2. If we look at the map of the USA we can see lowlands and mountains. The Cordillera and the Rocky mountains are well known mountains of the North American continent. America’s largest rivers are the Mississippi, the Missouri, the Rio Grande and the Columbia. As the USA is the large country, the climate is different in different regions. The Pacific coast is a region of mild winters and warm, dry summers. The region around the Great Lakes has changeable weather.
3. The USA is a highly developed industrial country. Among the most important manufacturing industries are: armament, aircraft, cars, textiles, radio and television sets, and furniture. When travelling round the USA we can visit the largest and the most beautiful cities: New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, and others.
4. The USA is a federal republic, consisting of fifty states. Each of these states has its own government. The seat of the central government is Washington, District of Columbia. According to the US constitution the powers of the government are divided into three branches: the executive, the legislative and the judicial. The Congress consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The President is the head of the State and the government. He is elected for four years. There are two main political parties in the USA: the Republican and the Democratic.
Пояснения к тексту:
manufacturing – промышленный
executive power– исполнительная власть
legislative power– законодательная власть
judicial power – судебная власть
the powers – полномочия
Washington D. C. – г. Вашингтон, округ Колумбия
V. Прочитайте первый абзац текста и вопрос к нему; из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащий правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос:
Where is the USA situated?
1. The USA is situated in the western part of the North American continent.
2. The USA is situated in the central part of the North American continent.
3. The USA is situated in the southern part of the North American continent.
ВАРИАНТ 4
I. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол - сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе б) обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций (см. образец выполнения 1).
a)
I. He has been in London many times.
2. When you telephoned, I was having dinner.
3 The professor had left by the time we arrived.
6)
1. The goods will be delivered in the morning.
2. We are asked to come early.
3. He was given a very good piece of advice.
II. Перепишите следующие упражнения, подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т. е. укажите является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык (см. образец выполнения 2).
1. Having much time we decided to walk to the station.
2. Dried and sorted the goods were delivered to the shop.
3. The books published for children are well illustrated.
4. This is a reliable company, always delivering loads in time..
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. He can't play tennis very well now, but he could play tennis well when he was younger.
2. I am not sure but Tom may come to see us tomorrow.
3. You must have a passport to visit most foreign countries.
4. I can't meet you on Friday, I have to work.
5. In spring one should take more vitamins..
IV. Прочитайте и письменно переведите 1,3 и 4-й абзацы текста.
V. Прочитайте 2-ой абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос:
What is tightly controlled by the government?
1. The economic strategy is tightly controlled by the government.
2. The working of the market is tightly controlled by the government.
3. Public spending and borrowing arc tightly controlled by the government.
BRITAIN'S ECONOMY
1. Britain's economy is based primarily on private enterprise, which accounts for 75 per cent of output and nearly 70 per cent of employment. Just over 2 per cent of the British workforce is engaged in agriculture, a lower proportion than in any other leading industrialized country. Services contribute a growing proportion of production, 65 per cent, while manufacturing accounts for 21 per cent.
2. The Government's economic strategy is centered on keeping the rate of inflation down, within a range of 1 to 4 per cent. As part of this strategy, public spending and borrowing are tightly controlled. At the same time government policy seeks to improve the working of markets and promote enterprise and efficiency.
3. In some sectors of the economy, a small number of large companies are responsible for a sizable percentage of total production, notably in the vehicle, aerospace and transport equipment industries. Private business concerns account for the greater part of activity in agriculture, manufacturing, constructions, distribution, and financial and miscellaneous service sectors. Banks are the chief source of external finance.
4. Around 250 British industrial companies each have an annual turnover of more than 500 million. British Petroleum is the eleventh largest industrial grouping in the world and the second largest in Europe. Five British firms are among the 25 leading European Community companies.
The average manufacturing company is fairly small. Four-fifths employ fewer than 20 people. These make up 10 per cent of the manufacturing workforce. Business employing
more than 1,000 people, 0.4 per cent of all business, account for 55 per cent of employees.
