Английский язык (стр. 4 )

3. Entitle each part of the text, so that to make a plan of the text.

4. Make a short summary of the text, using your plan.

5. Translate parts of the text, which are of greatest interest to you, in writing.

Vocabulary notes

Read and memorize the active vocabulary to the text and translate the given sentences.

(1) estate – 1) имущество 2) имущественное право.

personal estate – движимое имущество (movable assets).

real estate – недвижимое имущество (immovable assets). Mr Smith left all his real and personal estate to his son.

security – зд. гарантия, залог. A security is an object given to assure the fulfillment of an obligation.

tenant – наниматель жилья, арендатор. A tenant is a person who pays rent to occupy another's property.

(2) "fee simple absolute in possession" – абсолютное владение, право наследования без ограничений.

"term of years absolute" – право владения в течение определенного срока.

heir – наследник. Mr. Smith had two heirs of the blood who inherited his property and title.

freehold – право собственности на землю или собственность; фригольд.

leasehold – пользование на правах аренды; аренда. A leasehold is a right to hold land for a certain fixed period, after which the land returns to the holder of the estate "absolute in possession".

covenant – соглашение; договор. A covenant is a formal, binding agreement.

(3) rent-charge – право выплаты арендной платы.

legal mortgage – заклад.

a right of entry – право вступления во владение. An easement, a rent change, a legal mortgage and a right of entry are four legal interests over land held by someone one else.

a mortgagee – залогодержатель. A mortgagee is a person who lends the landholder money by means of a mortgage.

a mortgagor – закладчик, должник по закладной. If the mortgagor fails to pay his debt by a certain time, the mortgagee has the right to take the property of the mortgagor.

license – право на передачу собственности в аренду. A license is the right to rent the property out.

(9) bylaw – постановление местных властей. Bylaws are regulations, pas-sed by the Local authorities.

Vocabulary exercises

1. Pick out from the text all the word combinations with the following words (terms) and give their Russian equivalents:

– estate; – interest;

– land; – rent;

– possession; – permission;

– right; – own;

– legal; – private.
– property;

2. Find in the text the English equivalents to the following phrases:

– движимое имущество;

– недвижимое имущество;

– закон, регулирующий формы собственности;

– имущественное право на землю;

– абсолютное право без ограничений;

– право владения в течение определенного срока;

– право собственности владения землей, фригольд;

– пользование на правах аренды;

– составление нотариальных актов и передача имущества;

– область права, регулирующая государственное право собственности на землю;

– постановление местных властей.

3. Translate the sentences from Russian into English.

1.  Земля является самой важной формой собственности.

2.  Земля – это не просто участок земли, это товар, который может быть продан, сдан в аренду и использован в качестве гарантии при предоставлении займа.

3.  Закон, регулирующий форму земельной собственности, является сложным и имеет большую историю. В Англии до сих пор используются земельные законы, которые были созданы сотни лет назад.

4.  В 1925 году в Англии был принят ряд земельных законов, для того чтобы упростить порядок владения и передачи земли. Эти законы предполагают две формы имущественного права на землю.

5.  Имущественное право на землю – это право владения землей в течение определенного законом времени. Две формы земельного права определены как: 1) абсолютное право владения без ограничения и 2) право владения землей в течение определенного срока.

6.  Абсолютное право владения без ограничения означает, что владелец земли владеет землей пожизненно до того момента, пока он ее не продаст или не передаст другому лицу. Право владения в течение определенного срока означает право обладать землей только в течение конкретно обозначенного периода времени, по истечении которого земля возвращается к владельцу, имеющему абсолютное право владения без ограничения.

7.  Лицу, покупающему землю, необходимо точно знать, какие права и обязательства прилагаются к этой земле. Многие покупатели земельных участков нанимают солиситоров для составления нотариальных актов о передаче имущества.

8. Во многих странах имеются законы, регулирующие использование земли в деловых целях. В Англии, например, жилой дом не может быть превращен в магазин без разрешения местных властей.

9. Существует большая область права, рассматривающая государственное право собственности на землю, например, на автотрассы, парки и т. д. В дополнение к земельному праву существует большое количество государственных законов и постановлений местных властей, регулирующих использование земли такого рода.

