Базовый учебно-методический комплекс (стр. 3 )

221.  Sprague, History of Crises, p. 253.

222.  Thomas Joplin, Case for Parliamentary Inquiry into the Circum­stances of the Panic, in a Letter to Thomas Gisbourne, Esq. M. P. (London: F. Ridgeway & Sons, n. d. [after 1832]), pp. 14-15.

223.  Robert Baxter, The Panic of 1866, with its Lessons on the Cur­rency Act (1866; reprinted., New York: Burt Franklin, 1969), pp. 4, 26.

224.  Clapham, Bank of England, vol. 2, p. 101.

225.  Rosenberg, Weltwirtschaftskrise, p. 118.

226.  Van Vleck, Panic of 1857, p. 74.

227.  Rosenberg, Weltwiitschaftskrise, p. 121.

228.  Sprague, History of Crises, p. 113.

229.  Alvin H. Hansen, Cycles of Prosperity and Depression in the United States, Great Britain and Germany: a Study of Monthly Data, (Madison: University of Wisconsin, 1921), p. 13.

230.  H. S. Foxwell, «The American Crisis of 1907», Papers in Current Finance (London: Macmillan, 1919), pp. 202-203.

231.  Peter M. Garber, «Tulipmania», из книги Robert P. Flood and Peter M. Garber, Speculative Bubbles, Speculative Attacks, and Policy Switching (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1994), p. 72.

232.  N. W. Posthumus, «The Tulip Mania in Holland in the Years 1636 and 1637», Journal of Business and Economic History, vol, reprinted in W С Scoville and J. С La-Force eds, The Economic Development of Western Europe, vol. 2, The Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (Lexington, Mass.: D. С Heath, 1969), p. 169.

233.  Simon Schama, The Embarrassment of Riches: an Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age (New York: Knopf, 1987), p. 358.

234.  Jonathan I. Israel, The Dutch Republic: its Rise, Greatness and Fall, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995), p. 533. Жан де Ври и Ад ван дер Вуд отмечают, что летом 1636 г. спеку­ляция вышла за рамки круга специалистов по тюльпанам (The First Modem Economy: Success, Failure and Perseverance of the Dutch Economy, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 150-151).

235.  Jan de Vries, Barges and Capitalism: Transportation in the Dutch Economy (Wageningen: A. G. Bidragen, 1978), p. 52 и далее.

236.  Israel, The Dutch Republic, p. 533.

237.  Garber, Tulipmania, pp. 71-72.

238.  Israel, The Dutch Republic, chap. 33.

239.  Homer Hoyt, One Hundred Years of Land Values in Chicago: the Relationship of the Growth of Chicago to the Rise in Land Values, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1933).

240.  Fritz Stern, Gold and Iron: Bismarck, Bleichroder, and the Building of the German Empire (London: Allen & Unwin, 1977), p. 161.

241.  Homer Hoyt, One Hundred Years of Land Values in Chicago: the Relationship of the Growth of Chicago to the Rise in Land Values, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1933), pp. 102. Одним из стимулов для бума стал сильный пожар, случившийся 6 октября 1871 г., который разрушил более четверти иззданий в городе.

242.  Homer Hoyt, One Hundred Years of Land Values in Chicago: the Relationship of the Growth of Chicago to the Rise in Land Val­ues, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1933), p. 401.

243.  «Как проиграть беспроигрышную ставку: Не зашли ли фи­нансисты Рокфеллеровского центра слишком далеко?», New York Times, 5 октября 1995 г.

244.  Keizai Koho Center, Japan 1994: an International Comparison (Tokyo, 1993), Chart 11-13, «Increase in Land Prices in Ja­pan», p. 83.

245.  Koichi Hamada, «Bubbles, Busts and Bailouts», in Mitsuaki Okabe ed., The Structure of the Japanese Economy (London: Macmillan, 1995), pp. 263-286.'

246.  Masahiko Takeda and Philip Turner, «The Liberalization of Japanese Financial Markets: Some Major Themes», BIS Eco­nomic Papers, №. 34 (November 1992), graph 8, p. 53.

247.  Takeda and Turner, «Liberalization of Japanese Financial Mar­kets», pp. 99-121.

248.  Herman Kahn, The Emergingjapanese Superstate: Challenge and Response (Englevvood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1970).

249.  «Разрушение фундамента японской экономики: крах рынка недвижимости угрожает всей экономике», New York Times, 4 октября 1995 г.

250.  David Asher and Andrew Smithers, «Japan's Key Challenges for the 21st Century», Форум политических исследований, апрель 1998 г.