Пояснения к тексту:
keeping the rate of inflation down - сохранение низкого уровня инфляции
sizable percentage - значительный процент
ВАРИАНТ 5
I. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе 6) обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций (см. образец выполнения I).
a)
I. Last year the economy of the country was immensely successful.
2. The United States produced about 25 per cent of the world's output.
3. Other nations have experienced higher rates of growth in recent years.
6)
1 In this article the country s economy was described as a mixed economy.
2. The majority of productive resources were privately owned.
3. Americans have often been described as pragmatists.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них. т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык ( см. образец выполнения 2).
1. Successfully transformed the economy will develop rapidly.
2. Having discussed the problem they went back to work again.
3. The expansion of the government's role was written about in the article.
4. The economy based on free enterprise is characterized by private ownership and initiative.
5.Can you see the woman speaking to out CEO? She’s our new PA.
Ш. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом модальный глагол или его эквивалент; предложения переведите.
1. The form must be filled in block letters.
2. Technoparks can provide vast opportunities for young entrepreneurs.
3. Government intervention may be necessary from time to time.
4. You will have to be at the airport at three o'clock.
5. The lecture on economics is to begin at 9 a. m..
IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2 абзацы текста.
THE US ECONOMY
1. The American economy is a dynamic, free-market system that is constantly evolving out the choices and decisions made by millions of citizens who play multiple, often overleaping roles as consumers, producers, investors and voters. The United States is generally described as a mixed economy. It means that even though the great majority of productive resources are privately owned, the federal government does play an important part in the marketplace.
any standard, the American economy that has evolved over less than 250 years has been immensely successful. With less than 5 percent of the world's population, the United States in the early 1990s produced about 25 per cent of the world's output. The US economy is more than twice as large as the largest economy, that of conventional measures, US productivity and standard of living remain among the highest in the industrial word - although other nations have experienced higher rates in recent decades.
3. The American have often been described as pragmatists. Clear evidence of the American people's pragmatism is demonstrated by their actions: to establish and maintain an economy soundly based on the principles of free enterprise. At the same time, American government helps to create the widest possible opportunities for people, economic growth and progress.
Пояснения к тексту:
to evolve – развиваться
conventional measures - общепринятые мерки
V. Прочитайте 3-й абзац еще раз. Какое утверждение лучше всего соответствует содержанию данного абзаца?
1. The American people's pragmatism is demonstrated by their actions to establish and maintain an economy, based on the principles of planned economy.
2. The American people's pragmatism is demonstrated by their actions to establish and maintain an economy, based on the principles of free enterprise.
3. The American people's pragmatism is demonstrated by their actions to establish and maintain an economy, based on the principles of state controlled market economy.
Контрольное задание № 3
Чтобы правильно выполнить задание N 3. необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка по рекомендованному учебнику:
1. Грамматические функции и значения слов that, one it.
2. Пассивный залог (The Passive Voice) видо-временных форм Simple, Continuous, Perfect.
3. Функции глаголов to be, to have, to do.
4. Простые неличные формы глагола. Инфинитив в функции
а) подлежащего, 6) составной части сказуемого, в) определения, г) обстоятельства цели.
5. Бессоюзное подчинение в определительных и дополнительных придаточных предложениях.
Используйте образцы выполнения упражнений.
Образец выполнения 1 (к упр. 1)
Present Perfect Passive
The main question has already been discussed.
Главный вопрос уже обсудили.
Present Simple Passive
His scientific work is much spoken about.
О его научной работе много говорят.
Образец выполнения 2 (к упр. II)
It is interesting to study economics.
Интересно изучать экономику.
One should agree to sign this contract.
Следует подписать этот контракт.
He knows that banking is very important for business.
Он знает, что банковское дело очень важно для бизнеса.
Образец выполнения 3 ( к упр. IV)
What is the name of the book you are reading?
Как называется книга, которую ты читаешь?
This is the subject we know nothing about.
Это предмет, о котором мы ничего не знаем.
ВАРИАНТ I
1. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них вило-временную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык (см. образец выполнения 1).
1. The mail has been brought.
2. The room was being cleaned when I arrived.
3. This work will have been done by Friday.
4. Service was included in the bill.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения one, it, that (см. образец выполнения 2).
1. One must always keep one’s word.
2. It is strange that he hasn’t come yet.
3. The devise won’t sell well unless it is upgraded.
4. I am afraid that they will be late.
III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do
1. We were to meet at five.
2. I am afraid I have to go.
3. He doesn’t feel well today.
4. I have got a new car.
5. I do know this subject.
6. He is very kind.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение (см. Образец выполнения 3)
1. I know he has returned.
2. He has found the book he was looking for.
V. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.
