Учебно-методический комплекс дисциплины «История и культура Великобритании» (стр. 4 )

Модуль 2.

Historical Background of Great Britain

1.  The first settlers of the British Isles.

2.  Speak about the Celtic tribes (historic period, area of habitation, main characteristics of Celtic civilization (social system, way of life, occupations, culture, religion).

3.  The Roman Conquest (historic period, characteristics of Roman civilization: social system, way of life, occupations, arts, religion,
the most important events).

4.  Roman Influence in Britain.

5.  The Anglo-Saxon Conquest (historic period, social system, way of life, occupations, Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms, the most important events.)

6. The Vikings ( historic period, characteristics of their civilization (social

  system, way of life, occupations, culture and arts, religion), the most

  important events and outstanding personalities).

7. The Norman Conquest and Its Influence ( The prehistory, exact date,

direct consequences and changes in the social system of the country. The

most important events and outstanding personalities.)
8. The Hundred Years’ War with France

9. The Wars of Roses

10. The Period of Renaissance

11. The Bourgeois Revolution and Civil Wars

12. The Industrial Revolution

13.  Colonial Expansion and Making of the British Empire.

14.  World War П and Its Influence on the Colonial System

Основные понятия

Realities to be memorized, disclosed and explained

Iberians, Stonehenge, Brittons, Picts, Scots, Celts, Roman Invasion, Hadrian’s Wall, Germanic Tribes, Anglo-Saxons, Danes, Alfred the Great, Danelaw, Introduction of Christianity, Domesday Book, William the Conqueror, Battle at Hastings, Magna Carta, Hundred Years’ War with France, The War of the Roses, Elisabeth I, Renaissance, Long and Short Parliaments, Oliver Cromwell, Restoration of Monarchy, Industrial Revolution, Colonial Expansion, Commonwealth, the Head of the Commonwealth

Модуль 3.

Еducation in Great Britain

1.  General structure of British system of education.

2.  Schools in Great Britain. State-supported and independent schools.

·  Primary education

·  Secondary education (different types of schools)

·  Independent schools

·  National school curriculum

·  Examinations

3.  Further Education (different types of colleges)

4. Higher education and postgraduates studies

·  Entrance requirements;

·  Teaching methods and study system;

·  Degree courses and degrees (Bachelor, Master, Doctor)

·  Student life

5.  Adult and Continuing Education

6. Education Reforms

7. Science and Technology

Основные понятия

Realities to be memorized, disclosed and explained

Comprehensive Schools, National School Curriculum, Public Schools, Preparatory Schools, GCSE, O-Level Exam, A-Level Exam, 11+ Exam, AS level Exam, Streaming System, Universities Central Council on Admission (UCCA), Types of Universities, University Degrees, Open University, Further Education, Vocational Education, Educational Reforms, Education Acts, Full-time (Sandwich, Block-Release, Day-Release) Courses

Модуль 4.

Political Set-Up of Great Britain

1.  The British System of Central Government. Legislative, Executive and Judicial Branches.

2.  Monarchy

3.  The British Parliament. Its history and structure. The work of the Parliament and its functions

4.  The House of Commons

5.  The House of Lords

6.  Traditions of the British Parliament (State Opening Of Parliament; the Speaker; Passing of Bills; the Voting, etc.)

7.  Structure and Work of the British Government. Government and Opposition.

8.  The Prime-Minister and his Cabinet.

9.  The British Constitution. Its Main Sources.

10.  Electoral Rights and Electoral System of Great Britain.

Основные понятия

Realities to be memorized, disclosed and explained

Acts of Union, Constitutional Monarchy, British Constitution, Statute of Westminster, Magna Carta, Petition of Rights, Habeas Corpus Act, The Bill of Rights, The First Parliament, Simon de Montfort, House of Commons, Non-Elected Hereditary Upper Chamber, Lord Chancellor, The Speaker, Life Peers, Woolsack, Session in Parliament, Question Time, Arrangement of Seats, Front / Back Benchers, Throning the Speaker, Traditions in Parliament, Passing of Bills, General Elections, By-elections, Single Member Constituency, Functions of Parliament, Functions of Monarch, Privy Council, Two-Party System, Commonwealth, The British Government, The Prime-Minister and his Cabinet, Inner Cabinet, Shadow Cabinet, Final Court of Appeals

Модуль 5.