4. Match the verbs on the left with the nouns on the right:

a) to employ b) to regulate c) to transfer d) to pay e) to repossess

1) rent 2) land 3) property 4) a solicitor 5) regulations between tenants and landlords

5. Explain the meaning of the following words and expressions:

to pay installments on a house easement

to pass property to heirs rent-change

to rent land legal mortgage

a tenant right of entry

freehold conveyance

leasehold bylaw

Discussion "Landlords should have as much freedom in setting rents as shopkeepers have in setting prices".

Write a paragraph containing two arguments for and two against this statement. Then discuss your answer with other students.

Unit 8

TRUSTS

1. Use the words and phrases in the box to predict what you think the subject may be about. What sort of topics and ideas do you think it will contain?

trust express trust implied trust

trustee settler executor

beneficiary constructive trust donor

trust corporation debt tax

2.  Read the text quickly and try to understand what information is of primary importance or new to you.

Trusts

(1) A trust is an agreement whereby property is held and controlled by someone on behalf of someone else. A common example of this is where someone dies and leaves money for grandchildren who are too young to deal with it themselves. The money will be held in the name of trustees – for example, the children's parents. They will be the legal owners of the money and will have the power to invest and make other decisions about it. But they are required to act only in the interests of the children, known as the beneficiaries of the trust, and they must not make any personal profit.

(2)  The concept of a trust is a creation of the law of equity. It is thus unique to common law countries such as the United States and most of the Commonwealth, although many countries, such as Japan have statutes which effectively impose trusts in certain cases. Even though the common law and equitable systems have long been merged, we still talk about the beneficiaries of a trust having an "equitable" interest in the property, the trustees – a "legal" interest. In addition, the original intention of equity still survives: to limit the powers of those who have legal rights but owe special responsibilities to others.

(3)  Some trusts are known as express trusts, having been intentionally created by someone with property to transfer (a settler). The example in the opening paragraph is an express private trust. Other trusts are implied – the law presumes that the settler intended to create a trust even though he did not expressly say so. In all of these cases, the person appointed to be trustee has a choice whether or not to accept the appointment when the trust is created. But some trusts are constructive: the law imposes a trust and obliges the legal owner of property to consider the beneficial interest of another person. A common example of this is when the seller of a house is obliged to give a proportion of the proceeds to a former spouse who once lived there with him. Directors of companies and solicitors are often in the position of a constructive trustee regarding property under their control.

(4)  Trusts can be enforced by a third party, the beneficiary. In addition, it Is not necessary for the beneficiary to have given any consideration. If the trustee fails to do his duty he may be liable in an action for breach of trust. This may result in an injunction, or even a personal action against him, for example, to gain property which has been misappropriated.

(5)  A trust may have a single trustee or several. It may also have several beneficiaries. Sometimes trustees are also beneficiaries under the trust. A trust may also be administered by a trust corporation, as in the case of public charities (see below).

(6)  Trust law is also relevant to the administration of property when someone dies. Under Anglo-American law the dead person's property passes immediately to administrators (called executors if the dead person left a will). Administrators and executors are not technically trustees since their powers and duties are defined in statute (for example, the Administration of Estates Act in England). However, since they become the legal owners of the dead person's property and hold it on trust until they have paid debts and taxes and can pass it on to those entitled to inherit; their position is very similar to that of a trustee.

(7)  When creating an express private trust, the settler creates rights and obligations that may survive his death. Certain conditions must therefore be met if the trust is to be valid in law. In English law, for example, there must be certainty that a trust is being created, what the trust property is, and who the beneficiaries are. When a husband left property to his widow to use "in any way she thinks best for the benefit of herself and her family," it was held that there was no certainty he had intended to create a trust, and so she was free to use the property as she wanted. On the other hand, when Mr. Constance opened a bank account in his own name but made arrangements for his lover to draw money from it, this was certain enough evidence of her rights as a beneficiary.

(8)  When creating an express public (charitable) trust, it is not necessary to be so certain about the beneficiaries. It is enough if the person giving the property (the donor) has shown a clear intention to benefit charity. In many countries charities can claim tax exemptions and so governments have clear rules about what may be considered a charity. In Japan, for example, over two hundred thousand new religious groups are registered as exempt from income tax having satisfied certain requirements under the civil code, such as the practice of "religious activities and possession of specific beliefs." In English law, in order to be considered a charity, an organization must work for one of four purposes: the relief of poverty, the advancement of religion, the advancement of education, or the benefit of the community. The last category is very vague. Trusts for the welfare of animals, for orphans, and for the fire brigade have been allowed under this category, but a trust to look after a specific animal would not be allowed.

