3. Страдательный залог (Passive Voice). Таблица видо-временных форм глагола
Время Разряд | Present | Past | Future |
Simple | Am is +V3 are | was + v3 were | will (shall) be + v3 will be |
Continuous | am is + being + V3 are | was + being + V3 were | |
Perfect | have + been + V3 has | had + been + V3 | will + have been + V3 |
Примечание
Глагол-сказуемое в Passive Voice показывает, что подлежащее является объектом действия со стороны V другого лица (предмета).
Способы перевода английского глагола в страдательном залоге на русский язык
1) При помощи глагола «быть» и краткой формы причастия страдательного залога:
a) The book was given to him a week ago. — Книга была дана ему неделю тому назад.
b) The door was opened. — Дверь была открыта.
c) The letter will be written. — Письмо будет написано.
2) Глаголом несовершенного вида, оканчивающимся на - ся (-съ):
a) The house is being built by a new method. — Дом строится по новому методу.
b) His report was discussed yesterday. — Его доклад обсуждался вчера (был обсужден).
3) Неопределенно-личными предложениями:
a) His report was discussed yesterday. — Его доклад обсуждали вчера.
b) Their articles have been translated into many languages. — Их статьи переведены на многие языки.
4) Активными конструкциями (с глаголом в действительном залоге):
a) Our talk was interrupted by a telephone call. — Телефонный звонок прервал наш разговор.
b) The seat has been taken by somebody. — Кто-то занял место.
Упражнения
1. Переведите следующие предложения.
1) These new houses have been built by our students in summer. 2) Will you be allowed to go there? 3) We were shown a new electric power station. 4) The first sputnik was launched on October 4, 19The students were asked a lot of questions. 6) The task was given to her a week ago. 7) They were seen by my sister. 8) The children were told to go to bed. 9) The theatre is being built not far from our house. 10) This work will have been done by that time. 11) The proposal will have been discussed by that time. 12) The things will be packed tomorrow. 13) Your friend is being examined now. 14) The article will be translated tomorrow. 15) He understood that he was being watched. 16) This man is very much talked about. 17) He is very foolish and is often laughed at. 18) The doctor was sent for half an hour ago. 19) The exhibition has been shown to some foreign scientists.
2. Прочитайте и перескажите.
A.
ABOUT BOOKS
Books are written by writers.
Books are printed by printers.
Books are sold by booksellers.
Books are read by thousands of readers.
B.
HOW A LETTER WAS SENT TO MY FRIEND
I sat down at my table, took a sheet of paper, a pen, and an envelope. I tried to write all that I had to say. When the letter was written, it was put into the envelope. The address was written. The letter was ready. It could be posted.
3. Переведите текст письменно.
A BUNDLE OF STICKS
An old man had many sons who were always quarrelling. One day the sons were called before their father. A bundle of sticks was given to them and they were ordered to break it.
Each of the sons tried with all his strength but no one could break the bundle.
Then the old man untied the bundle and each son was given one stick. Of course, the sticks were broken easily. "My sons," the father said, "if you live in friendship and help each other, you'll be strong and you needn't be afraid of any enemy."
4. Перепишите следующие предложения в Passive Voice. Используйте by, если это необходимо.
Например: They drink a lot of tea in Britain. - A lot of tea is drunk in Britain
They eat a lot of meat in Argentina. They eat a lot of fruit and vegetables in India. We buy medicines at the chemist's. The dentist examines your teeth. Somebody built this house in 1930. People don't use this road very often. Somebody accused me of stealing money. Somebody is using the computer at the moment. They are building a new ring road around the city. The doctor recommended the patient a severe diet. Someone has stolen some money from my bag. People are drinking more coffee than tea these6. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
OXFORD UNIVERSITY
For seven hundred years Oxford and Cambridge universities dominated the British education. The first English university after Oxford and Cambridge was Durham, in the North of England, founded in 1832. The University of London was founded a few years later.
During the nineteenth century institutions of higher education were founded in most of the biggest industrial towns. At first they did not have full university status but were known as university colleges. In recent years a number of other universities have been founded — Sussex, Warwick, and others.
Oxford was regarded strategically important by the Saxons, who made a settlement near the junction of the rivers Thames and Cherwell.
The Normans built a castle at Oxford and the city continued to develop during the 12th century, but now, why or by whom the University was started is still a matter for debate and uncertainty.
The University was only for men until 1871, when the first women's college was 1900 five colleges for women had been established and, at the present time, Oxford University boasts 45 colleges, six of them for post graduates only.
The University prescribes syllabuses, arranges lectures, conducts examinations, and awards degrees, but there is no single building which can be called, "the University". The colleges and university buildings are scattered about the town, mostly in the central area, though the scientific laboratories and the women's colleges are quite a long way out.