1. Will you help me to make out the manual?
2. To drive a car in a big city is very difficult.
3. I don't know him well enough to ask him for help.
4. She was sorry to leave so early.
YI. Прочитайте и устно переведите с 1-го по 4-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1,2 и 3-й абзацы текста.
VII. Прочитайте 4-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос.
What economies can you find in most countries?
1. You can find free economies in most countries.
2. You can find controlled economies in most countries.
3. You can find mixed economies in most countries.
ECONOMICS
1. Economics was defined by Alfred Marshall, one of the great Victorian economists, as "the study of mankind in the everyday business of life". There are other definitions of economics, but Marshall's definition draws attention to the unique feature of human society: that unlike other animals, man provides for his everyday needs by means of a complex pattern of production, distribution and exchange.
2. This everyday business of providing the means of livelihood is called by the general term 'economy'. Economics is the study of economies, and in particular of modern economies such as those of Western Europe and the USA. It is interesting to study primitive economies, but it is the advanced economies that interest us most.
3 How do we produce all the things that we need? How do we distribute the products among the various groups in the society? What institutions have we developed to promote economic activity, and how does each institution play its part in the intricate relationships of everyday life?
4. The economic systems fall into three categories, they are traditional economies, controlled economics and free economies. In fact most countries must be, to some extent, mixed economies. It is impossible for bureaucracy to supervise every aspect of production in the countries of controlled economies while the monopolistic exploitation of the mass of any people in a truly 'free enterprise' system is totally unacceptable in the modern world.
ВАРИАНТ 2
I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в из них видо-временную форму и залог глагола - сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Almost everything in the modern world is done with the help of computers.
2. Originally computers were used only for doing calculations.
puters are being used more and more extensively in the world now.
4. A new kind of processor has been launched into the market recently.
II. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.
1. It is wholesale vendors who take part in wholesale fairs and sign contracts with consumers and suppliers.
2. - Which coat is yours? - The grey one.
3. It is essential to support small businesses.
4. Unless the company pays more attention to the research and development, it won’t be competitive.
III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов to be, to do, to have.
1. We’ll have to review the prices.
2. She is to come to the office at nine.
3. .We did include this issue in the agenda.
4. .We do business with a few European countries.
5. .Our interpreters usually do their translations carefully.
6. They have got a lot of customers overseas
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение
.1 This is a new company we don't know much about.
2 The technological projects the we are using currently were developed last year
V Перепишите предложения, переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.
1. The task of small busunesses is to create retail and catering outlets.
2. To market consumer goods and provide all kinds of paid services small businesses should have a wide sales network.
3. It is necessary for a newly established company to carefully work out its own advertising and marketing policy.
4. This is the issue to be discussed as soon as possible.
VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите с 1 по 4 абзацы текста Перепишите и письменно переведите 1,2, 3-й абзацы текста
VII.. Прочитайте текста еще раз. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос.
What does the computer do in commerce?
1. Control manufacturing processes.
2. Compose music.
3. Record and process inventories, bills, payrolls.
COMPUTERS
1. Originally computers were used only for doing calculations. When Ch. Babbage, a professor of mathematics at Cambridge University, invented the first calculating machine in 1812 he could hardly have imagined the situation we find ourselves in today.
2. Almost everything in modern world is done with the help of puters are being used more and more extensively in the world now, for the simple reason that they are more efficient that human beings. They have much better memories and can store great amount of information and they can do calculations in a fraction of the time required by a human mathematician. No man alive can do 500000 sums in one second, but a modern computer can.
3. In fact, a computer can do many things we do, but faster and better. They can control machines at factories, work out tomorrow’s weather and even play chess, write poetry or compose music. In science computers digest and analyze masses of measurements such as the sequential positions and velocities of a spacecraft and solve extraordinary long and complex mathematical problems, such as the trajectory of the spacecraft.
4. In commerce they record and process inventories, purchases, bills, payrolls, bank deposit and the like and keep track of ongoing business transactions. In industry they monitor and control manufacturing processes. In government they keep statistics and analyze economic puters are also a great help to scholars in history, literature and so on.