Culture of Great Britain

The Historical Context of the Arts.

2. Outline of the Development of Visual Art in Britain.

3. British Architecture. Outstanding English Architects.

4. Performing Arts

5. The British Film Industry

6. Museums, Galleries, and Libraries

7. Architectural and Historical Monuments in Britain.

Основные понятия

Realities and names to be memorized, disclosed and explained

The Arts Councils of England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland;

Art Styles and movements: Neoclassical Art and Architecture, Romanticism, Impressionism, Arts and Crafts Movement, Art Nouveau (from French for “new art”), Glasgow School, Norman Architecture, Tudor Style, Elizabethan Style, Renaissance Art and Architecture,

Great Artists: Hans Holbein, the Younger (), Sir Anthony van Dyck, (), William Hogarth, Sir Joshua Reynolds (), Thomas Gainsborough (), Joseph William Turner, John Constable (), Sir Edwin Henry Landseer (), Pre-Raphaelites, , Henry Moore (), Paul Nash (), Sir Stanley Spencer (),

Francis Bacon (),

Great Architects: Inigo Jones (), Sir Christopher Wren (),

Architectural and Historical Monuments in Britain: Saint Paul’s Cathedral (London), Westminster Abbey, Tower of London,

Theatres: Globe Theatre, Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC), Old Vic Theatre, Royal National Theatre, The Royal Ballet

Museums, Galleries, and Libraries: British Museum, National Gallery (London), Victoria and Albert Museum, National Museum of Science and Industry (Britain), Natural History Museum, British Library

САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА СТУДЕНТОВ И КОНТРОЛЬ

ЗА ЕЕ ВЫПОНЕНИЕМ ПО КУРСУ

«История и культура стран изучаемого языка»

(История и культура Великобритании)

Закрепление материала лекционного курса осуществляется путем работы на семинарских занятиях, а также самостоятельной работы студентов.

Целью самостоятельной работы студентов является овладение теоретическими знаниями, профессиональными умениями и навыками по профилю изучаемой дисциплины, опытом творческой, исследовательской деятельности.

Самостоятельная работа студентов призвана развивать умения и навыки извлекать смысловую информацию из источников разного плана; способность анализировать, делать выводы, отбирать и творчески использовать изучаемый материал а разработке уроков; умения излагать собственные суждения и оценки.

Самостоятельная работа является обязательной для каждого студента, ее объем определяется учебным планом.

Самостоятельная работа студентов включает в себя подготовку к семинарским занятиям по дисциплине, выполнение индивидуальных заданий в форме рефератов и докладов. Студентам предоставляется обязательный объем теоретического материала, который они могут дополнить и расширить самостоятельно, используя дополнительную литературу (список прилагается).

Необходимыми условиями для самостоятельной работы студентов являются следующие:

1.  мотивация самостоятельной работы

2.  поэтапное планирование самостоятельной работы

3.  наличие и доступность необходимого учебно-методического и справочного материала;

4.  консультационная помощь преподавателя;

5.  система регулярного контроля качества выполненной самостоятельной работы.

Текущий контроль качества выполненной самостоятельной работы студента осуществляется путем проведения контрольных работ, индивидуальных опросов и тестов.

Итоговый контроль - зачет. Студенты должны ответить на два теоретических вопроса (см. перечень вопросов к зачету), а также защитить реферат по одной из предложенных тем, подготовленных заранее (см. список тем для самостоятельной работы студентов.)

ПЕРЕЧЕНЬ ТЕМ ДЛЯ САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОЙ РАБОТЫ СТУДЕНТОВ

1.  Географическое положение Великобритании. Состав территории.

2.  Население Великобритании. Национальности и языки.

3.  Страны, входящие в состав Объединенного Королевства, их географические особенности, население, языки, традиции.

4.  Историческое и культурное развитие столицы Британии.

5.  Основные этапы исторического развития Великобритании.

6.  Римское завоевание Британских островов и его влияние.

7.  Англо-Саксонское завоевание Британских островов и его влияние

8.  Скандинавские завоевания Британских островов.

9.  Нормандское завоевание Британских островов и его влияние.

10.  Столетняя война с Францией.

11.  Война Роз.

12.  Период Возрождения в Великобритании.

13.  Создание и укрепление абсолютной монархии.