251.  Keizai Koho Center, Japan 1994, Charts 5-0, p. 52, and 4-19, p. 44.

252.  С E. B. Bono, N. Kennedy, and S. D. Prowse, «Exploring Aggregate Price Formation across Countries: Measurement, De­terminants and Monetary-Policy Implications», BIS Economic Papers, № 40 (Spring 1994), p. 46: «Широко распространенное мнение заключалось в том, что первичной целью денеж­ной политики должно быть обеспечение ценовой стабиль­ности».

253.  Armen A. Alchian and Benjamin Klein, «On a Correct Measure of Inflation», Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, vol. 5, № 1 (February 1973), pp." 172-191.

254.  Herbert Hoover, The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover (New York: Macmillan, 1952), vol. 3, pp. 61-62.

255.  Milton Friedman and Anna J. Schwartz, A Monetary History of the United States, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963), pp. 359-360.

256.  Процитировано в книге Leone Levi, History of British Commerce (London: John Murray, 1872), p. 234.

257.  Herbert Hoover, The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover (New York: Macmillan, 1952), vol. 3, pp. 61-62.

258.  Milton Friedman and Anna J. Schwartz, A Monetary History of the United States, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963), pp. 359-360.

259.  Процитировано в книге Leone Levi, History of British Commerce (London: John Murray, 1872), p. 234.

260.  С. Саундерс, процитировано в книге D. Morier Evans, The History of the Commercial Crisis, , and the Stock Exchange Panic of 1; reprinted, New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1969), p. 13.

261.  R. С. О. Matthews, A Study in Trade-Cycle History: Economic Fluctuations in Great Britain, (Cambridge: Cam­bridge University Press, 1954), p. 69.

262.  Friedman and Schwartz, Monetary History, p. 360.

263.  jorgen Pedersen, «Some Notes on the Economic Policy of the United States during the Period », в работе Hugo Hegelund ed., Money Growth and Methodology: Papers in Honor ofjohan Akennan (Lund: Lund Social Science Studies, 1961), reprinted in J. Pedersen, Essays in Monetary Theory and Related Subjects (Copenhagen: Samfundsvienskabeligt Forlag, 1975), p. 189.

264.  R. T. Naylor, The History of Canadian Business, , vol. 1, The Banks and Finance Capital (Toronto: James Lorimer &Co., 1975), p. 130.

265.  ClementJuglar, Descrisescornmercialesetleurretourperiodique en France, en Angletene et aux Etats-Unis, 2nd ed. (1889; reprinted, New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1967), pp. xiv, 17, 47, 149 и да­лее.

266.  Уэсли Митчелл, введение к книге Willard L. Thorp, Business Annals (New York: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1926), pp. 88-97.

267.  Oskar Morgenstern, International Financial Transactions and Business Cycles (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1959), гл. 1, особенно раздел 6; по поводу международных биржевых паник в период с 1893 по 1931 г. см. табл. 139, с. 546-547 и диаграмму 72, с. 548.

268.  С. P. Kindleberger, «The International (and Interregional) As­pects of Financial Crises», in Martin Feldstein ed., The Risk of Economic Crisis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), pp. 128-132.

269.  Friedman and Schwartz, Monetary History, p. 308.

270.  См. С. Е. V. Borio, N. Kennedy, and S. D. Prowse, «Exploring Aggregate Price Fluctuations across Countries: Measurement,

271.  Determinants, and Monetary Policy Implications», BIS Eco­nomic Papers, №. 40 (April 1994), Graph A. I, p. 74.

272.  15. С. Р. Kindleberger, «The Economic Crisis of 1619 to 1623»,
Journal of Economic History, vol. 51, №. 1 (March 1991), pp. 159—161.

273.  Johan Akerman, Structure et cycles economiques (Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1957), vol. 2. pp. 247, 255.

274.  John Carswell, The South Sea Bubble (London: Cresset Press, 1960), pp. 84, 94, 100, 101.

275.  Там же, с 151,160-161,166. Вызывает некоторые сомнения. П. Диксон утверждает, что кантон Берна в 1750 г. все еще оставался держателем ренты от Компании Южных морей на сумму фунтов (The Financial Revolution in England: a Study in the Development of Public Credit, (New York: St Martin's Press, 1967), p. 90).

276.  Charles Wilson, Anglo-Dutch Commerce and Finance in the Eighteenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1941), pp. 103, 124.

277.  Carswell, South Sea Bubble, p. 167.

278.  Т. S. Ashton, Economic Fluctuations in England, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, Clarendon Press, 1959), p. 120.

279.  George Chalmers, The Comparative Strength of Great Britain (London, 1782), p. 141, процитировано Эштоном в работе Economic Fluctuations in England, c. 151.

