Методические указания для развития навыков устной речи дисциплине «Иностранный язык» для технических специальностей (стр. 3 )

construction, machine, modern, form, horizontal, diameter, line, indicate, section, total, voltage, final, bobbin, metal, material, dynamo.

Информация 15 Словообразование –ly – словообразующий суффикс наречия Наречие образуется от прилагательного; отвечает на вопрос как? usual – обычный; usually – обычно.

3. Образуйте наречия от прилагательных и дайте их перевод

common – обычный, final – окончательный, typical – типичный, sufficient – достаточный, diagrammatical – схематический, chemical – химический, optical – оптический, similar – похожий.

Информация 16 Словообразование self – префикс сложных слов, образованных от различных частей речи Префикс self– выражает направленность действия на себя или автоматический характер действия self-powered – самодвижущийся, с собственным источником энергии self-running – с самопуском (о двигателе)

4. Переведите следующие слова:

self-operation; self-protection; self-induction; self-regulating; self-supporting; self -

excited

Информация 17 Словообразование multi – префикс существительных Слова с префиксом multi– переводятся прилагательными со значением много. multiphase – многофазный

5. Подберите русские эквиваленты к английским словам

1. multipolar 1. многосекционный

2. multiphase 2. составной

3. multibreak 3. многозажимный

4. multifrequency 4. многовитковый

5. multipart 5. многократный разрыв

6. multipurpose 6. многофазный

7. multisection 7. многочастотный

8. multiturn 8. универсальный, для многих целей

9. multiterminal 9. многополюсный

Информация 18 Страдательный залог глагола (Passive Voice) Сказуемое в страдательном залоге называет действие, направленное на подлежащее. to be discovered – быть открытым

6. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на выделенные слова

1. One of the parts is called a commutator.

2. The yoke is provided with inwardly projecting poles.

3. The yoke was divided into two halves.

4. The exciting coils are wound either on a former or a bobbin.

5. The ends of the coil are covered with paper.

Информация 19 Многозначность слов provide – 1. обеспечивать, снабжать (глагол) 2. при условии, если (союз придаточного предложения)

7. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на выделенные слова

1. These electrical devices are provided with rubber insulators.

2. These electrical devices provided with rubber insulators were produced at a large factory.

3. These electrical devices can work for a long time, provided they are made of a good material.

4. The electromagnet is a temporary magnet provided by electricity.

5. The electromagnet operates provided an electric current flows through the coil.

6. Lightning did not strike the house as it was provided with a lightning conductor.

7. The device will be of small size provided it is designed on transistors.

Информация 20 Многозначность слов after – 1. после (предлог) 2. затем, потом, впоследствии (наречие) 3. после того, как (союз придаточного предложения)

8. Переведите следующие предложения со словом after

1. After studying the construction of the field magnet we shall deal with that of the a аrmature and commutator.

2. We shall deal with the construction of the armature and commutator after.

3. We shall deal with armatures and commutators after the construction of the field magnet is analysed.

4. The flux is divided after its entrance to the armature.

5. The results of the experiments carried out by our scientists will be published after.

6. Only after the first satellites and space rockets had been launched, the Earth's radiation belts were discovered.

9. Подберите русские эквиваленты к английским терминам

1. armature 1. возбуждающая катушка

2. frame 2. полюсный башмак

3. core 3. каркас

4. yoke 4. индуктор

5. bobbin 5. учение

6. magnetic flux 6. надставка

7. inwardly projecting pole 7. якорь

8. pole shoe 8. катушка

9. exciting coil 9. сердечник

10. extension 10. ярмо

11. cross section 11. станина

12. former 12. явный полюс

13. field magnet 13. магнитный поток

10. Подберите к каждому термину из группы «а» соответствующее определение

из группы «б»

«a» 1. exciting coil 2.frame 3.yoke 4.former 5.pole shoe 6.inwardly projecting pole

«б» 1.is the ring-shaped part for the pole fluxes 2.is a pole fixed on the yoke 3.is that part of a machine which supports the stationary winding and other stationary parts of a machine 4.is аn electromagnet coil producing a magnetic field 5. is a part of equipment on which coils are wound 6.is the part of a field pole serving to form a magnetic field in the air gap

