff-members of the department, who have a considerable experience of work with the national and international mechanisms of social policy conduction, have knowledge of welfare state functioning and economics of public sector and public choice. They should be also authors of numerous publications on the issues covered by the course. The invitation of the representatives of the Russian experts (politologists, economists, sociologists) and state authorities to talk on their experience is possible and welcomed.
10 Оценочные средства для текущего контроля и аттестации студента (Grading Estimation)
10.1 Тематика заданий текущего контроля (Provisional Topics for Current Control)
The current control includes one homework (3-4 thousand words analysis of one problematic issue in the field of state social policy or prospective of welfare states) as prescribed by the curriculum. It is to be prepared at home and delivered in class.
The example topics for the homework:
1. The place of Eastern European/Eastern Asian countries in Welfare states classification
2. Solidarity of generations. State support of pensioners and children in ageing society.
3. Different approaches to unemployment
4. How effective is family policy?
5. The main instruments of measuring social policy results
6. Positions of left/right parties about certain measures of social policy in certain states (a student has an opportunity to choose one or a couple of countries and carry out different sorts of comparative analysis)
7. Welfare state and personal freedom
8. How did EU supranational policy change national policies
10.2 Вопросы для оценки качества освоения дисциплины (Provisional Questions for grading estimation)
1. Give a characteristic of a public good
2. What problems does usually face individuals organizing collective actions?
3. Give an example of free-rider problem
4. How does demand to the social policy can be formed?
5. How can be decision about certain measures of social policy made?
6. What is a difference between left and right parties in social policy decision-making process?
7. What are the basic functions of government and state?
8. Give examples of social policy measures provoked by political circle in the EU/USA/Russia
9. Comment the main measures of the Russian family state policy
10. Comment the main measures of the Russian healthcare state policy
11. Comment the main measures of the Russian education state policy
12. Comment the main measures of the Russian labour market state policy
13. Comment the main measures of the Russian policy for poverty prevention
14. Give a characteristic of welfare state evolution.
15. What is welfare state regimes are known in Europe (according to several approaches)?
16. What are the main barriers for welfare state development?
17. How can characterize social-demographic portrait of a welfare-state supporter?
18. Give a characteristic of federalism
19. Describe advantages and disadvantages of decentralization
20. Describe Russian model of federalism. Is it close to German one?
21. Give a characteristic to the problem of government failures.
22. What are the main negative externalies of corruption?
23. How can be a power of bureaucracy reduced?
24. What is the difference between internal and external corporative social policy?
25. Give a characteristic to the main stakeholders of corporative social policy and their incentives.
26. How can be international social programs monitored?
11 Порядок формирования оценок по дисциплине (The rule of forming cumulative grade)
Cumulative grade for current work formula is:
Оcurrent = 0,4·Оseminar + 0,6·Оhomework;
Seminar grade consists of student’s activity on seminars and in case discussions within lectures.
Final cumulative grade formula is:
Оfinal grade = 0,4·Оtest + 0,6·Оcurrent
In the Master Degree Certificate the final grade will be written down.
12 Reading and Materials (Учебно-методическое и информационное обеспечение дисциплины)
12.1 Textbooks and Readers (Базовый учебник)
Reader on the course
12.2 Required Reading (Основная литература)
· Бизнес как субъект социальной политики: должник, благодетель, партнер? / , , (отв. ред.); Независимый институт социальной политики. М.: ГУ–ВШЭ, 2005.
· Вишневский и рубль. Консервативная модернизация в СССР. М.: ОГИ, 1998.
· Обзор социальной политики в России. Начало 2000-х. Под ред. . – М.: НИСП, 2007. См. http://www. *****/publications/pdf/Social_policy_overview. pdf
· Социальные неравенства и социальная политика в современной России. Под ред. и . М., Наука, 2008.
· Социальная поддержка: уроки кризисов и векторы модернизации / , , А. Я. Бурдяк, , / под ред. , – М.: Издательство «Дело» РАНХ, 2010.