280.  Е. Е. de Jong-Keesing, De Economische Crisis van 1763 te Amster­dam (Amsterdam, 1939), pp. 216-217.

281.  Wilson, Anglo-Dutch Commerce,^. 168.

282.  De Jong-Keesing, Economische Crisis van 1763, p. 217.

283.  Ernst Baasch, Hollandische Wirtschaftsgeschichte (Jena: Gustav Fischer, 1927).

284.  Max Wirth, Geschichte der Handelskrisen, 4th ed (1890; re­printed, New York: Burt Franklin, 1968), p. 87.

285.  Stephan Skalweit, Die Berliner Wirtschaftskrise von 1763 und ihre Hintergmnde (Stuttgart/Berlin: Verlag W. Kohl hammer, 1937), p. 50.

286.  Wilson, Anglo-Dutch Commerce, p. 168; Alice Clare Carter, Getting, Spending and Investing in Early Modem Times: Essays on Dutch, English and Huguenot Economic History (Assen: Van Gorcum, 1975), p. 63.

287.  William Smart, Economic Annals of the Nineteenth Century, vol; reprinted, New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1964), pp. 529-530.

288.  Arthur D. Gayer, W W. Rostow, and Anna J. Schwartz, The Growth and Fluctuation of the British Economy, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, Clarendon Press, 1953), vol. l, p. 159.

289.  Smart, Economic Annals, vol. 1, chap. 31.

290.  Murray N. Rothbard, The Panic of 1819: Reactions and Policies (New York: Columbia University Press, 1962), p. 11.

291.  Bray Hammond, Banks and Politics in America from the Revolution to the Civil H<frr(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1957), chap. 10, pp. 253-262.

292.  Maurice Levy-Leboyer, Les banques europeennes et 1 'industri­alisation Internationale dans la premiere moitie du XIX siecle (Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1964), pp. 464-479.

293.  Akerman, Structure et cycles economiques, p. 294.

294.  Maurice Levy-Leboyer, «Central Banking and Foreign Trade: the Anglo-American Cycle in the 1830s», в работе С. Р. Kindle-berger and J.-P. Laffargue eds, Financial Crises: Theory, History

295.  and Policy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), pp. 66-110.

296.  R. G. Hawtrey, Currency and Credit, 3rd ed (New York: Long­mans, Green, 1927), p. 177.

297.  Levy-Leboyer, Banques europeennes, pp. 570-583.

298.  Juglar, Crises Commerciales, p. 414.

299.  D. Morier Evans, The Commercial Crisis, 1847-1; reprinted, New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1969).

300.  Richard Tilly, Financial Institutions and Industrialization in the Rhineland, (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1970), p. 112.

301.  Alfred Kruger, Das Kolner Bankiergewerbe vom Ende des 18. jahrhunderts bis 1875 (Essen: G. D. Baedeker Verlag, 1925), pp. 12-13, 35,49, 55-56, 202-203.

302.  Данная тема обсуждается в исследовании шведского кризиса 1857 года: P. E. Bergfalk, Bidragtill de under de sista hundrade arenintraffadehandelskrisershistoria(Uppsah: Edquist, 1859), процитировано в работе Theodore E. Burton, Financial Crises and Periods of Industrial and Commercial Depression (New York: Appleton, 1902), pp. 128-129.

303.  Sir John Clapham, The Bank of England: a History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1945), vol. 2, p. 226.

304.  Hans Rosenberg, Die Weltwirtschaftskrise von (Stut­tgart: Verlag von W Kohlhammer, 1934), p. 136.

305.  Akerman, Structure et cycles economiques, p. 323.

306.  Clapham, Bank of England vol. 2, p. 268. P. Хоутри указывает, что кризис не был изолирован, поскольку он имел продол­жение в виде кризиса в континентальной Европе в 1864 г. См. Currency and Credit, p. 177.

307.  Shepard В. Clough, The Economic History of Modern Italy (New York: Columbia University Press, 1964), p. 53.

308.  David S. Landes, Bankers and Pashas: International Finance and Economic Imperialism inEgypt( Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1958), p. 287.

309.  Wirth, Handelskrisen, pp. 462-463.

310.  Larry Т. Wimmer, «The Gold Crisis of 1869: a Problem in Do­mestic Economic Policy and International Trade Theory'» (PhD diss., University of Chicago, 1968); US Congress, House, Gold Panic Investigation, 41st Cong., 2nd sess., H. Rept. 31, 1 March 1870.