14.  Формирование колониальной империи и расширение британских владений.

15.  Английская буржуазная революция.

16.  Промышленная революция и ее достижения

17.  Британский образ жизни (досуг, спорт, культура)

18.  Национальные праздники в Британии.

19.  Политические партии и течения в Великобритании

20.  Средства массовой информации Великобритании

21.  Империя Fleet Street

22.  Экономика Великобритании

23.  Достопримечательности Великобритании

24.  Система образования в Великобритании

25.  Жизнь молодежи в Великобритании

26.  Высшее образование и университеты Великобритании

27.  Государственный и политический строй Великобритании.

28.  Монархия в Великобритании.

29.  Британская законодательная власть.

30.  Британская исполнительная власть.

31.  Британская конституция и ее особенности.

32.  Британское искусство

Темы рефератов по курсу

«История и культура стран изучаемого языка»

Темы рефератов по курсу

«История и культура стран изучаемого языка».

Great Britain

Great Britain and Russia: similarities and differences English national character *****ssian national character: stereotypes. The Period of Renaissance in Britain. Absolute Monarchy in Britain. Charles I as a monarch and as a personality. Traditions in Britain. Social Services in Great Britain (social security, health, housing) Multiculturalism in Britain and in Russia. Holidays as a reflection of the country's history and traditions. British homes The Black Death. Henry VIII as a Personality and a Monarch. The Peculiarities of HisRule. Is British Monarchy eternal? Traditions in the British Parliament. The English and Their Reputation. Women in Britain Education in Britain and in Russia: advantages and disadvantages English humour. Elizabeth I - the Great Daughter of the Great Father. Mary the Queen of Scots. The Fall of the British Empire. Leisure Activities of the British. Different Trends in Modern Art. The history of British Education Women in the USA British Traditionalism Youth problems in Britain Constitutional Monarchy in Britain. The Outstanding British Kings. Queen Elizabeth the 2-nd The most interesting/ significant / impressive to your mind events in the historical development of Britain. The Sun Never Sets Over the British Empire Family problems in Britain Melting Pot Youth culture of Britain and Russia: differences and similarity. Colonial Expansion of England. Creation of the British Empire. Great Inventions of Industrial Revolution. Outstanding Personalities of the British Isles. Contemporary Britain. Environmental Concerns in Britain.

Вопросы к зачету по курсу

«История и культура стран изучаемого языка» (4 семестр)

1.  Geographical position of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

Climatic Conditions in Great Britain, Vegetation and Fauna. Population of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Nationalities and Languages. The Constituent Parts of the UK: Scotland. Geographical Position and Population. The Constituent Parts of the UK: Wales. Geographical Position and Population. The Constituent Parts of the UK: Northern Ireland. Geographical Position and Population. The Constituent Part of the UK: England. Geographical Position and Population. Waves of Invasions on the British Isles. The First Settlers of the British Isles. The Roman Conquest and Its Influence on Britain. The Anglo-Saxon Conquest and Its Influence on Britain. The Scandinavian Invasion. The Norman Conquest and Its Influence on Britain. The War of the Roses in Great Britain. The Civil War in Great Britain. The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain. Colonial Expansion Leisure Activities, Sport and Arts in Great Britain. British National Ways of Life (hobbies, meals, traces of British character, habits and traditions). Public Holidays in Great Britain. British Educational System. Schools in Great Britain. Higher Education and Postgraduate Studies in Great Britain. The Political Set-Up of the UK. Monarchy in Great Britain. British Parliament. Its Functions and Traditions. British Constitution. Its Main Sources. Electoral System of the UK. The British Government.

Тесты по дисциплине

«История и культура стран изучаемого языка»

2 курс 4 семестр(ОЗО)

Список тестов

Test № 1. “REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY AND POPULATION OF THE UK”

Test № 2. “Historical Background of the UK”

Test № 3. “education in the UK”

Test № 4. “The Political Set-Up of the UK”

Список рекомендуемой литературы

а). Основная литература

1.  Тимановская на англоговорящие страны. 4-е изд. – Тула: Автограф, 2000.

2.  Токарева истории Великобритании и США. Пособие по страноведению на англ. яз: Для ин-тов и фак. иностр. яз.-М.:Высш. Шк., 1985.

3.  Великобритания. Лингвострановедческий словарь. А. Р.У. Рум,

и др. – М.: Рус. Яз., 1978.