11. Прочтите текст и ответьте по-русски на вопросы:

1. What construction does a modern d. c. dynamo possess?

2. How is the yoke divided?

3. What does each pole carry?

4. Why do the cross sections of the armature core and yoke carry only one half of the total flux per pole?.

5. How are the coils commonly wound for large machines and for small size machines?

6. What materials are bobbins and formers made up of?

7. What is the whole coil wrapped with?

Construction of the. Field Magnet

Except for very small machines, all modern direct-current dynamos are of multipolar construction, that is, they have more than two poles. Of the many forms which were commonly used some years ago only one has survived, and that is the circular ring or yoke, provided with inwardly projecting poles. The yoke is generally divided on a horizontal diameter, the two halves being held by bolts. Each pole carries an exciting coil and is provided with an extension called the pole shoe the flux from each pole is divided into two halves after it has entered the armature and also in the yoke, the cross sections of the armature core and yoke, therefore, only carrying one half of the total flux per pole. In small sizes the coils are typically wound on a former and different layers are interlaced with tape, so that, when the former is removed the coil is self-supporting. The ends and inside are then covered with paper or other insulating material depending on the voltage to frame which the coil has to withstand, and the whole coil is finally wrapped all over with tape. For large machines the coil is ordinarily on a bobbin which may be either of metal or of some insulating materials.

Примечания:

to survive – уцелеть, продолжать существовать

to interlace – переплетать (ся)

voltage to frame – напряжение относительно корпуса

12. Дополните предложения группы «б» словами из группы «а» в соответствии

с текстом

«а» а bobbin, an exciting coil, the magnetic fluxes, a yoke, a pole shoe, a former,

inwardly projecting poles

«б» 1.The circular ring or … is provided with … . 2.Each pole carries … . 3.The extension is called … . 4.In smail size d. c. dynamos the coils are wound on … . 5. In large d. c. dynamos the coil is commonly wound on … . 6..The dotted lines indicate … .

13. Назовите части индуктора.

Информация 20 Многозначность слов former – 1. прежний, бывший 2. первый (из двух) 3. шаблон, катушка без обмотки

14. Переведите предложения со словом former

1. For some time scientists could not see any difference between the newly-discovered phenomenon and the former understanding of static charge.

2. There are two types of generators, the alternator and the generator, the former providing а.с. while the latter supplies d. c.

3. The teacher met her former students.

4. In small size machines the coils are commonly wound on a former.

15. Преобразуйте предложения в Passive Voice в предложения в Active Voice

Модель: The rocket was designed by S. Korolyov.

S. Korolyov designed the rocket.

1. The laboratory was equipped by young engineers.

2. Electromagnetic rotation was discovered by M. Faraday.

3. Electric motor was constructed by P. Barlow.

4. Electrical motors were developed by scientists.

16. Уточните, правильно ли вы поняли отдельные детали в тексте. Используйте выражения Are you sure that («Вы уверены, что…»), Is it right that («Правильно ли, что»…), Is it correct to say that («Правильно ли сказать, что…»).

1. All modern direct-current dynamos are of multipolar construction.

2. The yoke is divided on a horizontal diameter.

3. The flux from each pole is divided into two halves.

4. The ends are covered with paper.

5. The coil has to withstand the voltage.

6. The coil is wrapped all over with tape.

7. A bobbin may be of metal.

Unit 6

Excitation of Field Windings

1. Прочтите текст. Выделите в тексте абзац, в котором говорится, от чего зависит поведение генератора постоянного тока под нагрузкой.

There ere several methods for the excitation of the field magnets, and the behaviour of the dynamo on load depends on the method used. The three common methods are known as (a) series, (b) shunt, and (c) compound excitation. In the series generator the armature, field winding and load are all connected electrically in series so that the same current passes through them. Thus the field winding has to carry the full armature current and the conductors must be of sufficiently large cross section to carry this current without overheating.

In the shunt dynamo the field winding is connected in parallel with the armature and the load; it has a very high resistance compared with that of the armature, the exciting current being small compared with full-load armature current. The winding therefore consists of a large number of turns of small cross section wire.