311.  Wirth, Handelskrisen, p. 464.

312.  US Congress, House, Gold Panic Investigation, p. 132.

313.  С. Р. Kindleberger, «The Panic of 1873», материалы представ­лены Salomon Brothers на симпозиуме, посвященном изуче­нию финансовой паники. Приведено в работе Historical Economics: Art or Science? (New York: Harvester/Wheatsheaf, 1990), pp. 310-325.

314.  Henrietta M. Larson, Jay Cooke, Private Banker (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1936).

315.  Homer Hoyt, One Hundred Years of Land Values in Chicago: the Relationship of the Growth of Chicago to the Rise in Land Values, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1933), pp. 101-102, 117.

316.  R. Ray McCartney, Crisis of 1873 (Minneapolis: Burgess, 1935), p. 85.

317.  Morgenstern, International Financial Transactions, p. 546.

318.  Fritz Stern, Gold and Iron: Bismarck, Bleichroder, and the Building of the German Empire (London: Allen & Unvvin, 1977), p. 189.

319.  Morgenstern, International Financial Transactions, p. 548.

320.  L. S. Pressnell, «The Sterling System and Financial Crises before 1914», в работе С. P. Kindleberger and J.-P. Laffargue eds, Financial Crises, pp. 148-164.

321.  O. M. W. Sprague, Histoiy of Crises under the National Bank­ing System (1910; reprinted, New York: Augustus M. Kclley, 1968), p. 132.

322.  C. P. Kindleberger, «International Propagation of Financial Crises: the Experience of », в работе того же авто­ра, Keynesianism vs. Monetarism and Other Essays in Financial Histoiy (London: Allen & Unwin, 1985), pp. 226-239.

323.  Franco Bonelli, «The 1907 Financial Crisis in Italy: a Pecu­liar Case of the Lender of Last Resort in Action», в работе

324.  С. P. Kindleberger and J.-P. Laffargue eds, Financial Crises, pp. 51-65.

325.  Franco Bonelli, La crisi del 1907:una tappa dellosviluppo industriale in Italia (Turin: Fondazione Luigi Einaudi, 1971), pp. 31-32.

326.  Frank Vanderlip, «The Panic as a World Phenomenon», Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol. 31 (January-June 1908), p. 303.

327.  Norman С Miller, The Great SalaaI Oil Swindle (New York: Coward, McCann, 1965).

328.  Hyrrian P. Minsky, «Financial Resources in a Fragile Financial Environment», Challenge, vol. 18 (July/August 1975), p. 65.

329.  Martin F. Hellwig, «A Model of Borrowing and Lending with Bankruptcy», Princeton University Econometric Research Prog­ram, Research Memorandum № 000 (April 1975), p. 1.

330.  Daniel Defoe, The Anatomy of Change-Alley (London: E. Smith, 1719), p. 8. См. также заголовок книги о мошенничествах Jean Carper, Not with a Gun (New York: Grossman, 1973).

331.  Jacob van Klavaren, «Die historische Erscheinungen der Kor-ruption», Yieitelsjahrschriftfur Sozial - und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, vol. 44 (December 1957), pp. 289-324; vol. 45 (December 1958), pp. 433-469,469-504; vol. 46 (June 1959), pp. 204-231. См. также Jacob van Klavaren, «Fiskalismus-Mercantilismus-Korruption: Drei Aspecte der Finanz-und Wirtschaftspolitik wahrend der Ancien Regime», там же, vol. 47 (September 1960), pp. 333-353.

332.  E. Ray McCartney, The Crisis of 1873 (Minneapolis: Burgess, 1935), p. 15.

333.  John Carswell, The South Sea Bubble (London: Cresset, 1960), p. 13.

334.  Maximillian E. Novak, Economics and the Fiction of Daniel Defoe (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1962), p. 103.

335.  Bray Hammond, Banks and Politics in America from the Revolution to the Civil War (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1957), p. 268.

336.  Carswell, South Sea Bubble, pp. 222-224.

337.  Уильям Шепхерд, биржевой редактор Business Week, в пре­дисловии к книге Donald H. Dunn, Ponzi, the Boston Swindler (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1975), p. x.

338.  Milton Friedman, «In Defense of Destabilizing Speculation», The Optimum Quantity of Money and Other Essays (Chicago: Aldine, 1969), p. 290."

339.  Процитировано в работе Max Winkler, Foreign Bonds, an Autopsy: a Study of Defaults and Repudiations of Government Obligations (Philadelphia: Roland Swain, 1933), p. 103.

340.  E. Victor Morgan, The Theory and Practice of Central Banking, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1943), p. 177.

