The Anglo-Saxons won several victories over the Danes. The Danes settled in the north-eastern part of England, a region which was from that time called the Danelaw, because it was ruled according to the law of the Danes.
During the reign of King Alfred the Great builders and scholars were invited from the Continent. The monasteries and Churches which had been burnt by the Danes were rebuilt and schools were set up in the monasteries. King Alfred demanded that all the priests and state officials should learn Latin. Some books were translated from Latin by. King Alfred himself. Among others he translated Ecclesiastical History of the English People.
Alfred ordered that the learned men should begin to write a history of England. Thus was written a history of England called the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle which was continued for 250 years after the death of Alfred by monks. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is on view now at the British Museum.
In the second half of the 10-th century the Anglo-Saxons won several victories over the Danes, took away the Danelaw and ruled over the whole of England. But the Danes influenced the development of the country greatly. They were good sailors and traders and they favoured the growth of towns and the development of trade in England. They were skilful shipbuilders.
Many Scandinavian words came into the English language at that time, such adjectives as happy, low, ill, ugly, weak; such verbs as to take, to die, to call; nouns like sister, husband, sky, fellow, law, window, leg, wing, harbour.
THE NORMAN CONQUEST
By the 11-th century the descendants of the Northmen who had settled in northern France in the 9-th century, became the new conquerors of England.
In 1066 William the Duke of Normandy, began to gather an army to invade Britain. William landed in the south of England and the battle between the Normans and the Anglo-Saxons took place on the 14-th of October 1066 at a little village near the town now, called Hastings.
The Norman conquest was accompanied by the introduction of Norman law and feudalism, and gave a medieval England a social structure very similar to the rest of Europe.
By the 14-th century most English towns had freed themselves from feudal restrictions and were self-governing and independent. England had two strong institutions, a strong monarchy and a Parliament, in which many towns were represented by their leading citizens.
London was the greatest and most powerful English city because of its
position as a port. It was the port from which first English wool and then English cloth was shipped to the Low Countries. Wool was the foundation of the country's commercial greatness.
One of the aims of the English in the Hundred Years’ War with France (14-th to 15-th century) was to obtain free access to the markets of the Low Countries.
England passed through a period of social disorder in the 15-th century as a result of civil wars. The Wars of the Roses () was a dynastic struggle between groups of nobles, the supporters of the House of York and the House of Lancaster. (Ланкастр - алая, Йорки - белая розы)
These wars gave rise to a good deal of insecurity. A middle class that was increasing in prosperity owing to the expansion of the cloth trade, finally saved itself by supporting the Tudor Kings (Lancastrians).
Great social changes took place under the Tudors between . In 1485 Richard III was defeated by Henry Tudor, a Lancastrian.
The reign of Elizabeth I was renowned for the great expansion of England's overseas exploration and trading activities. The discovery of America and the sea route to India and Africa greatly stimulated the growth of the English merchant fleet. It was the age when joint stock companies first became a feature of English commerce.
The Elizabethan period expressed a great European movement, the Renaissance, which on the Continent was by the late 16-th century almost at an end. It was Shakespeare who gave the fullest literary expression to the humanism of the Renaissance.
After Elizabeth's death in 1603 came the Union of the crowns of Scotland and England, countries which had been at war with one another from the end of the eleventh century.
The outstanding events of the Bourgeois Revolution of the 17-th century were: the civil wars (); the Commonwealth with Oliver Cromwell at its head as Lord Protector (1; the restoration of the monarchy in 1660. The compromise between different sections of the ruling classes marked the end of the Bourgeois Revolution. According to the Bill of Rights (1689) Parliament was to be the supreme power in the state, controlling finance, the army and the appointment of judges. This meant the victory of constitutional monarchy and capitalism in England.
The second half of the 18-th century is usually regarded as the period of the early beginnings of the Industrial Revolution. All though the 18-th century there was growing competition between, on the one hand, the old woollen cloth trade, and on the other, the cotton manufacturing industry for which raw materials were available in the now much expanded overseas empire, and in North America.
At that time England was in secure possession of India and Canada.
As a result of the development Great Britain also became the first classic imperialist power.
In 1860 the colonial possessions of Britain covered about 6,472,000 square kilometres with 145 mln inhabitants; in 1,031,000 square kilometres with 345 mln the year 1899 the division of the world among the great colonising powers was almost complete.