The compound generator has both series and shunt excitation acting together. The series coil carries the current supplied to the external load, while the shunt coil carries only a small current as in the plain shunt dynamo. There ere two methods of connection for the compound generator. In the "short shunt" the shunt winding is connected directly across the brushes, while in the "long shunt" it is connected across the machine terminals.

Примечания:

excitation – возбуждение

series generator – генератор с последовательным возбуждением

(plain) shunt dynamo – генератор с чисто шунтовым возбуждением

exciting current – ток возбуждения

compound generator – генератор со смешанным возбуждением, компаунд-генератор

2. Опираясь на содержание текста, ответьте по-русски:

1. Почему проводники обмотки возбуждения должны иметь большое поперечное сечение в генераторе с последовательным возбуждением?

2. Какое поперечное сечение имеют проводники обмотки возбуждения в генераторе с параллельным возбуждением и почему?

3. Завершите предложения в соответствии с текстом:

1. The behaviour of the dynamo depends on … .

2. The three common methods are: … .

3. The conductors must be of large cross section to … .

4. In the shunt dynamo the field winding is connected in parallel with … .

5. The conducting dynamo has both … and … .

4. Переведите выделенную в тексте форму сказуемого и сделайте её грамматический анализ.

Unit 7

Construction of Armatures and Commutators

1. Прочтите вслух новые слова, познакомьтесь с их русскими эквивалентами

reluctance – магнитное сопротивление

slot – паз, впадина

eddy currents – вихревые токи

shaft – вал, ось

coating – покрытие

pole face – лицевая (обращенная к якорю) поверхность полюса

brush – щётка

brush-holder – щёткодержатель

spring – пружина

slip ring – контактное кольцо

interpoles – добавочные полюса

commutation – коммутация, изменение направления электрического тока (в коллекторе)

to fill – заполнять, наполнять

to clamp – зажимать

to mount – монтировать

to waste – бесполезно затрачивать

to set up – индуцировать (магнитное поле)

laminated – сложный, пластинчатый

2. Прочтите текст и выпишите ключевые слова, обозначающие конструкцию якоря и коллектора

Construction of Armatures and Commutators

To obtain a magnetic path of low reluctance it is desirable that as much as possible of the space not occupied by conductors should be filled with iron. The conductors are therefore placed in slots on a cylindrical iron core, the whole being called an armature.

As the iron armature is rotated with the conductors, it too cuts the magnetic field, and considerable currents called eddy currents may be induced in it, heating up the iron and wasting energy. The armature is therefore laminated, or made up of thin sheets, a stack of them being clamped together and mounted on the armature shaft. Each lamination has a thin coating of insulation on one side so that eddy currents are set up in individual sheets and the setting up of considerable e. m.f. along the length of the armature is prevented.

If the armature has very wide slots, eddy current may be set up also in the pole faces; in such a case laminated poles can be used with advantage. Sometimes the pole core is solid, and only the pole shoe laminated, the shoe being secured to the pole core by means of screws.

Interpoles are often employed to ensure sparkless commutation.

Примечание;

to ensure sparkless commutation – для устранения искрения в процессе коммутации

3. Используя ключевые слова, передайте содержание текста.

Unit 8

Action of the Commutator

1. Дайте русские эквиваленты следующим словосочетаниям со словом control:

control center, automatic and manual control, control instrument, control post

2. Прочтите текст и передайте его содержание на русском языке

Action of the Commutator

The coil rotating, the e. m.f. induced in the coil will be an alternating one as it is either positive or negative in direction. Thus if the two ends of the coil are connected to insulated slip rings mounted on the shaft, and the external circuit is connected to brushes which press on these slip rings, the electrical polarity of each ring will alternate as the coil rotates, so that the current set up will also be alternating. In order that the current may be unidirectional, it is necessary for one brush always to be positive and the other one always negative. In other words, the induced voltage must be rectified. This is done by using one ring which is split into two halves, the halves being insulated from one another and each being connected to one end of the coil. In this way the positive end of the coil is always under the same brush, because, as the polarity of one end is about to reverse, that end passes to the next brush. Similarly, the negative end of the coil is always under the other brush. The voltage across the brushes therefore acts in the same direction, and the current produced in the external circuit always flows in one direction, though it will obviously pulsate with the changes in magnitude of the rectified voltage.