341.  Honore de Balzac, Melmoth reconcilie (Geneva: Editions de Verbe, 1946), pp. 45-50.

342.  Dunn, Ponzi, p. 188.

343.  Предисловие Роберта Трэси к книге Anthony Trollope, The Way We Live Now (; reprinted, New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1974), p. xxv.

344.  Sir John Clapham, The Bank of England: a History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1945), vol. 1, p. 229.

345.  Charles Wilson, Anglo-Dutch Commerce and Finance in the Eighteenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1941), p. 170.

346.  George W Van Vleck, The Panic of 1857: an Analytical Study (New York: Columbia University Press, 1943), p. 65.

347.  Earl J. Hamilton, «The Political Economy of France at the Time of John Law», History ofPolitical Economy; vol. 1 (Spring 1969), p. 146.

348.  Jacob van Klavaren, «Rue de Quincampoix und Exchange Alley: Die Spekulationsjahre 1719 und 1720 in Frankreich und England», VieitebjahrschriftfurSozial - und Wiitschaftsgeschichte, vol. 48 (October' 1961), pp. 329 и далее.

349.  Dunn, Ponzi, p. 247.

350.  Max Wirth, Geschichte der Handelskrisen, 4th ed. (1890; re­printed, New York: Burt Franklin, 1968), p. 510.

351.  William Robert Scott, The Constitution and Finance of English, Scottish and Irish Joint - Stock Companies to 1720 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1911), vol. 3, pp. 449 и далее; и D. Morier Evans, The Commercial Crisis, , 2nd ed, rev. (1849; reprinted, New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1969), pp. 33-34. Подготовленный современником отдельный ме­нее детализированный список представлен в книге Wirth, Handelskrisen, pp. 67-79.

352.  A. Andreades, History of the Bank ofEngland (London: P. S. King, 1909), p. 133.

353.  Carswell, South Sea Bubble, p. 142.

354.  Scott, Joint-Stock Companies, p. 450.

355.  Hans Rosenberg, Die Weltwirtschaftskri. se von
(Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer, 1934), p. 103.

356.  Wirth, Handelskrisen, p. 480.

357.  Anthony Trollope, The Three Clerks (New York: Harper &
Brothers, 1860), p. 346.

358.  Carswell, South Sea Bubble, p. 177.

359.  Fritz Stern, Gold and Iron: Bismarck, Bleichroder, and the
Building оj the German Empire (London: Allen & Unwin, 1977),
p. 358.

360.  US Senate, Committee on Finance, 72nd Cong., 1st sess., Hearings on Sales of Foreign Bonds of Securities, held 18 December 1931, to 10 February 1932 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1932).

361.  О. М. W. Sprague, History of Crises under the National Banking System (1910; reprinted New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1968), p'341.

362.  Процитировано в книге Wirth, Handelskrisen, p. 80.

363.  Honore de Balzac, La rnaison Nucingen, in Oeuvres completes (Paris: Calmann Lew 1892), p. 68.

364.  Carswell, South Sea Bubble, pp. 176, 181.

365.  Wirth, Handelskrisen, p. 491.

366.  Emile Zola, UArgent (Paris: Livre de Poche, n. d.), p. 125.

367.  Wirth, Handelskrisen, p. 491.

368.  Emile Zola, UArgent (Paris: Livre de Poche, n. d.), p. 161.

369.  Jean Bouvier, Le krash de I'Union Generate (Paris: Presses uni-versitaires de France 1960), p. 36.

370.  The Economist, 21 октября 1848 г., с. , процити­ровано в работе Arthur D. Gayer, W. W. Rostow, and Anna J. Schwartz, The Growth and Fluctuation of the British Economy, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, Clarendon Press, 1953), p. 316.

371.  Rosenberg, Weltwittschaftskrise, p. 101.

372.  Stern, Gold andiron, chap. 10 («Greed and Intrigue») and p. 364.

373.  Novak, Economics of Defoe, pp. 14-15 and 160.

374.  Maurice Levy-Leboyer, Les banques europeennes etTindustria-lisation intemationale dans la premiere moitie du XlXsiecle (Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1964), pp. 632-633.

375.  Bouvier, Le krach, p. 124.

376.  Stern, Gold and Iron, chap. 11.

377.  «Трилогия желания» Теодора Драйзера состоит из трех романов: «Финансист» (1912), «Титан» (1914) и «Стоик» (1947). См. The Titan (New York: World, 1972), pp. 371-372.

378.  Henry Grote Lewin, The Railway Mania and its Aftermath, 1845-1; reprinted, rev., New York: Augustus M. Kel­ley, 1968), pp. 262, 357-364.