· Björklund, A. 2006. Does family policy affect fertility? Lessons from Sweden, Journal of Population Economics 19(1): 3–24
· Esping-Andersen G. The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Polity Press, 2010
· Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nationshttp://www. fao. org/index_en. htm
· The Handbook of Public Sector Economics. / Donijo Robbins. CRC Press, 2005
· Human Development Reports http://hdr. undp. org/en/humandev/
· Mueller D. C. Public Choice III. Cambridge University Press, 2003
· Millenium Development Goals http://www. un. org/millenniumgoals/
· W. van Oorschot, M. Opielka, B. Pfau-Effinger The culture of Welfare State: Historical an Theoretical Arguments, 2008
· Readings in Social Welfare. Theory and Policy / Robert E. Kuenne. Oxford. Blackwall Publishers. 2000.
· *****dra Globalization and the Decline of the Welfare State in Less-Developed Countries // Interna-tional Organization 56, 2, Spring 2002
· UNICEF http://www. unicef. org/
· US Agency for International Development http://www. usaid. gov/
12.3 Optional Reading (Дополнительная литература)
· Концепция корпоративной социальной ответственности и стратегическое управление // Российский журнал менеджмента 2004. №3.
· Институциональная экономика. Новая институциональная экономическая теория / под. ред Аузана – М.:, Инфра-М, 2011.
· Население России 2009 / Под ред. . http://*****/weekly/2011/0479/biblio01.php
· Нелль- Насколько социальной является «социальная рыночная экономика»? М., Политэконом, 2000, № 2 (13), с. 51-59
· Зачем бизнесу социальная ответственность // Управление компанией 2004, № 7.
· Федеральный закон «О внесении изменений в законодательные акты Российской Федерации и признании утратившими силу некоторых законодательных актов Российской Федерации в связи с принятием Федеральных законов "О внесении изменений и дополнений в Федеральный закон "Об общих принципах организации законодательных (представительных) и исполнительных органов государственной власти субъектов Российской Федерации" и "Об общих принципах организации местного самоуправления в Российской Федерации"» от 01.01.01 N 122-ФЗ
· Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab http://www. povertyactionlab. org/
· Aidukaite J. Old welfare state theories and new welfare regimes in Eastern Europe: Challenges and implications // Communist and Post-Communist Studiesp. 23-39.
· Barzel, Y. A. Theory of the State: Economic Rights, Legal Rights and the Scope of the State (Political Economy of Institutions an Decisions). Cambridge University Press, 2002
· Becker G. S. Human Capital. – New York.: Columbia University Press, 1964.
· Birkelund Gunn E. Welfare states and social inequality: Key issues in contemporary cross-national re-search on social stratification and mobility // Research in Social Stratification and Mobilityp 333–351.
· Carroll A. B. The pyramid of corporate social responsibility: Toward the moral management of organizational stakeholders. // Business Horizons: 39–48, 1991.
· Hirshleifer J. Anarchy and its Breakdown // Journal of Political Economy, 1995, No 103
· Olson M. Dictatorship, Democracy, and Development // American Political Science Review. 1993, No 87.
· Social Policy / J. Baldock, N. Manning, S. Miller, S. Viskerstaff. New York: Oxford University Press. 2006.
· P. Taylor-Gooby Attitudes to Welfare // Journal of Social Policy, 14, 1985
· The Welfare State Reader / Pierson K. And F. Casteles. Cambridge. Polity. 2000.
· Zakharov S. V. Fertility Trends in Russia and the European Newly Independent States: Crisis or Turning Point? // Population Bulletin of the United Nations. Below Replacement Fertility. Special Issue Nos. 40/UN. N. Y., 2000. (ST/ESA/Ser. N/40-41). p.292-317.
12.4 Manuals, Dictionaries, Encyclopedias (Справочники, словари, энциклопедии)
OECD Statistics http://stats. oecd. org/
13 Equipment
There is no need in any specific equipment apart laptop and projector.