3. Найдите в тексте предложения с формами страдательного залога и переведите их.

4. Найдите в тексте предложения с многозначным словом one и переведите их.

5. Подтвердите следующие положения. Используйте выражения According to the text («Согласно тексту,..»), As far as I know («Насколько мне известно,..»)

1. The two ends of the coil are connected to insulated slip rings.

2. The external circuit is connected to brushes.

3. The brushes press on these slip rings.

4. The electrical polarity of each ring will alternate.

5. The current set up will be alternating, too.

6. It is necessary for one brush always to be positive.

7. The other brush always should be negative.

8. One ring is split into two halves.

9. The halves are insulated from one another.

10. Each half is connected to one end of the coil.

11. Both ends of the coil are always under different brushes.

Unit 9

Motors

1. Прочитайте вслух новые слова, познакомьтесь с их русскими эквивалентами. Определите их значения в данных предложениях

rotary motion – вращательное движение an appliance – прибор, приспособление commutator – коллектор, переключатель a brush – щётка starting torque – пусковой момент a series field coil – последовательно катушка обмотки возбуждения a shunt field winding – шунтовая обмотка возбуждения household appliances – бытовые приборы

The motor produces the rotary motion which turns our machinery and various appliances. The motor consists of an armature with windings, a commutator and brushes. A very strong magnetic field is needed to provide a powerful starting torque. A series field coil is used for providing a strong field necessary for starting. A shunt field winding provides the running conditions. Small electric motors are used in household appliances.

2. Дайте английские эквиваленты русских слов и словосочетаний

производить, превращать, вращательное движение, якорь, коллектор, обмотка, щётка, магнитное поле, пусковой момент, последовательная обмотка возбуждения, бытовые приборы, пылесос, стиральная машина.

3. Прочтите текст и ответьте на вопросы:

1. What is the motor used for?

2. What parts does the motor consist of?

3. What is necessary to provide a powerful starting torque?

4. How is the series winding connected to the armature?

5. What winding provides the running conditions?

6. What kinds of d. c. motors are there?

7. What kinds of a. c. motors are there?

8. Where are numerous electric motors used?

9. What device revolutionized industry?

Motors

We know the generator to produce electrical energy. To use this generated energy we need another machine to convert electrical energy into mechanical one. The electric motor is а machine which produces the rotary motion which turns our machinery and various appliances.

The motor consists of an armature with two windings, a commutator and brushes. A very strong magnetic field is necessary to provide a powerful starting torque. It is achieved by adding a series winding to the magnetic field. The series winding is connected in series with the armature. The heavy starting torque passing through the armature winding now passes through the series field coil. This starting torque provides a strong field necessary for starting. The shunt field winding provides the running conditions.

There is a wide variety of d. c. and a. c. motors. Direct-current motors are of three principal kinds and are named according to the manner in which their coils are connected to the armature. They are named series, shunt and compound motors.

Alternating current motors may be single-phase or polyphase ones. They may be divided into two kinds: synchronous and induction motors.

Numerous electric motors are used in industry, transport, mines, farms and even houses. They are the moving elements in various household appliances, such as vacuum cleaners, washing machines, refrigerators and the like. Motors are readily switched on, at will, and they continue running until we switch them off again. Generally speaking, the motor revolutionized industry by making use of energy that can be transmitted from great distances.

Примечание:

the like - и тому подобное

4. Выразите своё несогласие с данными утверждениями, используя выражения That’s not right, That’s not true («Неверно, неправильно»)

Модель: The transformer is used to produce the electrical energy.

That's not right. The generator is used to produce the electrical energy.

1. The generator is used to convert the electrical energy into mechanical one.

2. The motor produces the elliptical motion.

3. The motor consists of an armature with а pair of electromagnets.

4. A very weak magnetic field is needed to provide a powerful starting torque.

5. The series winding is connected in parallel with the armature.

6. Motors are used only in industry.

5. Подтвердите следующие положения, используя выражения As far as I know («Насколько мне известно…») и According to the text («Согласно тексту…»)

Модель: - The generator is used for producing electrical energy.