4. Абросимова и культура стран изучаемого языка. Ч. 1. История и

культура Великобритании. – Ростов-на-Дону, 2007.

5. David Mc. Dowall. An illustrated History of Britain. – Longman, 1995

and later.

б) Дополнительная литература

1.  Great Britain. - С-П.: КАРО, 1999.

2.  English Reader. Книга для чтения на англ. яз. Для 9-10 кл. сред. школы. Под ред. . Мн., “Нар. Асвета”, 1977.

3.  The History of England. Absolute Monarchy. Питер Пресс, С-П., 1997.

4.  Сатинова и говорим о Британии и британцах.-

Изд. 4-е, - Мн.: Выш. Шк., 1999.

5.  N. D. Tokareva. Pages of History. Glimpses of Britain and USA.

Москва. Высшая школа.

6.  L. Kolodyazhnaya. This is Great Britain. – Москва: Рольф, Айрис Пресс. – 1999.

7.  Усова Англии. – Санкт-Петербург, 2001.

8.  John Oakland. British Civilization, 4-th Edition, 1998.

9.  David McDowall. Britain in Close-Up. Longman, 1993.

10.  Bamber Gascoigne. Encyclopedia of Britain.

11.  UK 2003. The Official Yearbook of the United Kingdom of Great

Britain and Northern Ireland

12.  Britain by James O'Driscoll. Oxford OUP

13.  S. Sheerin, J. Seath. Spotlight on Britain. Oxford, OUP

14.  P. Harvey, R. Jones. Britain Explored. Longman

15.  R. Musman, D'Arcy Adrian-Vallance. Britain Today. Longman

16.  C. Garwood, G. Gardani, E. Peris. Aspects of Britain and the USA, OUP

17.  . British Studies (книга по страноведению для 9-11 классов) "Оракул", С-Пб., 1998.

18.  V. F. Satinova. Read and Speak about Britain and the British. - Минск, "Вышэйшая школа", 1997

19.  В. Ощепкова, А. Булкин. Страна Великобритания: люди и традиции., М., "РТ-Пресс", 2000 (рус.-англ.)

20.  Л. Барановский, Д. Козикис. How Do you Do, Britain? (пособие для учащихся спецшкол (9-11 класс), колледжей, лицеев, гимназий, студентов вузов). Минск-Москва, "Московский лицей", 1997

21.  Тенсон Г. А. Habits and Ways in Great Britain and the United States. – М.: Междунар. отношения, 1978.

Список Интернет-ресурсов по курсу

«История и культура стран изучаемого языка»

Раздел 1 . Великобритания

http://www. /

http://www. spartacus. schoolnet. co. uk/Britain. html

http://www. royal. gov. uk/output/Page1.asp

http://www. royal. gov. uk/output/

http://www. royal. gov. uk/textonly/Page1.asp

http://www. spartacus. schoolnet. co. uk/Medieval. htm

http://www. timesonline. co. uk/

http://www. direct. gov. uk/Homepage/fs/en

http://www. victorianweb. org/

http://www.24hourmuseum. org. uk/

http://www. number-10.gov. uk/output/page4.asp

http://www. labour. org. uk/

http://www. /ukcmain

http://www. /

http://www. anglesey. gov. uk/default. htm

http://www. /architects/Sir_Christopher_Wren. html

http://www. cranfield. ac. uk/

http://www. shef. ac. uk/

http://www. art-nouveau. kubos. org/

http://www. bbc. co. uk/history/programmes/centurions/moore/moorbiog. shtm

http://www. westminster. abbey. org/

http://www. /architects/Inigo Jones. html

http://www. /architects/Sir Christopher Wren. html

http://shakespeares-globe. org/

http://www. artguide. org/

http://www. britain-info. org/

http://www. fco. gov. uk
http://www. britishcouncil. org
http://www.
http://www.
http://www.
http://www. eif. co. uk
http://www. edinburghshogmanay. org
http://www.
http://www. wales. gov. uk
http://www. ukonline. gov. uk
http://www. *****
http://www. open. gov. uk
http://www. homeoffice. gov. uk
http://www. lgce. gov. uk
http://www. dfes. gov. uk
http://www. eduweb. co. uk
http://www. churchnet. org. uk
http://www. guardianunlimited. co. uk/religion