Britain's relatively peaceful development and isolation from European issues ended in the year 1914. Britain entered World War I after the invasion of Belgium by the German Armies. Britain wanted to retain the privileged position of the leading sea-power and to extend her colonial domination and ensure markets for her industry.
World War П was a great trial of the bravery of the British people and the British economy. When most of Europe was overrun by the German armies, the British people stood alone and carried the burden of the war on their shoulders. London was bombed for 76 nights. At sea the British Navy battled bravely against German submarines. Hitler did not risk an invasion of the British Isles.
An important consequence of the war for Britain was the disintegration of the Colonial system. Under the influence of a strong wave of national liberation movements in Asia and Africa, Britain was forced to renounce most of her colonies. Such rich store-houses of raw materials, foodstuffs and cheap labour as India, Kenya, Ceylon and other countriesbecame independent states. Following Asia's example, many African countries gradually freed themselves from Britain and entered the road of non-capitalist development.
The History of Great Britain continues in a world where each nation can make its own contribution to the preservation of peace and the development of real progress.
Проектное задание:
Задание: Заполнить сравнительную таблицу. Подготовить ее описание на английском языке.
Period | Territory | Language | Way of life | Leaders | Influence | |
Celts | ||||||
Roman Invasion | ||||||
Anglo-Saxon invasion | ||||||
Scandinavian invasion | ||||||
Norman conquest |
Тест рубежного контроля:
Test № 2 . Historical Background of the UK
Рекомендуемая литература:
1. Тимановская на англоговорящие страны. 4-е изд. – Тула: Автограф, 2000.
2. Токарева истории Великобритании и США. Пособие по страноведению на англ. яз: Для ин-тов и фак. иностр. яз.-М.:Высш. Шк., 1985.
3. Великобритания. Лингвострановедческий словарь. А. Р.У. Рум,
и др. – М.: Рус. Яз., 1978.
4. Абросимова и культура стран изучаемого языка. Ч. 1. История и
культура Великобритании. – Ростов-на-Дону, 2007.
5. David Mc. Dowall. An Illustrated History of Britain. – Longman, 1995 and later.
6. Great Britain. - С-П.: КАРО, 1999.
7. The History of England. Absolute Monarchy. Питер Пресс, С-П., 1997.
8. N. D. Tokareva. Pages of History. Glimpses of Britain and USA.
Москва. Высшая школа, 1997.
9. Bamber Gascoigne. Encyclopedia of Britain.
Модуль 3. Образование в Великобритании. Школы, университеты, учебные планы, экзамены. Образовательные реформы.
Система народного образования Англии.
Основы его современной организации. Управление народным образованием. Роль министерства образования. Финансирование школ. Субсидируемые школы. «Независимые», или частные, школы. Религиозное воспитание в школах.
Система школьного образования.
Начальное образование. Две ступени начального образования.
Звено среднего образования. Закон о реформе образования 1944 г. Становление системы среднего образования. Отмена экзаменов-тестов для определения «коэффициента умственной одаренности». Распределение детей в разные виды школ на основе результатов экзаменов. Антидемократический характер такого распределения.
Типы средних школ и их характеристика. Грамматическая школа. Особенности обучения в грмматических школах. Средняя современная школа. Кризис среднего образования и попытки его преодоления. Объединенная средняя школа – новый тип школы.
Элитарные «паблик-скулз». Особенности процесса обучения и воспитания в «паблик-скулз». Некоторые особенности - школьного образования в, Шотландии и Северной Ирландии.
Система высшего образования. Наука.
Университеты и университетские колледжи. Государственные и частные колледжи. Финансирование университетов. Старейшие университеты (Оксфордский, Кембриджский), их элитарный характер. Особенности их традиционной организации обучения. Шотландские университеты (Абердинский, Эдинбургский, университеты в Глазго, Сент-Эндрюсе). Лондонский университет. Бирмингемский, Шеффилдский и другие провинциальные университеты. Новые университеты (Эссекский, Сассекский, Брадфордский, университет Саррии др.) Высшие технические колледжи, их преобразование в университеты (
Слияние мелких колледжей в более крупные. Новый вид учебных заведений - «политекникс». Создание 30 крупных «политекникс» В Англии и 14 - в Шотландии. «Открытый» университет - система заочного обучения по телевидению.
Научные учреждения и организации современной Англии (Лондонское королевское общество развития естествознания, Британская академия, Королевская академия искусств и др.).