ВАРИАНТ 3
I Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видо-временную форму и залог глагола - сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык (см. образец выполнения 1)
1. A new ring-road is being built around the city.
2 The room had been cleaned before we arrived.
3. The problem was being discussed when the manager came in.
4. He told me that he had been invited to the conference.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения one, it, that (см. образец выполнения 2)
1. One can use such methods in one's work.
2. It’s nice to see you again.
3. It is surprising that he thinks so.
III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.
1. They are to leave on Friday.
2 We had to answer a lot of questions at the examinations.
3. He didn’t apply for this job as Martin didn’t have the relevant qualifications.
4 They are both good students.
5 The professor had left by the time we arrived.
6 What do you usually do on Sunday?
IV Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение (см. образец выполнения 3).
1. He posted the letter he had written.
2 She knew they had left London.
V. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива
1 . She decided not to buy a car.
2. To walk in the garden was pleasant.
3. The professor gave us some materials to study.
4. He was pleased to meet them.
VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите с 1 по 4-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 3 и 4-й абзацы текста
ADVERTISING
1. Advertising is a message to promote a product, a service or an idea. The purpose of most advertising is to sell products or services. Advertising plays a key role in the competition among businesses for the consumer’s money. In many businesses the volume of sales depends largely on the amount of advertising done.
2. Manufacturers advertise to persuade people to buy their products. Large firms also use advertising to create a favourable image of their company. The company may advertise in many ways depending on how much it wishes to spend, and the size and type of the target audience. If the company wants to enter the market or to launch a new product, it often starts an advertising campaign.
3. Such campaigns are usually very successful because people learn about new products or services. There are different ways of advertising: newspapers, television, direct mail, radio, magazines, outdoor signs, other ways (transit advertisement, window displays, point-of-purchase displays, telephone directories and novelties).
4. Television is a chief medium used by advertisers. In the USA 100 largest advertisers spend on average 75 percent of their advertising budgets on television. Food companies spend about 80 per cent on television, and candy, snacks and soft drinks companies spend about 85 per cent.
Пояснения к тексту:
advertising – реклама
transit advertisement – реклама в городском транспорте
window display – витрина
point-of-purchase display – выкладка на месте покупки
VII. Прочитайте текст еще раз. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос.
How much do food companies spend on advertising on TV?
1) They spend 75% of their advertising budget.
2) They spend 80% of their advertising budget.
3) They spend 85% of their advertising budget.
ВАРИАНТ 4
1. Перепишите предложения, определите в каждом из них видо-временную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык ( см. образец выполнения I).
1. The long-term agreement was signed last week.
2. This advertisement is still being published. It isn’t ready yet..
3. Recently a new shopping center has been opened in our town.
4. The work of economists is concerned with the analysis of the economic and financial issues.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения it, that, one (см. образец выполнения 2)
1. It is impolite to leave the letter unanswered.
2. One must show the passport here.
3. We know that management is important for business.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, помня о разных значениях глаголов to be, to have, to do
modity imports have risen substantially this year.
2. If you have to send a fax, do it promptly.
3. Britain is to reduce her export prices.
4. The government had to introduce new measures to stimulate the economy.
5. It is the biggest voluntary organization in the world.
6. They do know economics well.
IV Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение (см. образец выполнения 3).
1. I hope you will accept my sincere apologies.
2. The measure this programme provides for is very popular.
3. Unfortunately the delivery date you asked for is rather short.
V. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.
I. Overseas companies will be invited to invest in the construction of the project.
2. It wasn't easy to find the way to the railway station.
3. I want to accompany you up to the metro station.
4. He was the first to come to the meeting.
VI. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3 абзацы текста.
JOB SEARCH
1. Job search is a long process which needs lots of time and effort. You can’t start it without a resume. You present the most important information about yourself in it: your background, your work experience, skills and special knowledge. You should write your objective too, that is what position you are aiming at.
2. With your resume drawn you start direct search. You look through business magazines and newspapers and look for the companies that regularly hire in your field. You can send your resume to these companies. Employment and recruitment agencies are aimed at assisting you in finding a job. State employment agencies are funded by state labour departments. The most effective way to use their services is to visit the local offices.