Раздел 2. Соединенные Штаты Америки (optional)

American History

American History http://www. americanhistory. /

American Historical Association http://www. theaha. org

Central New York Council for the Social Studies http://www. lm. liverpool. k12.ny. us/cnycss2/cnycss. html

Federal Resources for Educational Excellence-Social Studies http://www. ed. gov/free/s-social. html

Internet History Sourcebook Project http://www. fordham. edu/halsall/

Presidential Libraries http://www. nara. gov/nara/president/address. html

America’s History from American Library

http://www. americaslibrary. gov/cgi-bin/page. cgi/jb/colonial

 A Timeline of The USA

http://www. /politics/american. html

 Explore the States

http://www. americaslibrary. gov/cgi-bin/page. cgi/es

 American Memory. The Library of Congress

http://memory. loc. gov/ammem/collections/finder. html

 A Chronology of US Historical Documents

http://www. law. ou. edu/hist/

 Mid-Atlantic Regional History

http://midatlantic. /history. html

American Cultural History - The Twentieth Century
http://www. nhmccd. edu/contracts/lrc/kc/decades. html

Different Aspects of American Culture

White House http://www. whitehouse. gov/

US State Information http://usinfo. state. gov/usa/infousa/

US State Department http://www. state. gov/

American Presidents http://www. americanpresidents. org/

Immigration and Naturalization Service in the USA http://www. ins. usdoj. gov/graphics/services/natz/index. htm

If you want to study in the USA

http://usinfo. org/usia/usinfo. state. gov/usa/infousa/educ/studyus. htm

Education in the USA. U. S. Department of Education
http://www. ed. gov/NLE/USNEI/us/org-us. html

Encyclopedia WordIQ

http://www. /search/harvard+university. html

Foreign Relations of the USA. U. S. State Department

http://www. state. gov/www/policy. html

Historical Documents

Chronology of US historical documents http://www. law. ou. edu/hist/

Documents for the study of American history

http://www. ku. edu/carrie/docs/amdocs_index. html

Avalon http://yale. edu/lawweb/avalon/avalon. htm

Core Documents of U. S. Democracy

http://www. access. gpo. gov/su_docs/locators/coredocs

The Constitution of the USA

http://www. nara. gov/exhall/charters/constitution/conmain. html

The Bill of Rights

http://www. nara. gov/exhall/charters/billrights/billmain. html

Famous American Speeches

http://usinfo. org/usia/usinfo. state. gov/usa/infousa/facts/speeches. htm

National Archives http://www. /

The Constitution Community http://www. nara. gov/education/cc/main. html

Historical Maps

Cultural Maps in American Studies

http://xroads. virginia. edu/~MAP/map_hp. html

Map Collection

http://www. lib. utexas. edu/Libs/PCL/Map_collection/histus/html

Geography and Tourism

Your Link to America http://www. /

The US 50 http://www. theus50.com/

State Information http://www.

USA Travel and Geography http://www. usembassy. de/usa/travel. htm

50 American states: facts and figures http:///

National Association of Counties http://www. naco. org/counties/counties/index. cfm

The Regions of the USA

The Wild West

http://www. thewildwest. org/

http://www. usembassy. de/usa/newengland

Cultural History Links

American Folklife Center
http://lcweb. loc. gov/folklife/afc. html

American Memory Project
from the Library of Congress
http://memory. loc. gov/ammem/amhome. html

Anacostia Museum
The Anacostia Museum and Center for African American History and Culture
http://www. si. edu/anacostia/

Center for the Study of Southern Culture
http://www. olemiss. edu/depts/south/index. html

Documenting the American South
University of North Carolina
http://metalab. unc. edu/docsouth/index. html

PBS Arts Neighborhood
http://www. pbs. org/neighborhoods/arts

Smithsonian Institution
http://www. si. edu/

Links to American Museums

Brooklyn Museum of Art
http://www. brooklynart. org/
Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum
http://www. si. edu/activity/planvis/museums/i-ndm. htm
Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco - FAMSF
http://www. thinker. org/
Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden
http://www. si. edu/activity/planvis/museums/i-hmsg. htm
J. Paul Getty Museum
http://www. getty. edu/museum/
The Metropolitan Museum of Art
http://www. metmuseum. org/
National Gallery of Art
http://www. nga. gov/home. htm
National Museum of American Art
http://www. nmaa. si. edu/
National Museum of American Indian
http://www. si. edu/activity/planvis/museums/i-nmai. htm
The National Portrait Gallery
http://www. npg. si. edu/
Philadelphia Museum of Art
http://www. philamuseum. org/
Renwick Gallery
http://nmaa-ryder. si. edu/collections/renwick/main. html
Whitney Museum of American Art
http://www. /~whitney/
WWW Virtual Library: Museums in the USA
http://palimpsest. stanford. edu/icom/vlmp/usa. html