Комплексная цель (модуль 3):
Систематизация и расширение социокультурных знаний студентов об образовательной системе Соединенного королевства Великобритании и Северной Ирландии, развитие умений собирать, систематизировать и обрабатывать различные виды страноведческой информации, интерпретировать и использовать ее при решении коммуникативно-познавательных задач, овладение студентами лингвострановедческими компетенциями, развитие коммуникативной культуры и социокультурной образованности студентов, позволяющих общаться на английском языке в социокультурной и учебно-профессиональной сферах.
Краткое проблемное изложение материала:
British EDUCATION
The British educational system has three levels: schools, further education (post-school) and higher education (universities).
Schools
Schooling is compulsory for 12 years for all children aged 5 to 16. There are two voluntary years of schooling thereafter. Pupils attend primary schools in the state sector from the age of 5 and then move to secondary schools normally at the age of 11. Primary school is divided into infant (5-7 year-old) and junior (7-11).
Great Britain does not have а written constitution, so there are nо constitutional provisions for education. The system of education is determined bу the National Education Acts.
Schools in England are supported from Public funds paid to the local education authorities. These local education authorities are responsible for organizing the schools in their areas.
The English school syllabus is divided into Arts and Sciences, which determine the division of the secondary school pupils into study groups: а Science pupil will study Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics, Economics, Technical Drawing, Biology, geography; аn Art pupil will do English Language and Literature, History, foreign languages, Music, Art, Drama.
Besides these subjects they must do some general education subjects like Physical Education, Ноmе Economics for girls, and Technical subjects for boys, General puters play аn important part in education. The system of options exists in аll kinds of secondary schools.
The National Сurriculum, which was introduced in 1988, sets out the subjects that children should study and the levels of achievement they should reach bу the ages of 7, 11, 14, and 16, when they are tested.
Today three types of state schools mainly provide secondary education: secondary modern schools, grammar schools and comprehensive schools. There is another type of schools, called specialist schools. The specialist school program was launched in 1993. Specialist schools are state secondary schools specializing in technology, science and mathematics; modern foreign languages; sports; arts.
Examinations
The main school examination, the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE), is taken in England, Wales and Northern Ireland at around the age of 16.
After a further two years of study the General Certificate of Education Advanced Level Exam (GCE A level) is taken at the age of 18 and may be combined with the Advanced Supplementary level exam, introduced in 1989, to provide a wider range of subjects. These exams are the main standard for entry to university education and to many forms of professional training.
A new qualification was introduced in 1992 for pupils who are skills-oriented, the General National Vocational Qualification (GNVQ).
Public Schools
The independent (or private fee-laying) school sector is separate from the state school system, and caters for some 7,6 % of all British children, from the ages of 4-18 at various levels of education in some 2400 schools. Their financing depends upon investments and from the fee paid by the pupils parents for their education.
Post-school Education
Further education is a broad term to cover education beyond the secondary stage. It includes vocational education, non-vocational education and adult education. Further education can be provided through evening classes, further education (FE) colleges, universities’ extra-mural departments.
Higher Education
The proportion of young people entering university and other advanced education rose from 1 in 8 in 1980 to 1 in 5 in 1990 and reached 1 in 3 by the year 2000.
The competition to enter universities is now very strong, and students who do not do well at a – level may be unable to find a place.
British education is now a matter of great concern to parents, employers, politicians, students and schoolchildren. School inspectors have criticised standards in mathematics, technology, writing and reading skills and English. Students can choose subject areas, and teaching is mainly by the lecture system, supported by tutorials (small groups) and seminars. Most students tend to live on campus in university accommodation, while others choose to live in rented property outside the university.
All universities have complete academic freedom. They appoint their staff, decide which students to admit, provide their own courses and award their own degrees.
University examinations are for Bachelor of Arts or of Science (BA or BSc) on completion of the undergraduate course, and Master of Arts or of Science (MA or MSc) on completion of postgraduate work, usually a one - or two-year course involving come original research. Some students continue to complete a three-year period of original research for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD).
A variety of other institutions also offer higher education. They are the Royal College of Art, the Canfield Institute of Technology, various business schools, agricultural, drama and art colleges.
The Open University - is an educational service that used television, radio and correspondence courses to teach its students. The Open University opened in 1969; its first courses started in 1971.
The standards at the Open University are the same as those of other universities. The degrees are awarded on a system of credits for each course completed. About 7,000 students of all ages and from very different walks of life receive degrees from the Open University each year.