3. Only employment agencies and some recruitment agencies will actively market you to a large number of companies. The most part of recruitment agencies only present the credentials on exciting position. It is useful to visit job fairs and career days, ask your family, relatives, friends, neighbours and acquaintances to help you in job search.
4. The Interview is an important part in your job search. It is important to make a good impression and to wear proper clothes. Try to keep eye contact with the key person in the meeting. It is not proper to ask about the salary at the first interview or criticize your former boss or company. It is not recommended to discuss personal problems with representative of the company. It is important to assure the company representatives that you are the right person for the position.
Пояснения к тексту
to draw – составлять (документ)
employment agency – агенство по трудоустройству
recruitment agency – агенство по набору персонала
credentials – документы
salary – заработная плата (служащих)
VII. Прочитайте текст еще раз. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос.
Why is an interview so important?
1. It helps you to find a new job.
2. It helps you to demonstrate your new clothes.
3. It helps you to discuss your personal problems with the representative of the company.
ВАРИАНТ 5
I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видо-временную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык (см. Образец выполнения 1)
1. Our luggage was examined by the customs officers yesterday.
2 The goods have not been delivered at the port yet.
3. The goods are exported to different countries.
4. The draft contract was being prepared when the customer proposed some alterations.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения one, it that (см. образец выполнения 2).
1.One must know how to handle this machine tool..
2. It is urgent to recover the national industry.
3. The price of gold is higher than that of copper.
Ш. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.
1. Crude oil export has increased recently.
2. According to official statements the GDP is to rise by 2% next year.
3. Some people do not know that education was free in the Soviet Union.
4. Don't talk during the lessons.
5. There weren't any vendors in trains before.
6. We'll have to accept new household expenses.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение (см. Образец выполнения 3).
1. We are surprised the sales manager hasn't come to the meeting.
2. They say advertising takes too much time on TV.
V. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.
1. To sell more is the only task of this company.
2 We have no intention to order these goods as they are of low quality.
3 They came here to study English.
4. The test is to be written in class.
VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите c 1-й пo 4-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1,3,4 абзацы текста.
MARKS AND SPENCER
1.Marks and Spencer is the British food and clothes company. It is one of the most famous shops in the world. Now there are about 300 their shops in Britain and many more in other European countries and in North America. Many people work for this company. It employs aboutpeople worldwide.
2. Expansion overseas has increased the sales. Now many shops abroad are franchises. Owners of these shops buy all their stock from the main company and pay the company a percentage of their turnover.
3 The clothes vary from country to country. More short-sleeved shirts are sold in warm regions while more suits and sweaters are sent to northern countries. In Europe they sell large clothes and in Japan they stock smaller sizes because of the average size of the population. Food departments are also very popular especially at lunchtime.
4. The company keeps high standards of quality and all suppliers are to have regular inspections. Customers can return any item they think is unsatisfactory. Most suppliers are British. About 80 per cent of goods are produced in Britain.
Пояснения к тексту
franchise – здесь, торговый агент, дилер
VII. Прочитайте 2-й абзац текста и ответьте на вопрос. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ.
What is the meaning of franchise?
1. Franchise is a joint venture.
2. A business that has permission to make or sell named goods.
3. A shop that deals in goods of all sorts.
Контрольное задание № 4
Чтобы правильно выполнить задание № 4, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка по рекомендорванному учебнику:
a) Сложные формы инфинитива ( Passive Infinitive, Perfect Infinitive). Обороты, равнозначные придаточным предложениям: объектный инфинитивный оборот, субъектный инфинитивный оборот.
б) Причастия (Participle I, II). Независимый причастный оборот (самостоятельный) причастный оборот.
в) Условные предложения.
Используйте образцы выполнения упражнений.
Образец выполнения 1 (к упр. 1)
The economic reforms in our country are supposed to have resulted in the development of the cooperative movement.
Считают, что экономические реформы в нашей стране привели к развитию кооперативного движения.
The producers want their efforts to promote domestic trade to be supported by the government.
Производители хотят, чтобы их попытки развивать внутреннюю торговлю нашли поддержку у правительства.
The goods to be bought must be checked beforehand.
Товары, которые нужно купить, следует предварительно проверить.
