The three forms of integration or merger are
Vertical integration: It occurs when a firm merges with another at a later stage of production (forward integration) or merges with another at an earlier stage of production (backward integration). Horizontal integration: It is a merger between two firms at the same stage of production in order to increase their share of the market. Conglomerate merger: When a firm amalgamates with another company that has no link with its existing activities. E. g. a car manufacturer and a chain of clothes shops.Multinationals
Companies sited in different countries may combine to form a multinational company. It can also be formed by a parent company expanding into other countries and setting up subsidiary companies.
Monopoly
It arises when a firm has so much control over the supply of a commodity or service, that it is able to also control the ch a situation is beneficial to the firm, but not to the consumer.
Cartel
It is a group of separate businesses, which have agreed to co-operate in order to control competition, to establish prices and market quotas and divisions of territory. A cartel can also be formed by a group of countries with the aim of regulating production and price, e. g. OPEC.
Методические указания к практическому занятию №3
Цель занятия: развивать понимание содержание текста и умение отвечать на вопросы.
Методические указания: работа со словарем, самостоятельное изучение объекта, перевод.
Тема практического занятия №4. Business and enterprise.
VOCABULARY NOTES
income distribution – распределение дохода
an annual income – годовой доход
a certain standard of living – определенный уровень жизни
to cover the necessities of life – охватывать основные жизненные потребности
recreation – отдых, досуг
national income – национальный доход
share of income – доля, часть дохода
income per head – доход на душу населения
percentage of world population – процент мирового населения
percentage of world income – процент мирового дохода
essentially – в основном, большей частью
world production – мировое производство
rich industrialised countries – богатые промышленные страны
not very much technical training – недостаточное техническое обучение
BUSINESS AND ENTERPRISE
Production is the process of using the services of labour and other resources to make goods and services available. Economic resources" are the inputs used in the process of production. The outputs are the goods and services made available for our use. Economic resources are divided into four broad categories:
1. Labour represents the services of human beings in the production of goods and services. Both physical and mental efforts are included in this category. The number of workers, their general education, training and skills and their motivation to work are prime determinants of a nation's productive capability.
2. Capital is the equipment, tools, structures, machinery, vehicles, materials and skills created to help produce goods and services.
3. Natural resources include land used as sites for structures, ports and other facilities, as well as natural materials that are used in crude form in production Examples of land and other natural resources are farmland, industrial sites, deposits of minerals and petroleum, harbours, navigable rivers, sources of hydroelectric power, timber and the advantages of a regional climate.
4. Entrepreneurship is the talent to develop products and processes and to organize production to make goods and services available. Entrepreneurs are innovators and risk-takers. Entrepreneurs in business seek to earn profits by satisfying the desires of consumers and developing better and less costly ways of satisfying those desires. They undertake the tasks necessary to get the process of production started and make many of the decisions relating to the use of inputs.
Nations differ in their endowments of economic resources. Many nations lack the skilled labour force, entrepreneurial ability and capital equipment necessary to enjoy a needed amount of goods and services per person. As people want more than they have scarcity is therefore a matter of degree.
Методические указания к практическому занятию №4
Цель занятия: развивать понимание содержание текста и умение отвечать на вопросы.
Методические указания: работа со словарем, самостоятельное изучение объекта, перевод.
Индивидуальное практическое задание для контроля по модулю 1
Use these words in the suitable blanks in the sentences below:
1. The company __ a new commodity every year.
2. The company's newest __ is a special blue soap powder.
3. The __ of soap powders met last year to discuss prices.
4. That factory is not as __ now as it was 5 years ago.
5. The __ of that factory has gone down over the last 5 years.
6. The manager of the factory has decided that they must increase their of packets of soap powder.
Answer the questions
1. Why does the media relate to economic data and the implications for individuals and businesses?
2. What aspects of the economy's operation are statistics available to show?
3. What do statistics show?
4. What are the sources of data on the economy in the UK? In Russia?
5. What is the GNP?
6. Why should statistics be treated with some caution?
Translate into English using all the active possible
1. Национальный доход — это общая сумма, полученная населением в виде заработной платы, ренты, процента и прибыли в течение определенного периода, обычно в течение одного года.
2. Источники неравенства – это причины, вызывающие неравенство в распределении дохода. Поскольку существуют два основных источника доходов – трудовые доходы и доходы от собственности, источники неравенства разделяют на 2 группы: источники, вызывающие неравенство в трудовых доходах; и источники, вызывающие неравенство в доходах от собственности. В развитых странах источниками неравенства в трудовых доходах являются, в основном, образование и профессия. Доходы от собственности еще более дифференцированы, чем доходы от трудовой деятельности, поскольку обусловлены неравенством в распределении богатства. Основными источниками неравенства в доходах от собственности являются предпринимательская деятельность и наследств
МОДУЛЬ 2.
Тема практического занятия №5. Marketing
VOCABULARY NOTES
a tool – инструмент
output – объем производства
a figure – чертеж, рисунок
the vertical axis (line) – вертикальная ось
to label – обозначить
food output – количество произведенных (объем производства) продовольственных товаров
nought – ноль
the horizontal axis (the bottom line) – горизонтальная ось
film output – количество произведенной (объем производства) пленки
at the other extreme – на другом полюсе
to draw a line joining all these points together – провести линию, соединяющую все эти точки
a straight line – прямая линия
a concave curve – вогнутая кривая (ant. convex – выпуклый)
a trade-off – альтернатива, выбор
the law of diminishing returns – закон сокращающейся доходности
the production of a commodity – производство товара
by stages – постепенно
MARKETING
No matter how independent we may be in spirit, virtually none of us is self-sufficient. Our mutual interdependence for goods and services is a fact of life. We rely on others to satisfy our most basic needs. There is an incredibly complex division of labour and specialization in economic activities. Specialized firms and agencies make particular goods and services available to consumers, investors and governments. Workers specialize in particular trades and occupations and this makes economic interdependence inevitable. The most common way we obtain goods and services is to buy them from others who specialize in producing them. To make such purchases, buyers seek out sellers in markets.
A market is an arrangement through which buyers and sellers meet or communicate for the purpose of trading goods or services. Markets are a way in which buyers and sellers can conduct transactions resulting in mutual net gains that otherwise wouldn't be possible. Many market transactions are conducted without buyers and sellers actually meeting at a particular location. For example, you can browse through catalogues or magazine advertisements to see what various sellers are offering. If you find something you like, you can order it by mail or telephone, without face-to-face contact with the seller. You can also hire an intermediary to carry out a transaction for you.
The purpose of a market is to make information available on the goods and services sellers are willing to sell and buyers want to purchase. This exchange of information is the basis for detennining prices which in turn influence the actual amount of goods and services exchanged. Prices are a major determinant of the choices we make as both buyers and sellers. Market prices play a vital role in coping with the problem of scarcity because they ration available amounts of goods and services.
To analyze the way markets operate, we first must understand the concept of supply and pply and demand analysis explains how prices are established in markets through competition among buyers and sellers and how those prices affect quantities traded.
The concept of supply and demand was introduced in 1890by the British economist Alfred Marshall who first articulated many of the principles that underlie modern microeconomic theory.
Методические указания к практическому занятию №5
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