Проектное задание:
Составьте сравнительную таблицу сведений об образовательных системах Великобритании и России по следующей схеме:
3. среднее образование
4. высшее образование
5. вступительные требования
6. экзамены
7. финансирование
8. организации, контролирующие образование в странах
9. реформы
Тест рубежного контроля (модуль 3):
Test № 3 . Education in the UK
( “The History and Culture of the UK”)
Рекомендуемая литература:
1. Тимановская на англоговорящие страны. 4-е изд. – Тула: Автограф, 2000.
2. Токарева истории Великобритании и США. Пособие по страноведению на англ. яз: Для ин-тов и фак. иностр. яз.-М.:Высш. Шк., 1985.
3. Великобритания. Лингвострановедческий словарь. А. Р.У. Рум,
и др. – М.: Рус. Яз., 1978.
4. Абросимова и культура стран изучаемого языка. Ч. 1. История и
культура Великобритании. – Ростов-на-Дону, 2007.
5. Great Britain. - С-П.: КАРО, 1999.
6. David McDowall. Britain in Close-Up. Longman, 1993.
7. Bamber Gascoigne. Encyclopedia of Britain.
8. UK 2003. The Official Yearbook of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Модуль 4. Государственный и политический строй в Великобритании. Законодательная и исполнительная власть. Монархия. Британская конституция и ее особенности. Избирательная система.
Британская конституция и ее особенности. Документы конституционной важности. Магна Карта, Билль о правах и др. Роль традиций и прецедентовкак конституционных установлений.
Королевская власть, ее история и ее роль в современной Англии. .
3аконодательная, исполнительная и юридическая власть.
Социальный состав парламента. Палата общин, ее структура и права. Палата лордов, ее права и значение. Традиции в Британском парламенте. Принятие законов.
Премьер министр, правительство; кабинет министров, государственный аппарат. Местные власти.
Избирательное право и избирательная система Великобритании.
Двухпартийная система. Консерваторы и лейбористы – либеральное существование. Политические партии и их роль в общественной и государственной жизни страны.
Комплексная цель (модуль 4):
Систематизация и расширение социокультурных знаний студентов о политическом строе Соединенного королевства Великобритании и Северной Ирландии, развитие умений собирать, систематизировать и обрабатывать различные виды страноведческой информации, интерпретировать и использовать ее при решении коммуникативно-познавательных задач, овладение студентами лингвострановедческими компетенциями, развитие коммуникативной культуры и социокультурной образованности студентов, позволяющих общаться на английском языке в социокультурной и учебно-профессиональной сферах.
Краткое проблемное изложение материала:
POLITICAL SET-UP OF GREAT BRITAIN
The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy; the official head of state is the monarch (at present Elisabeth the Second), whose powers are limited by the constitution.
The UK is also one of the independent members of the Commonwealth, all of whose members recognise the Queen as head of the Commonwealth (the loose association of independent countries which has emerged from the British empire).
Constitution
The constitution is a set of rules, many of which are customs or "conventions" (unwritten rules) that have come to be accepted through the fact of being observed though they have no defined authority. There are the laws of major constitutional importance, such as Magna C(h)arta, Bill of Rights, Habeas Corpus, the laws deciding the succession of the royal family, the Parliament Act which decided the position of the House of Lords, the acts relating to the franchise the electoral system and the conduct of elections.
Parliament is the supreme legislative body and is the supreme authority in the UK
The executive power consists of:
a) government - Cabinet and other ministers who are responsible for introducing and directing national policy;
b) government departments (учреждения) which are responsible for national administration;
c) local authorities, which administer and manage many local services;
d) public corporations (гос. корпорации) are responsible for the operation of particular nationalised industries or, for example, of a social or cultural service.
The Monarchy
The Monarchy is the most ancient institution in the United Kingdom.
Most of the functions of the Queen are purely of a symbolic nature. But there are still important acts of government, which require participation of the Queen. They include:
• summony (созыв парламента);
• proroguing (перерыв в сессиях парламента);
• dissolving of the Parliament;
• giving Royal Consent to Bills, passed by both Houses of Parliament;
• appointing every important office holder, including government ministers judges. officers of the armed forces, diplomats and bishops;
• conferring peerages, knighthoods and other honours.
• an important function is appointing the Prime Minister and, by convention, the Queen invites the leader of the political party which commands a majority in the House of Commons to form a government.
Parliament.