– That's right. As far as I know the generator is used for producing

electrical energy.

1. The motor is used for converting electrical energy into mechanical one.

2. The motor produces the rotary motion which turns our machinery.

3. A strong magnetic field is provided by adding a series winding to the magnetic coil.

4. The series winding is connected in series with the armature.

5. The shunt field winding provides the running conditions.

6. There are three kinds of d. c. motors: series, shunt and compound ones.

7. Alternating current motors may be single-phase or polyphase ones.

8. There are two kinds of a. c. motors: synchronous and induction ones.

9. Electric motors are used in industry, transport, farms and even houses.

6. Дополните предложения, выбрав нужное слово, в соответствии с текстом

1. The generator is used to produce (mechanical, electrical, quantum) energy.

2. The motor is used for (distributing, measuring, producing) mechanical energy.

3. The motor produces (rotary, linear, sinusoidal) motion.

4. The motor consists of an armature with the windings, a commutator and (electromagnet, an iron core, brushes).

5. The series winding is connected in series with (the iron core, the load, the armature).

6. A very strong magnetic (needle, field, gear) is needed to provide a powerful starting torque.

7. Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык

1. Электрический двигатель используется для превращения электрической энергии в механическую.

2. Двигатель состоит из якоря с двумя обмотками, коллектора и щёток.

3. Мощный пусковой момент обеспечивает сильное возбуждение, необходимое для пуска.

4. Существует большое разнообразие двигателей постоянного и переменного тока.

5. Электрические двигатели используются в бытовых приборах, таких как пылесосы, стиральные машины, холодильники, магнитофоны и тому подобное.

8. Дайте определения терминов в соответствии с образцом

Модель: The generator is a device transforming mechanical energy into electric

energy.

Armature, commutator, starting torque, series winding, armature winding, shunt field winding, motor, d. c. motor, a. c. motor, compound motor, synchronous motor, induction motor.

9. Переведите предложения своего варианта и проверьте правильность перевода своего собеседника

Student A

1. Что такое электрический двигатель?

An electric motor is a machine for converting electrical energy into mechanical one.

2. What parts does the motor consist of?

Электрический двигатель состоит из двух обмоток, коллектора и щёток.

3. Зачем нужно сильное магнитное поле?

A very strong magnetic field is needed to provide a powerful starting torque.

4. How is it achieved?

Это достигается добавлением последовательной обмотки к магнитным катушкам.

5. С чем соединяется последовательная обмотка?

A series winding is connected in series with the armature.

6. Now all the heavy starting current passes through the series field coil and provides a strong field necessary for starting.

7. What does the shunt field winding provide?

Шунтовая обмотка возбуждения обеспечивает рабочие условия.

8. Где используются электродвигатели?

Electric motors are used in industry, transport, agriculture and even at home.

9. What household appliances are the motors used in?

Электродвигатели используются в холодильниках, пылесосах, стиральных машинах и других приборах

Student B

1. What is an electric motor?

Электрический двигатель – это машина для превращения электрической энергии в механическую.

2. Из каких частей состоит электродвигатель?

The motor consists of two windings, a commutator and brushes.

3. What for is a strong magnetic field needed?

Сильное магнитное поле нужно для создания мощного пускового момента.

4. Как это достигается?

This is achieved by adding a series winding to the magnetic coils.

5. What is a series winding connected with?

Последовательная обмотка соединяется последовательно с якорем.

6. Теперь весь мощный пусковой ток проходит через последовательно включённую катушку обмотки возбуждения и обеспечивает сильное поле.

7. Что обеспечивает шунтовая обмотка возбуждения?

The shunt field winding provides the running conditions.

8. Where are electric motors used?

Электродвигатели используются в промышленности, на транспорте, в сельском хозяйстве и даже дома.

9. В каких бытовых приборах используются двигатели?

The motors are used in refrigerators, vacuum cleaners, washing machines and other devices.