Образец выполнения 2 ( к упр. 11)
A greater part of companies producing electronic equipment is located in Western Europe.
Большая часть кампаний, выпускающих электронное оборудование, находится в Западной Европе.
Having visited Moscow the participants of the conference went to St. Petersburg.
Посетив Москву, участники конференции поехали в Санкт-Петербург.
There being no other decision of the problem of unemployment, the government must support domestic producers.
Так как нет другого решения проблемы безработицы, правительство должно поддерживать отечественных производителей.
Образец выполнения 3 (к упр. III)
If the living standard of people is taken into consideration, the economic effect of the reforms will be greater.
Если будет принят во внимание уровень жизни людей, экономический эффект реформ возрастет.
If the number of bills had been adopted in recent 10 years, it would be easy to solve many economic problems.
Если бы за последние 10 лет был принят ряд законопроектов, было бы легко решить многие экономические проблемы.
ВАРИАНТ 1
1. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям (см. Образец выполнения 1)
1. The problems to be solved are of great importance for our country.
2. Domestic producers expect their goods to meet customers’ needs in the nearest future.
3. The Prime Minister is expected to raise another problem in his report: that of the rise in prices.
II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого (самостоятельного) причастных оборотов (см. образец выполнения 2).
1. The book referred to here was published last year.
2. If translated into many foreign languages this book will be a great success.
3. Time permitting, a number of new reports will be discussed at tomorrow’s sitting of the government.
III. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие сложные предложения. Обратите внимание на то, как переводятся условные предложения (см. образец выполнения 3).
1. If you work hard at your report, you will be able to speak at the conference.
2. If you worked hard at your report, you would be able to speak at the conference.
3. If we had received your information ten days ago, the price of the goods would have been much lower.
.IV. Прочитайте и письменно переведите 1, 3 и 4 абзацы текста
ACCOUNTING
1. The work people do is called economic activity. An accountant prepares accounting reports on the effects of human activities. It is accepted that if you work hard you earn enough money for food and clothes. Why should an accountant take into consideration basic human needs and the overall strategy of the firm? What is the role of an accountant in business?
2. An accountant should know everything about the financial situation of the firm to help the management in decision making and only in this case there would be no risks in producing and selling goods and the firm would not suffer losses. An accountant should get all information concerning goods to be sold and to be bought because an accountant prepares reports on the effects of transactions. Accounting reports are based upon accurate information. No accurate information - no trade. This information can be used to help in making current and future decisions. It is used by businessmen, bankers, government. An accountant is responsible for the effects of past decisions.
3. Most accountants regularly prepare two types of reports: income statements and balance sheets. One major tool for analysis is ratio analysis. A ratio analysis is the relationship of two figures. One figure deals with profitability. It is used as a measure of a firm's operating efficiency. And the second one deals with assets. It helps the firm to evaluate its current financial situation.
4. Accounting is also concerned with the interpretation of financial information. Many accountants do not directly get involved in decision making but when they do they are, performing a very important function. For every business the most important information is concerned with profits and losses (assets and liabilities). The income statement shows the difference between assets and liabilities over a period of time.
Пояснения к тексту
It is accepted that... – общепризнано, что
overall strategy – генеральная стратегия
decision making – принятие решений
ratio analysis – анализ коэффициентов
profitability - рентабельность
assets and liabilities – актив и пассив
V. Прочитайте 2-й абзац текста и ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос:
What is the role of an accountant in business?
ВАРИАНТ 2
I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский следующие предложения. Помните, что объектные и субъектные инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям (см. образец выполнения 1)
1 He is said to have studied marketing very well
2. Marketing is known to be one of the systems of big corporations’ management
3. He expects to be invited to work for this firm.
II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод независимого (самостоятельного) и зависимого причастных оборотов (см. образец выполнения 2).
1. Having travelled much he told interesting stories.
2. We watched them demonstrating the machine in operation.
3. There being no manual the machine was difficult to maintain.
III. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на то, как переводятся условные предложения (см. образец выполнения 3).
1. If he has time he will help you.
2. The goods would be bought if you advertised them on TV.
3. If they had given us a 5% discount we would have bought the goods in bulk.
IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите весь текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2,3,4 абзацы текста.