The supreme legislative authority in the United Kingdom is the Queen in Parliament that is to say, the Queen and the two Houses of Parliament -the House of Lords and the elected House of Commons. Like the Monarchy, Parliament is an ancient institution, dating from the middle of the 13-th century.
Since 1911 every Parliament is limited to 5-years term of work. It is divided into annual sessions, running normally from October to October with breaks for public holidays and for a long summer “recess” (usually late July until October).
The House of Lords
The House of Lords, the upper chamber in P., consists of the Lords Temporal (светские) and the Lords Spiritual (духовные лорды, владыки духовные). The Lords Temporal may be sub-divided into:
1) all hereditary peers and peeresses of the UK who have not disclaimed (отрекаться) their peerages under the Peerage Act in 1963;
2) all life peers and peeresses created by the crown under the Life Peerages Act 1958 and
3) Lords of Appeal in Ordinary (лорды-судьи по аппеляциям) who are appointed under the terms of the Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876 to assist the House in the performance of its judicial duties and who remain members of the House after their retirement.
The Lords Spiritual are the Archbishops of Canterbury and York, the Bishops of London, Durham and Winchester, and 21 other Bishops of the Church of England.
The House of Lords has almost no real powers at all, and it generally agreed that it could not properly use any real power in a modern democratic state.
The House of Commons
The House of Commons is a lower but more powerful chamber in P., made up of the MPs who won a seat at the most recent general election or by-election.
Elections are of two kinds: general elections held after a P. has been dissolved and a new P. summoned by the Sovereign; and by-elections, held when a vacancy occurs in the House as a result of death or resignation of a member, or as a result of his elevation to the House of Lords.
The Speaker is the chief officer of the Houses of Commons, who is elected by the members. He is not a Minister. Voting in the House of Commons is carried out under the direction of the Speaker and it is his duty to announce the final result.
The main functions of Parliament are:
1) to pass laws regulating the life of the community;
2) to take formal action,, cast in legislative form; to make available finance (определять бюджет) for the needs of the community;
3) to put relevant facts and issues before the electorate.
The Prime Minister
The Prime Minister is appointed by the Queen, and all the other ministers are appointed by the Queen on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister is normally the leader of the Party which secured a majority in the House of Commons as a result of a general election.
The P. M. always sits in the House of Commons. He is assisted by other ministers. All ministers who are chiefs of departments carry the title "Secretary of State".
Government and Opposition
The party with the next largest number of seats is officially recognised as "Her Majesty's Opposition" (or the "Official Opposition") with its own leader (who receives a salary in addition to a parliamentary salary) and its own "Shadow Cabinet", whose members speak on the subjects for which government ministers have responsibility.
The Cabinet
The Cabinet is the executive organ of government. It is a body of senior ministers, most of them are heads of departments. Each new Prime Minister may make changes in the size of his Cabinet and may create new ministries and make other changes. There are usually 20-25 members of the Cabinet. It's the most important body in the British system of government since it is the Cabinet which formulates the policy of the government. The Cabinet is constitutionally responsible to Parliament. However in practice the Cabinet dominates Parliament. Inside a big Cabinet there nearly always develops an "Inner Cabinet" - the small group of ministers who are consulted by the Prime Minister beforehand and who prepare and guide important decisions.
All ministers are classified according to their functions:
1 - st - (highest) - departmental ministers, they are in charge of governmental departments. They are known as Secretaries of State;
2-nd - non-departmental ministers or ministers without portfolio. They can perform different functions;
3-d - ministers of State. They are assistants of departmental Ministers, representing these departments abroad;
4-th - junior ministers.
Проектное задание:
Создайте схематическую модель государственного управления в Соединенном королевстве Великобритании и Северной Ирландии. Подготовьте ее описание на английском языке.
Тест рубежного контроля:
Test № 4. The Political Set-Up of the UK
( “The History and Culture of the UK”)
Рекомендуемая литература:
1. Тимановская на англоговорящие страны. 4-е изд. – Тула: Автограф, 2000.
2. Токарева истории Великобритании и США. Пособие по страноведению на англ. яз: Для ин-тов и фак. иностр. яз.-М.:Высш. Шк., 1985.
3. Великобритания. Лингвострановедческий словарь. А. Р.У. Рум,
и др. – М.: Рус. Яз., 1978.
4. Абросимова и культура стран изучаемого языка. Ч. 1. История и
культура Великобритании. – Ростов-на-Дону, 2007.
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