379.  Cm. Paul W Gates, Illinois Central Railroad and its Colonization Work (1934; reprinted, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1968), pp. 66, 75-76; John L. Weller, The New Haven Railroad: the Rise and Fall (New York: Hastings House, 1969), p. 37; Van Vleck, Panic of 1857, p. 58.

380.  См. Willard L. Thorp, Business Annals (New York: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1926), p. 126.

381.  Watson Washburn and Edmund S. Delong, High and Low Financiers: Some Notorious Swindlers and their Abuses of our Modern Stock Selling System (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1932), p. 13.

382.  Barrie A. Wigmore, The Crash and its Aftermath: a History of Security Markets in the United States, (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1985), pp. 344-348.

383.  James S. Gibbons, 77ze Banks of New York, their Dealers, the Clearing House, and the Panic of 1857 (New York: D. Appleton, 1859), p. 104.

384.  Там же, с. 277.

385.  John Kenneth Galbraith, The Great Crash, 1929,3rd ed (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1972), pp. 133-135.

386.  David F. Good, The Economic Rise of the Hapsburg Empire, (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), p. 165.

387.  D. Morier Evans, Facts, Failures and Frauds (1839; reprinted, New York: Augustus M. Kellcy, 1968), p. 235.

388.  Cm. Robert Shaplen, Kreuger: Genius and Swindler (New York: Knopf, 1960).

389.  Carswell, South Sea Bubble, pp. 225, 265-266.

390.  Bouvier, Le krach, pp. 211,219.

391.  Herbert I. Bloom, The Economic Activities ofthejews of Amster­dam in the Seventeenth and Nineteenth Centuries (Williamsport, Pa.: Bayard Press, 1937), p. 199.

392.  Carswell, South Sea Bubble, p. 210.

393.  Dreiser, The Titan, p. 237.

394.  Christina Stead, House of All Nations (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1938), p. 643.

395.  Thomas Joplin, Case for Parliamentary Inquiry into the Circum­stances of the Panic, in a Letter to Tliomas Gisbome, Esq., M. P. (London: James Ridgeway & Sons, n. d. [after 1832]), p. 10 (no поводу паники 1825 г.).

396.  Sir John Clapham, The Bank of England: a History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1945), vol. 2, p. 236 (no поводу паники 1847 г.).

397.  E. Victor Morgan, The Theoiy and Practice of Central Banking, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1943), p. 133.

398.  Эпизод отмечен в книге A. Andreades, History of the Bank of England (London: P. S. King, 1909), p. 334. Для получения более подробной информации см. Rudiger Dornbusch and Jacob Frenkel, «The Gold Standard and the Bank of England in the Crisis of 1847», in Michael Bordo and AnnaJ. Schwartz eds, A Retrospective on the Classical Gold Standard, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984), pp. 233-264.

399.  Ministere des Finances et al., Enquete sur les piincipes et les faits generaux qui regissent la circulation monetaire et fiduciare (Paris: Imprimerie imperiale, 1867), vol. 1, p. 456.

400.  «Разворот 1857 года — его причины и последствия», New York Herald, б/д, процитировано в книге D. Morier Evans, The History of the Commercial Crisis, , and the Stock Exchange Panic of 1; reprinted, New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1969), p. 121.

401.  Herbert Floover, The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover (New York: Macmillan & Co., 1952), vol. 3, p. 30.

402.  Murray N. Rothbard, America's Great Depression, 3rd ed. (Kansas City: Sheed & Ward, 1975), p. 187.

403.  Paul Johnson, Modern Times: the World from the Twenties to the Eighties (New York: Harper & Row, 1983), p. 244.

404.  Ernst Baasch, Hollandische Wirtschaftsgeschichte (Jena: Gustav Fischer, 1927), p. 238.

405.  Joplin, Parliamentary Inquiry, pp. 14-15.

406.  Great Britain, Parliamentary Papers, Monetary Policy, Com­mercial Distress (1857; Shannon: Irish University Press, 1969), vol. 1, pp. 427, 431.

407.  D. Morier Evans, The Commercial Crisis, , 2nd ed (1849; reprinted, New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1969), p. 89.

408.  Evans, Commercial Crisis, p. 181.

409.  Parliamentary Papers, Commercial Distress, p. xii.

410.  Там же, vol. 4, appendix 20; Foreign Communications Relative to the Commercial Crisis of 1857, Hamburg consular circular № 76, November 23, 1857, pp. 435, 440, 441.