CLASSIFICATION OF MARKETS
1. Markets may be classified in many ways, such as a) according to the area covered,
b) according to the methods of dealing, c) according to the commodity or class of commodities dealt in. This classification is very useful.
2. Markets for Raw Materials. These markets are known as Produce Markets, where importers sell raw materials to wholesale dealers. Well-known examples of such markets are for cotton, wheat, wool, copper and rubber. Produce markets are located in some important city but their transactions are world-wide. Dealers usually meet on an Exchange, where the method of dealing is a sample, or by grades. The Exchange usually issues periodical Market Reports, and regulates all transactions by its rules.
3. Markets for Manufactured Goods. When the processes of manufacture are completed, the manufacturer may distribute the goods to the retailer himself, or, as is more usual, he may sell them to the wholesaler, who warehouses the products of many manufacturers and distributes them to the retailers or to other wholesale dealers at home or abroad. The wholesale market extends therefore over a wide area; the wholesaler is in contact with retailers, from whom he receives reports regarding changes in demand. The orders received from the retailers are passed on to the manufacturers, and in this way the course of production is determined.
V. Прочитайте текст еще раз и ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос:
What is the classification of markets?
BAPИAHT 3
I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям (см. образец выполнения 1).
1 The film to be shown at our club tonight consists of two parts.
2. We consider this congress to be one of the biggest events of our time.
3. The force of economic plans is known to lie in the reality of the tasks und ways leading to their fulfillment.
II Перепишите и письменно пере ведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод независимого и зависимого причастных оборотов( см. образец выполнения 2).
1. People smoking so much can't be healthy.
2. Not knowing the working instructions we couldn't use the equipment.
3. The goods having been unloaded, the ship was ready to start its way back to the country.
III. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие сложные предложения. Обратиге внимание на перевод условных предложений (см. образец выполнения 3).
1. If we get tickets for the football match, we shall invite you to the stadium.
2. If he agreed to speak at the conference we would all be very happy.
3. If all the documents had been in order we could have signed the contract yesterday.
IV Прочитайте и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите
1, 2, 3 абзацы
CURRENCY
1. Currency is the official medium of money exchange of a country. "Currency" - because money runs or passes from person to person.
The currency in circulation usually consists of coins and bank-notes. In Britain the currency in circulation is the pound sterling. About one-sixth is held by banks, the remainder by public.
2. Each sovereign state has a currency (e. g. the American dollar, the French franc) ; a payment from one country to another requites to be made in terms of a rate of exchange between their currencies.
3. A variation in the rate of exchange between currency is known as depreciation or devaluation of the currency, which becomes cheaper as a result of the appreciation of the others. Rates of exchange between currency depend on the demand and supply for them and their supply. But this depends upon trade, services, the price of currency, the international movement of capital, i. e. the import and export of securities and similar financial claims.
4. There are two kinds of currency: soft and hard. SOFT currencies are those, for which international demand is weak, HARD currencies are those, for which international demand is strong.
It is the Exchange Equalization Account and International Monetary Fund who run all matters about currency in the world.
Пояснения к тексту:
rate of exchange - курс обмена (валют)
depreciation - обесценивание, снижение
devaluation - девальвация. обесценивание
soft currency - неконвертируемая (неустойчивая) валюта
hard currency – конвертируемая ( устойчивая, твердая) валюта
Exchange Equalization Account – Единый уравнительный фонд счета
V. Прочитайте 3-й абзац текста и ответьте на вопрос.
What do rates of exchange between currency depend on?
ВАРИАНТ 4
I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям (см. образец выполнения1).
1. He must have forgotten about his promise.
2. The economic situation seems to be getting worse.
3. We expect new types of computers to be installed in banks.
II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого (самостоятельного) причастных оборотов (см. образец выполнения 2).
1. The goods sold by this firm are of high quality.
2. Some TV programs being not interesting, people prefer watching musical shows.
3. Growing poverty of population is a cause of many diseases.
III. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие сложные предложения. Обратите внимание на то, как переводятся условные предложения (см. образец выполнения 3).
1. If you borrow money from a bank you will have to pay interest.
2 If they followed bank recommendations unemployment would increase greatly.
3. If he had read this advertisement he would have bought this thing.
IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1,2,3,4 абзацы.