Visual Arts Directories, Guides and News

American Art
http://nmaa-ryder. si. edu/journal/info/
Artline
http://www. /about/about. html
Art Museum Network
http://www. amn. org/
Catalog of American Portraits
National Portrait Gallery
http://www. npg. si. edu/inf/cap. htm
Internet Art Resources - The Latest
http://www. /latest. ihtml
National Gallery of Art - Index of American Design
http://www. nga. gov/collection/gallery/iad. htm
National Museum of American Art: Inventories of American Painting and Sculpture
http://nmaa-ryder. si. edu/study/inventories-intro. html#intro
World Wide Arts Resources - The Definitive Arts and Culture Information Gateway
http:///

Cinematography

The International Movie Database http://www. /

Cinema Sites http://www. /

Classic Films http://www. /palace/welcome. htm

http://www. /

The Greatest American Films http://www. filmsite. org/films. html

American Maps

National Atlas http://www. nationalatlas. gov/

The World Factbook 2001 http://www. /151/

Map Collection 1500–1999 http://memory. loc. gov/ammem/gmdhtml/mapcapimg. html

Глоссарий основных терминов по дисциплине

«История и культура стран изучаемого языка»

История Великобритании

2 курс 4 семестр

1. Geography of the UK

Acts of Union - name of several statutes that accomplished the joining of England with Wales (1536), England and Wales with Scotland (1707), Great Britain with Ireland (1800).

Union Jack - the Flag of the UK since the Union with Ireland in 1801. It is made up of the red cross of St. George on a white ground (for England), the white diagonal cross or saltire of St. Andrew on a blue ground (Scotland) and the red saltire of St. Patric on a white ground (Ireland).

The Constituent Parts of the UK – England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland

Continental Shelf - a submerged edge of a continent. Continental shelves surround all the continents.

Irish Sea, arm of the Atlantic Ocean, between Ireland on the west and Great Britain on the east, and covering an area of 100,000 sq km (39,000 sq mi).

The Isle of Wight - island and county, southern England, in the English Channel, and separated from the English mainland by the Solent, a narrow channel; Newport is the administrative center

The Isles of Scilly - archipelago in southwestern England, in the Atlantic Ocean, part of the county of Cornwall, southwest of Land’s End. The group consists of about 140 small islands and rocks

Anglesey - island and county, northwestern Wales; Llangefni is the administrative center.

The Hebrides - archipelago of about 500 islands, western Scotland, in the Atlantic Ocean. The islands are divided into two groups, the Outer Hebrides and the Inner Hebrides

The Orkneys - a group of 67 islands off the northern coast of Scotland forming an administrative county of Great Britain and an important British naval base

The Shetlands - archipelago, northern Scotland, in the North Atlantic Ocean, constituting Shetland Island Area (an administrative region), northeast of the Orkney Islands.

The Isle of Man - in the Irish Sea, about midway between the coasts of Northern Ireland and England

The Channel Islands - ( Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney, and Sark), are the part of the ancient duchy of Normandy that remained in the possession of the English king when, in the thirteenth century, the duchy and the kingdom were separated.

Lowland and Highland Britain - The island of Great Britain can be divided into two major natural regions—the highland zone and the lowland zone. The highland zone is an area of high hills and mountains in the north and west. The lowland zone in the south and east consists mostly of rolling plains.

The Highland Zone of Great Britain includes Wales, Scotland, and parts of England. The parts of England in the highland zone include the Pennine Chain of mountains, extending down into northern England and into the southwestern peninsula.

English Channel - narrow sea, western Europe, separates France and Great Britain. Known in French as La Manche (“the sleeve”), it is 570 km (350 mi) wide in the west where it meets the Atlantic Ocean and narrows to 34 km (21 mi) at the Strait of Dover. Its principal islands are the Isle of Wight and the Channel Islands.