Vocabulary notes

Read and memorize the active vocabulary to the text and translate the given sentences.

(1) trust – доверие; обязательство; доверительная собственность; опека; трест. Не had a company on trust.

trust – доверять; полагать; вверять; поручать попечению. Не was trusted with a company.

trustee – попечитель; опекун; доверительный собственник. Trustees must act only in the interests of beneficiaries.

beneficiary – лицо, в интересах которого осуществляется доверительная собственность; бенефициарий. A trust may have a single beneficiary or several.

(3) express trust – специально оговоренный договор доверительной собственности.

implied trust – доверительная собственность в силу закона.

constructive trust – специально не оговоренный договор, но могущий быть истолкованный как таковой. There may be different types of trusts: express trusts, implied trusts or (and) constructive trusts.

settler – лицо, совершающее акт распоряжения имуществом в пользу кого-либо. To be valid in English law a trust must be in operation before the settler dies.

(4) injunction – судебный запрет. In law, an injunction is a court order requiring the party to do or to refrain from some specified action.

breach – нарушение закона, обязательства. If there has been a breach of contract, the party in breach must compensate the other party.

liable – обязанный; ответственный (for). The party in breach is liable to compensate the other party.

(6) executor – душеприказчик; судебный исполнитель.

The executor is the person appointed to carry out the reading and execution of a will.

debt – долг, задолженность; кредит; заем. A debt is that which someone owes, as money, services or goods. It is also an obligation to pay or render something to another.

(7) benefit – выгода; польза; привилегия. A trust for the benefit of a firm's employees may have a great number of beneficiaries.

(8) charity – благотворительность; благотворительная организация. Charity is money or help given to aid the needy. A charity is an organization, fund or institution whose purpose is to aid those in need.

donor – даритель; лицо, предоставляющее право. A donor is the one who gives, donates, or contributes.

tax – налог. A tax is a payment imposed and collected from individuals or businesses by the government.

tax exemption – освобождение от налога. Mothers in single parent families are to claim exemption for their dependents.

Vocabulary exercises

1. Pick out from the text all the word combinations with the following words (terms) and give their Russian equivalents:

– trust; – duty;

– power; – owner;

– property; – benefit;

– interest; – tax;

– beneficiary; – trustee.

2. Find in the text the English equivalents to the following phrases:

– владеть собственностью от имени другого лица;

– действовать в интересах другого лица;

– иметь личную выгоду;

– иметь обязательства перед кем-либо;

– передавать собственность;

– обязывать владельца собственности по закону;

– собственность, которая была незаконно присвоена;

– управление собственностью умершего;

– иметь юридическую силу;

– быть признанным как благотворительное общество;

– заявлять право на освобождение от налога;

– на благо общества.

3. Translate the sentences from Russian into English.

1.  Договор доверительной собственности – это соглашение, по которому лицо владеет собственностью другого лица от его имени.

2.  Доверительные собственники являются законными владельцами собственности и могут принимать любые решения, касающиеся этой собственности.

3.  Однако доверительные собственники обязаны действовать в интересах выгодоприобретателя и не иметь личной выгоды.

4.  Так как понятие доверительной собственности основывается на праве справедливости, целью является ограничение законных прав попечителей в пользу выгодоприобретателей.

5.  Существует специально оговоренная доверительная собственность и доверительная собственность в силу закона.

6.  В случае доверительной собственности в силу закона лицо, назначенное опекуном (попечителем), имеет право принять или отказаться от назначения его опекуном.

7.  Некоторые формы доверительной собственности по закону являются обязательными: закон обязывает владельца собственности по закону учитывать интересы другого лица.

8.  Если доверительный собственник не выполняет свои обязанности, он может быть привлечен к судебной ответственности за нарушение договора доверительной собственности.

9.  Договор доверительной собственности может предусматривать наличие одного или нескольких доверительных собственников, а также одного или нескольких выгодоприобретателей.

10.  Согласно английскому праву, для того чтобы доверительная собственность имела законную силу, должны быть соблюдены определенные условия. Например, должно быть определено, что является доверительной собственностью и кто является выгодоприобретателем.

4. Fill in every missing notional word.

1.  A trust is an agreement whereby... is held and controlled by someone on... of someone else. The money will be held in the name of... – for example, the children's parents.

2.  The concern of a trust is a creation of the law of... . It is thus unique to common law... as the United States and most of Commonwealth, although many countries, such as Japan have... which effectively impose trusts in certain ....