411.  Henrietta M. Larson, Jay Cooke, Private Banker (Cambridge, Mass.: Flarvard University Press, 1936), p. 80.

412.  W. С. Т. King, History of the London Discount Market (London:
George Routledge & Sons, 1936), p. 243.

413.  Theodore Dreiser, The Financier (1912), in Trilogy of Desire
(New York: World Publishing, 1972), p. 491.

414.  W. Jett L'a'uck, The Causes of the Panic of 1893 (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1907), p. 102.

415.  The Commercial and Financial Chronicle, 16 May 1884, p. 589, процитировано в книге О. М. W. Sprague, IListory of Crises under the National Banking System (1910; reprinted, New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1968), p. 112.

416.  W. R. Brock, Lord Live/pool and Liberal Toiyism, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1941), pp. 209-210 (процитировано Clapham, Bank of England, vol. 2, p. 108).

417.  Clapham, Bank of England, vol. 2, p. 332.

418.  Stephan Skalweit, Die Berliner Wiitschaftskrise von 1763 und ihre Hintergmnde (Stuttgart: Verlag W. Kohlhammer, 1937), pp. 49-73.

419.  Arthur D. Gayer, W. W. Rostow, and Anna J. Schwartz, The Growth and Fluctuation of the British Economy, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, Clarendon Press, 1953), vol. 1, p. 272.

420.  Larry T. Wimmer, The Gold Crisis of 1869: a Problem in Domestic Economic Policy and International Trade Theory (PhD diss., University of Chicago, 1968), p. 79.

421.  Andreades, Bank of England, p. 137, процитировано в работе Henry D. McLeod, Theory and Practice of Banking, 3rd ed. (London: Longman Green, Reader & Dyer, 1879), p. 428.

422.  John Carswell, The South Sea Bubble (London: Cresset Press, 'i960), p. 184.

423.  Andreades, Bank of England, p. 151.

424.  Alexander Dana Noyes, The Market Place: Reminiscences of a Financial Editor (Boston: Little, Brown, 1938), p. 333.

425.  Sprague, History of Crises, p. 259.

426.  Max Wirth, Geschichte der Handelsknsen, 4th ed. (1890; re­printed, New York: Burt Franklin, 1968), p. 521.

427.  Maurice Levy-Leboyer, Lesbanques europeennes et I"industria­lisation Internationale dans la premiere moitie du XIX siecle (Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1964), p. 480, text and note 5.

428.  George W. Van Vleck, The Panic of 1857: an Analytical Study (New York: Columbia University Press, 1943), p. 80.

429.  Sprague, History of Crises, pp. 120, 182-183.

430.  Там же, с. 75, 291-292.

431.  Jacob H. Schiff, «Relation of a Central Bank to the Elasticity of the Currency», Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol. 31 (January-June 1908), p. 375. Для получения более современных данных см. Jean Strouse «The Brilliant Bailout», New Yorker (23 November 1998), pp. 62-77.

432.  Myron T Hcrrick, «The Panic of 1907 and Some of its Lessons», Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol. 31 (January-June 1908), p.' 309.

433.  John Kenneth Galbraith, The Great Crash, 1929,3rd ed (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1972), pp. 107-108.

434.  Для информации о венском «комитете спасения» см. Eduard Marz, «Osteneich Industrie - und Bankpolitik» в работе Der Zeit Franz Josephs I: Am Beispiel der k. k. priv. Osterreichischen Credit-Anstaltfiir Handelund Gewerbe (Vienna: Europa Verlag, 1968), pp. 177-182. Марца отмечает (с. 179), что лучший анализ кризиса содержится в работах Josef Neuwirth, Bank und Valuta in Osteneich, vol. 2, Die Spekulationskrisis van 1873 (нет исх. данных).

435.  Levy-Leboyer, Banques europeennes, pp. 470-471.

436.  Bertrand Gille, La banque en France au XIXsiecle (Paris: Droz, 1970), p. 93.

437.  Parliamentary Papers, Commercial Distress, vol. 4, appendix, consular dispatch from Hamburg, №. 75. p. 434.

438.  Hans Rosenberg, Die Weltztoirtschaftskrise von (Stuttgart/Berlin: Verlag von W. Kohlhammer, 1934), p. 129.

439.  Parliamentary Paper, Commercial Distress, vol. 4, appendix, consular dispatches from Hamburg, № 77, 80, 81, 82, 84, 86, pp. 435-437.

440.  Albert E. Fr, Schaffle, «Die Handelskrise von 1857 in Hamburg, mitbesonderer Rucksicht auf das Bankwesen», in Gesammelte Aufsatze (Tubingen: H. Raupp'schen, 1885), vol. 2, pp. 44, 45, 52,53.