The Strait of Dover - in the east of the English Channel at its junction with the North Sea.

The Cumbrians - mountains in England to the west of the northern Pennines Snowdon - mountain group in northwestern Wales. It is broken by valleys into five minor groups, whose chief peak, Y Wyddfa is 1,085 m (3,560 ft) above sea level.

Ben Nevis - mountain peak in western Scotland, in Great Britain. The peak lies in the Grampian Mountains. Its height is 1,343 m (4,406 ft).

Scafell Pike - the highest peak in England in Cumbrian Mountains (978 m/3,209 ft above sea level)

The Grampians – mountains in central Scotland which form a natural division between the Lowlands and Highlands.

The Pennines - forms the backbone of northern England. It is composed of several ranges extending south from the Cheviot Hills to the valley of the Trent River

The Cheviots - range of low mountains in Great Britain form the part of the boundary between England and Scotland, extending 56 km (35 mi) in a northeastern-southwestern direction.

The Lake District - region of mountains and lakes in northwestern England

Lough Neagh, lake, central Northern Ireland. The largest lake of the British Isles, it is 29 km (18 mi) long and 24 km (15 mi) wide and has an area of 396 sq km (153 sq mi).

Loch Lomond, on the southwestern edge of the Highlands of Scotland, is the largest on the island of Great Britain, measuring 37 km (23 mi) long and from 1.6 to 8 km (1 to 5 mi) wide.

Lake Windermere is the largest of the 15 major lakes in the famous Lake District of northwestern England. It is about 1.6 km (1 mi) wide and more than 16 km (10 mi) long.

Gulf Stream, warm current of the North Atlantic Ocean. The Gulf Stream is of great climatological importance because of its moderating effects on the climate of western Europe.

2. Historical Development of the UK

Iberians - ancient people of eastern and southern Spain. The Iberian Peninsula, comprising Spain and Portugal, takes its name from them.

Stonehenge - prehistoric monument on Salisbury Plain, north of Salisbury, in southwestern England, that dates from the late Stone and early Bronze ages (about BC).

Brittons - name applied to the inhabitants of Britain before the invasions by the Germanic Angles and Saxons in the 5th and 6th centuries ad.

Picts - ancient inhabitants of central and northern Scotland and of northern Ireland. They are believed to have arrived in Scotland from the Continent about 1000 BC and in Ireland from Scotland about AD 200.

Scots – Celtic tribes which inhabited the British Isles in 600-300 BC and settled mostly in nowadays Scotland

Celts - a people who dominated much of western and central Europe in the 1st millennium BC, giving their language, customs, and religion to the other peoples of that area.

Druidism, religious faith of ancient Celtic inhabitants of Gaul and the British Isles from the 2nd century BC until the 2nd century AD.

Roman Invasion - Julius Caesar invaded Britain in 55 BC to conquer the native peoples, called Britons. The native tribes resisted subjugation for several decades, and annihilated a Roman garrison, at what is now York, in the 2nd century AD.

Hadrian’s Wall – a wall in northern Britain constructed by the command of Roman Emperor Hadrian (ad 117–138) to keep out the unconquered Caledonians of Scotland.

Germanic Tribes - the Angles, the Saxons and Jutes invaded Britain during the 5th century AD.

Vikings, Nordic peoples—Danes, Swedes, and Norwegians—who raided and settled in large areas of eastern and western Europe during a period of Scandinavian expansion from about 800 to 1100.

Egbert (775?-839), king of Wessex (802-839), and the first Saxon king recognized as sovereign over the English kingdoms (829-839).

Alfred the Great (849-899)- king of the West Saxons (871-899), and one of the outstanding figures of English history. He came to the throne during a Danish 886 he had captured the city of London, and soon afterward he was recognized as the king of all England. Alfred was a patron of learning and did much for the education of his people. He began a court school and invited British and foreign scholars to come there. Alfred translated such works as The Consolation of Philosophy by the Roman statesman and philosopher Boethius, The History of the World by the Spanish priest Paulus Orosius, and Pastoral Care by Pope Gregory I.

Danelaw - area of northern England controlled by Danish adventurers and settlers in the late 9th century.

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, common designation of several texts in Old English that record the history of England from the beginning of the Christian era to the middle of the 12th century.