BANKS IN GREAT BRITAIN
1. The safest place to keep your money is a bank. The most widely used type of account in Britain is a current account. You can pay in money received in any form and then draw it out when you need it by using your cheque book. Payments to other people can be made by writing out cheques in their name. If you want to draw out cash for yourself, make the cheque payable in your own name.
2. When you pay a cheque into your account no one knows that it is definitely going to be paid. In fact, it may take up to a week before your bank actually receives the money. During this time, the cheque is ‘uncleared ‘and money cannot be drawn against it, unless your bank agrees to let you do so.
3. Most banks in Britain don't make charges if you keep more than a certain amount of money in your account. However, you shouldn't overdraw on your account without the bank's permission. If you borrow money from the bank there will be an interest charge. You will also have to pay a small charge to convert foreign currency paid into your bank.
4. When you have established yourself as a satisfactory customer with the bank they can issue you with a cheque card. This is an identity card which guarantees that your cheques will be honoured by the bank. A cheque card can be very useful as many shops will not accept a cheque unless it is backed by a cheque guarantee card.
5. Many banks provide dispensing machines, generally set in the wall of the bank outside where you can draw cash when the bank is crowded or closed. Provided you are a satisfactory customer the bank can issue you with a cash card which allows you to use these machines.
Пояснения к тексту:
uncleared cheques - недостоверные, непроверенные чеки
to be in interest charge - зд. взимать процент
to backed by - зд. Подтверждать
V. Прочитайте 5-й абзац текста и ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос
What are cash cards used for?
ВАРИАНТ 5
I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям (см. образец выполнения 1).
1. The shareholders expected the profit to be distributed at the end of the year.
2. The manager believes the terms of payment to be acceptable.
3. The goods are likely to arrive in a month.
11. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого (самостоятельного) причастных оборотов ( см. образец выполнения 2).
1. Many new industrial enterprises producing consumer goods will be put into operation in our country.
2. We expect to receive all the materials ordered during the first half of the year.
3. Consumer goods production has increased considerably, more fabrics and knitwear being produced.
III. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на то, как переводятся условные предложения, (см. образец выполнения 3).
I. They would have signed the contract yesterday, if they had been satisfied with the results of the tests.
2. If we received the reply tomorrow, we should start negotiations next week.
3. If you accept our terms of payment, we'll deliver our machines in 10 days.
IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите с 1-го по 4-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1,2 и 3 абзацы
V..Прочитайте 4-й абзац текста и ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос:
When does marketing become too costly?
THE NATURE OF MARKETING
1. Marketing is the performance of business activities that direct the flow of goods and services from producer to consumer or user. Simply to produce a product is not enough; the product must be transported, stored, priced, advertised and sold before the satisfaction of human needs and wants. Marketing is the whole process of having the right product, at the right time, in the right place and bringing a mutual benefit to customer and vendor. Marketing activities range from the initial conception and design of the product to its ultimate sale, and account for about half the cost of the product. Customers benefit by having what they want, when and where they want it. Vendors benefit by making a profit. The greater the benefits customers receive, the more frequently they will trade with the business that provides them.
2. You are engaging in marketing when you; design or develop a product or service; transport and store goods; provide a variety of choice; buy in large volumes and sell them by item; install, service, repair, instruct; update and improve.
3. Marketing is the Four Ps - the product, the place, the price and the promotion. But most of all, marketing is research; finding out who the customers are and what they need.
Successful vendors never forget that benefit lies in the customer's perception, not in the vendor’s. Marketing is asking the question "Who will buy my product or service?
4. Although many critics claim that the cost of marketing is too high, an analysis of the marketing functions does not bear this criticism out. Rather than think of the cost of marketing, one should consider the value added through marketing. Marketing becomes too costly only when its cost exceeds the value it adds.
Пояснения к тексту:
to range from... to - начинается..... и заканчивается
a variety of choice - ассортимент
does not bear these criticisms out - зд.: не оправданно подвергается такой критике
rather than – прежде чем
Содержание
Методические указания........................................................... 3
Контрольные задания.............................................................. 15
Контрольное задание 1 ............................................................ 15
Контрольное задание 2....................................................... …..31
Контрольное задание 3 ............................................................ 44
Контрольное задание 4 ............................................................. 57
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