441.  Clapham, Bank of England, vol. 2, p. 156.

442.  Там же, с. 331. Для более детальной информации о кризисе банка Baring и его спасении см. L. S. Pressnell, «Gold Reserves, Banking Reserves and the Baring Crisis of 1890», in C. R. Whit­tlesey and J. S. G. Wilson eds, Essays in Money and Banking in Honour of R. S. Sayers (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1968), pp. 67-228 и L. S. Pressnell, «The Sterling System and Financial Crises before 1914», in C. P. Kindleberger and J.-P. Laffargue eds, Financial Crises: Theory, History and Policy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982),' pp. 148-164.

443.  Дневник Джона Мартина, в George Chandler, Four Centuries of Banking (London: BJ. Batsford, 1964), vol. 1, p. 330.

444.  Ellis T. Powell, Tlie Evolution of the Money Market (): an Historical and Analytical Study of the Rise and Development of Finance as a Central Coordinated Force (1915: reprinted, New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1966), p. 528.

445.  Hoover, Memoirs, vol. 3, pp. 211-212.

446.  « Правление банка удваивает стоимость недвижимости в Те­хасе», New York Times, 8 июля 1988 г.

447.  «Казначейство заявляет, что помощь сберегательным учреж­дениям не должна осуществляться за счет налогоплатель­щиков», New York Times, 3 августа 1988 г.

448.  Wirth, Handelskrisen, p. 100.

449.  Andreades, Bank of England, pp. 187-189; Clapham, Bank of England, vol. 1, pp. 263-265.

450.  Gayer, Rostow, and Schwartz, Growth and Fluctuation, vol. 1, p. 34.

451.  William Smart, Economic Annals of the Nineteenth Century (1911; reprinted, New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1964), vol. 1, pp. 267-268.

452.  Ian Giddy, «Regulation of Off-Balance Sheet Banking», in The Search for Financial Stability: the Past Fifty Years (San Francisco: Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, 1985), pp. 165-177.

453.  Edward J. Kane, «Competitive Financial Reregulation: an Inter­national Perspective», in R. Portes and A. Swoboda eds, Threats to International Financial Stability (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), pp. 111-145.

454.  Stanley Zucker, Ludwig Bamberger: German Liberal Politician and Social Critic, (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1975), p. 78.

455.  Wirth, Handelskrisen, pp. 110-111.

456.  Francois Nicholas Mollien, Memoires d 'un Ministre du TresorPub­lic, (Paris: Fournier, 1845), vol. 2, pp. 298 и далее.

457.  Ministere des Finances et at, Enquete surlesprincipes et lesfaits generaux qui regissent la circulation monetaire etfiduciare (Paris: Imprimerie imperiale, 1867), vol. 2, pp. 31-32.

458.  Murray N. Rothbard, America's Great Depression,3rd ed (Kan­sas City: Sheed & Ward, 1975), p. 167.

459.  Herbert Spencer, «State Tampering with Money and Banks», in Essays: Scientific, Political and Speculative (London: Wil­liams & Norgate, 1891), vol. 3, p. 354, процитировано в работе Charles Lipson, Standing Guard: Protecting Foreign Capital in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), p. 45.

460.  T. S. Ashton, Economic Fluctuations in England, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, Clarendon Press, 1959), p. 112.

461.  E. Victor Morgan, The Theory and Practice of Central Banking, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1943), p. 240.

462.  Maurice Levy-Leboyer, Les banques europeennes et I 'industria­lisation internationale dans la premiere moitie du XIX siecle (Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1964), p. 490.

463.  См. предисловие Хайека к книге Henry Thornton, An Enquiry into the Nature and Effect of the Paper Credit of Great Britain (1802; London: Allen & Unwin, 1939; reprinted, London: Frank Cass, 1962), p. 38.

464.  Thornton, Papef Credit, PP - 187-188.

465.  The Collected Works of Walter Bagehot, ed. Norman St John Stevas (London: The Economist, 1978), vol. 11, p. 149.

466.  Там же, том 9, с. 267.

467.  Thomas Joplin, Case for Parliamentary Inquiry into the Circum­stances of the Panic, in a letter to Thomas Gisborne, Esq., M. P. (London: James Ridgeway & Sons, n. d. [after 1832]), p. 29.

468.  Jacob Viner, Studies in the Theory of International Trade (New York: Harper & Bros., 1937), p. 233.

469.  Marshall, Money, Credit, and Commerce (1923; reprinted, New York: Augustus M. Kelly, 1965), p. 95 (шило в других вари­антах — кинжал или стилет).

470.  Milton Friedman and Anna J. Schwartz, A Monetary History of the United States, (Princeton, NJ: Princeton