3.  Some trusts are known as express..., having been intentionally created by someone with... to transfer (a settler). Other trusts intended to create a trust even though he did not... say so. In all these cases, the person... to be trustee has a choice whether or not accept the... when the trust is created.

4.  Trust law is relevant to the... of the property when someone dies. Under Anglo-American law the dead person's... passes immediate to administrators called... if the dead person left a... . Administrators and executors are not technically trustees since their... duties are defined in statute.

5.  When creating an express private trust, the... creates an express private trust, the... creates rights and obligations that may serve his. Certain conditions must therefore be met if the trust is to be... in law. In English law there must be certainty that a trust is being what the trust property is, and who the ... are.

6.  When creating an express public (charitable) trust, it is... to be certain about the beneficiaries. It is enough if the person... the prope (the donor) has shown a clear intention to ... charity. In many countries charities can claim... exemptions and so governments hi clear rules about what may be... a charity. In English law, in order to be considered a..., an organization must work for one of four. the relief of poverty, the advancement of religion, the... of education, or the benefit of the community.

5. Match the verbs on the left with the nouns of the right:

a) to transfer 1) a trustee

b) to impose 2) a trust

c) to oblige 3) the legal owner of the property

d) to benefit 4) charity

e) to appoint 5) Property

6. Explain the meaning of the following words and expressions:

– to act in the interest of the beneficiaries;

– property;

– benefit;

– to transfer property;

– to create a trust;

– trust property;

– to be valid in law;

– charity;

– to benefit charity;

– to claim tax exemptions.

Discussion: "Religious groups should not be exempt from tax".

Write a paragraph containing two arguments for and two against this statement. Then discuss your opinion with other students.

SUPPLEMENTARY READING

TEXT 1

STREET GANGS NO LONGER JUST A BIG-CITY PROBLEM

Before you start.

1. Is this problem new?

2. What can be discussed under such a title?

Read the article. Look through the list of words:

rowdy – шумный, буйный;

to stake out – огораживать, огородить;

suburbia – предместья и их жители;

vengeance – месть, возмездие;

an offshoot – ответвление.

Though community residents often refuse to face up to it, rowdy hands of youths have staked out new turf – suburbia.

The rival gangs piled into one another with a vengeance – fists flew, knives flashed, clubs struck muscle and bone with sickening smacks. When it was over, a 19-year-old youth lay dead.

No, the scene was not a dismal dead end street in New York, Philadelphia or Los Angeles. The gang fight occurred in Evanston, 111, a mostly well-to-do suburb north of Chicago.

Evanston's problem is far from a unique one. Street gangs – once confined to the slums of the country's biggest cities – are found increasingly today in smaller cities and suburbs as well.

Federal researchers discovered that two-thirds of the cities reporting street-gang problems had populations below 500,000.

Out of the core. The spread of gang activity from the inner city began more than two decades ago in California. Today, of an estimated 28,300 gang members in Los Angeles County, 20,000 live outside the city of Los Angeles.

Although the pattern established in California is not as pronounced elsewhere, it is growing fast in some areas. Law officers report that at least 20 Chicago suburbs have youth-gang problems nowadays. Five gangs, with 400 members all told, compete for turf in Evanston, population 73,000. The once peaceful suburb was shocked by two gang-related murders.

Cicero, a blue-collar Chicago suburb of 60,000, also numbers street-gang members in the hundreds and was the scene of two gang killings last year. In East St. Louis, 111, an impoverished city of 55,000, investigators blame gangs for three recent murders and the firebombing of a police officer's home.

Youth gangs are spreading in part because the conditions that spawn them in the old urban cores are becoming more prevalent in suburbs and small cities, experts say. They point to racial and ethnic separation, poverty, family breakups, high youth unemployment and lack of recreational activities.

"Psychological denial." Gang activity is often transplanted to new areas by juveniles whose families fled the inner city. Some of the gangs of Phoenix, for example, were started by youths who moved there from Los Angeles, police report. In the same way, offshoots of Chicago gangs have appeared in Indiana, Iowa, Wisconsin, Minnesota and Michigan.

Suburban gangs often thrive because the community refuses to admit it has a problem. "There's psychological denial," says Dennis Rosenbaum, a criminologist at Northwestern University. "People move to the suburbs to get away from those kinds of problems. The business community, the political community and police all have vested interests in denying gangs exist. Real-estate values are at stake."

Whether in big cities or small, many gangs are turning more violent.

"Instead of supervising hubcap stealers, the probation officer is supervising children who committed burglary, armed robbery and sexual assault."

1.  Find a paragraph proving the title of the article.

2.  Pay attention to the spread of street gangs from one large city to another, from one state to another. Name all of them.

3.  Find and name:

– the crimes committed by the gangs;

– the causes of gangs spread.

4.  Answer the questions:

1.  What crime does the article begin with?

2.  What other crimes are described in the article?

3.  How is gang activity spread?

4.  Why are youth gangs spreading to suburb?

5.  What is a problem of suburban gangs?

5.  Talking points.

1.  "Evanston's problem is far from a unique one".

2.  The spread of gang activities.

3.  Gang activities and society.

Use the following words and phrases:

first of all, secondly, such... as, mainly, especially, so, on the whole, the first thing to be mentioned in this connection is...

TEXT 2

HIGH TEENAGE DELINQUENCY BLAMED OH FRIENDS AND FAMILY SHORTCOMINGS

Before you start.

1.  Is this problem urgent in the world?

2.  What films have you seen? What books have you read on this problem?

3.  Can you give any examples of such crimes?

Read the article. Look through the list of words:

crimeprone – склонный к совершению преступления,

to apportion – делить, распределять,

an offspring – отпрыск, потомок,

to scold – бранить.

Boys and girls are more likely to be delinquent if they have delinquent friends, do not regard stealing as particularly wrong, and are not close to their fathers. The discovery, which throws light on one of the most crime prone age groups, has been made in a survey for the research and planning unit of the Home Office. About a third of offenders dealt with by the criminal justice system are under 17 years of age. The peak age for officially recorded offending is 15 for males and 14 for females. About 160,000 juveniles a year are found guilty or cautioned for indictable offences.

A report in the Research and Planning Unit Bulletin says: "The contribution to and cost of crime by young teenagers when they are still very much part of the family and still at school is enormous». There have been big changes in the pattern of family life in the past 10 or 15 years with more mothers working outside the home, more marriage breakdowns and an increase in the numbers of single-parent families."Young people's lives also seem to be more autonomous than those of earlier generations, and there is ample publicity about apparent increases in vandalism, shoplifting, drug misuse and hooliganism", the report says, and adds that those factors help to fuel the fear that families are no longer effectively helping to protect their children from delinquency.

They also help to apportion blame for the problem of juvenile crime, perhaps unfairly, to families, it goes Parents were trusting. Four out of five felt they could rely on their teenage offspring to behave well when out in spare time, though that did not mean that parents did not worry about what the teenager might be up to. Almost half the parents admitted to worrying.

"Such worry may in fact be justified in that while most parents thought it very unlikely that their child could get into trouble with the police, half the boys and two-fifths of the girls admitted to delinquent activity during the past year," the report says. Parents, perhaps unjustifiably, also seemed reasonably content with their teenagers' choice of friends. Only 9 per cent disapproved of any of their current friends and about four-fifths thought they knew most of them at least by name.

"Again, parents appeared to underestimate the risks of delinquent involvement in that two-thirds of the teenagers reported that they had friends who had committed illegal behavior in the past year," the survey reported.

In general, most parents appeared still to be exercising authority. Few teenagers escaped being scolded on a regular basis, but serious disputes seemed comparatively rare.

1. Find the paragraph proving the title.

2. Give the results of a statistical survey:

1) the age groups committing the crimes;

2) the offences.

pare:

Youth gang problems described in the previous article with those in this one.

Changes in the pattern of family life.

4. Express your attitude to the problem. Use the linking words:

as for me, personally I believe, it strikes me that, for this reason, needless to say, consequently.

5. Talking points.

1. Sources of high teenage delinquency.

2. Family and teenagers.

TEXT 3

BERGENFIELD'S TRAGIC FUSOME

Before you start:

"It has become a frighteningly familiar scene in recent years: A rash of suicides by teenagers in the same school or community". It is the beginning of the article you will ment on it.

Read the article. Look through the list of words:

benumbed – оцепеневший,
gruesome – ужасный,
a copycat – подражатель,
alienation – отчуждение,
glimmer – проблеск.

It has become a frighteningly familiar scene in recent years: A rash of suicides by teenagers in the same school or community, followed by the benumbed groping of parents, teachers and friends to sort it all out and prevent still more death. Yet rarely do "cluster suicides" take so dramatic a form at they did recently in Bergenfield, N. J., a middle-class suburb 10 miles west of New York City. Two 19-year-old boys and two teenage sisters sat in an idling car while it filled a garage with carbon monoxide.

Before they died, all four helped to scrawl a note on a brown paper bag asking that they be given a joint funeral and burial. Last summer four of Bergenfield's young men died separate gruesome deaths that may have been suicides. And the day after recent suicide pact was discovered, two depressed teenage girls in the Chicago suburb of Alsip, 111, killed themselves in much the same way, their bodies recovered in an exhaust-filled garage. One held a stuffed animal and a rose, the other a photo album.

Since 1982, other clusters of suicides among young people have occurred in Omaha; Cheyenne, Wyo.; three cities in Texas – Piano, Clear Lake City and Richardson; Westchester County, N. Y., and Jefferson County, Colo. Why such surges of copycat self-destruction? Psychologists cite drug and alcohol problems and alienation caused by working parents, divorce and frequent moves.

Whatever the causes, suicide is second only to accidents as the leading cause of death in the United States among those ages 15–24, according to the most recent figures. There's a glimmer of good news: Teen suicide totals have leveled off in the 1980s. But the rate per 100,000 is still more than twice that of 1960.

1. Read and explain "cluster suicides".

2. Name the states and the cities where the suicides occurred.

3. Find:

1) what forms of the suicides are;

2) the causes of them;

3) statistics.

4. Exchange your opinions on the problem.

5. Talking points.

1.  Suicides by teenagers.

2.  Social problems and suicides.

TEXT 4

WITNESS GIVES INSIDE VIEW OF MAFIA

Before you start:

1.  Do you know the word "Mafia"?

2.  What do you mean by this word?

3.  Do you know its origin?

Read the following article. Look through the list of words:

purportedly – намеренно;

to prick – уколоть;

to swear an oath – поклясться;

to extradite – выдать преступника другой стороне.

An admitted member of the Mafia in the United States who turned informer has testified about the strict rules and deadly punishment imposed by the secretive crime organization.

Jurors as well as spectators leaned forward in tense anticipation as the key witness, Tommaso Buscetta, began testifying in U. S. District Court in the "pizza connection" narcotics trial, surrounded by tight security. Mr. Buscetta testified for the first time in public about joining the Mafia organization in his native Sicily shortly after World War II. "Mr. Buscetta, what was that organization that you joined?" a prosecutor. Richard A. Martin asked. "Cosa Nostra," he answered, adding that it was generally known as the Mafia He said the words Cosa Nostra were a Sicilian expression meaning "our thing, it belongs to us."

"What did you do, Mr. Buscetta, to enter into this organization called La Cosa Nostra?" the prosecutor asked.

"I didn't make out any application to become a member-I was called; I was invited." he replied, as many spectators broke into laughter.

Joining in the laughter was Graetano Badalamenti, a major defendant accused of being a former top leader of the Mafia in Sicily.

The trial, which involves charges that the 22 defendants operated an international Mafia drug ring, is called the "pizza connection" case because some of the defendants own pizzerias purportedly used for drug deals.

Mr. Buscetta, 57, has been described as one of the most significant Mafia figures ever to become an informer. He has provided information that led to the arrest of hundreds of Mafia suspects in Italy, according to the authorities.

After being selected for Mafia membership, Mr. Buscetta said, he went to a meeting with four men who pricked his finger, required him to rub his bleeding finger on a small picture of a saint and told him to swear an oath of silence while they set the saint's picture on fire.

"I had to pronounce the oath," he recalled, "whereby I was to say that should I betray the organization, my flesh would burn like this saint."

Older members later instructed him about his obligations in the Mafia, Mr. Buscetta continued, testifying in Italian with an interpreter.

"I was reminded to behave in the appropriate manner," he said, "to be silent, not to look at other men's wives or women, not to steal and especially, at all times when I was called I had to rush, leaving whatever I was doing."

"What would happen," the prosecutor asked, "so far as you know, so far as you were told, if you violated one of those principles that you just described?"

"Death," the witness said.

The prosecutor then displayed a chart depicting a Mafia family structure, as described by Mr. Buscetta.

"The organization was divided up into families," the witness said, explaining that each family had a capo or boss, a sotocapo or under-boss, a consigliere or counselor, capodecinas or captains and soldati or soldiers.