Frontier
The religious and political turmoil in Europe forced ppl to emigrate.
By the 17th century small farms began to give way to large plantations, which were cultivated by slaves, particularly Negro slaves from Africa.
Question 27: The War of Independence
Plan:
1776–1783
- Lack of consistent policy from England & self-government of the colonies.
- Inland expansion & hindered progress.
- British and French conflict
- Congress at Albany. Benjamin Franklin’s plan of union
England was to deal with:
- To organize the vast possessions to facilitate (способствовать) defense.
- Reconcile (примирить) the divergent interests of different areas and peoples.
- Distribute more evenly the cost of imperial administration.
The steps done by GB:
1. Prohibited the westward expansion. But the farmers needed this land.
2. The Sugar Act of 1764.
3. The Currency Act
4. The Stamp Act
5. Townshend Acts
6. The Tea Act
- Sons of Liberty (Samuel Adams).
- Boston Tea Party
- The 2nd Continental Congress appointed George Washington as commander-in-chief.
- On 4th July 1776 the Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence drafted by Tomas Jefferson
- Military campaign
- Versailles Treaty
Question 28: Formation of the New Country (USA)
Plan:
On the 25th of November, 1783 the last British ships were leaving the harbor of New York.
The 13 colonies made up a new country and nation. Now they needed their own government.
Confederation
- Tomas Jefferson ð Declaration of Independence
- The 13 states joined into a confederation.
- Reforms: Congress ð consists of the representatives of the states ð they choose the leader ð they form the government.
ò
The Congress
É Ê
The House of Representatives The Senate
- Each state has 2 representatives in Senate
- Membership in the House of Representatives depends on the size of population.
- Government is divided into 3 branches, where each branch has its own power and limits power of the other two, so no single branch could get the absolute power.
- Constitution
- the Bill of Rights
- President
The first political parties
Hamilton’s followers ð Federalists
efferson’s ones ð Democratic-Republicans
The War of 1812
In 19th century different regions of the country were developing in different ways. Each had it’s own style of life.
In the North – ppl moved to large cities and industries
In the South – vast cotton plantations, using slave labour
In the West – farming & settling he frontier.
Question 29: The War between the North and the South
Plan:
1. The Slavery system
Slaves had no rights under the law.
- They could not meet together in public,
- Travel without permission.
- Could not be taught read and write.
- Corporal punishment was applied in case of disobedience.
In 1808 Congress outlawed the slave trade with Africa. But the system of slavery continued for 60 years after it. Harriet Beecher Stowe “Uncle Tom’s Cabin”
The election of 1860 showed clearly that the US was a divided country. Abraham Lincoln won the elections. The result of it was the division of the country into 2 parts.
Confederate States of America (Jefferson Davis)
Both sides had advantages to help them win the war.
North
- Had more soldiers – More supplies – Better transportation
South
- Better generals – Was fighting on home ground.
Commanders – Robert E. Lee vs Ulysses S. Grant, William Sherman
The battle at Gettysburg
On the 14th of April 1865 President Lincoln was attacked by a southerner.
Reconstruction
The Ku Klux Klan
Question 30: The USA in XIX – XX
Plan:
Problems to deal with: – women’s rights – right to vote – life of the black population – policy of normalcy | “Roaring twenties” – Americans had fun. – The Ford’s car got popular. –There appeared radio. –Another entertainment was cinema (silent). |
Depression Years
- the prices went down, great harvest.
- Ppl spent more than they really had, buying things on credit.
- The share prices dropped dramatically.
- Unemployment.
The Great Deal
In 1939 Franklin Roosevelt was elected President.
I: Government should be responsible for helping ppl in hard times.
Roosevelt brought new ppl into the Government – The Brain Trust.
Within the 1st 100 days many laws were passed
Hlp ppl by giving jobs
Building new roads, schools, hospitals
System of payments to ppl who couldn’t work, artists, writers…
Set low prices for goods
Not to produce goods (including agriculture) more than can be sold
Lend $ to farmers
Question 31: The USA in the WWI & WWII
Plan:
World War I
In the summer of 1914 the 1st World War broke out in Europe
The Entente Powers (The ‘Allies) vs The Central Powers
- President Woodrow Wilson wanted the country to stay neutral.
- The reason for the US entering the war the German’s attack on the British liner
- And in April 1917 president declared the war on the Central Powers.
- And in 1918 the Allies stopped the German advance in France.
Wilson’s proposals in Versailles – “peace without victory”.
- “Peace between equals”.
- League of Nations
- After the WWI
World War II
After WWI Adolf Hitler founded the Nazi Party in Germany.
The Axis – Germany, Italy, Japan
vs
The Allies – Britain, France
- At first the Americans wanted to be neutral, but as Germany approached, Roosevelt realized that they had nothing to do but get involved into the war.
- After the meeting with Winston Churchill, They agreed that the US would supply GB with arms, ships, supplies. US didn’t take part in battles.
- Pearl Harbour in Hawaii.
- Harry Truman became President. Hiroshima & Nagasaki.
- Japan surrendered the war was over.
Question 32: The Vietnam War
Plan:
1. Truman’s plan of rebuilding Europe
2. Cold war. The Cuban Missile Crisis
War
- the OSS (Office of Strategic Services)
- division of the country after WWII
After the end of WWII it was decided to return to French rule, as the victors were afraid that the Vietnamese leaders would establish a communist regime.
First Indochina War
Second Indochina War (the Vietnam War).
North (communist) Vietnam (Ho Chi Minh) (USSR, China) vs South (USA)
Under the period of escalation
1. At first the U. S. began with the deployment (разворачивать) of military advisors to the South Vietnamese army.
2. Then used of special forces for commando-style operations.
3. Introduction of regular troops whose purpose was to be defensive only.
4. To using regular troops in offensive combat.
5. Rolling Thunder
Richard Nixon’s policy of "Vietnamization."
While the policy of Vietnamization did successfully bring U. S. troops out of the war, it did not prepare the South Vietnamese army to stand alone against the Viet Cong. After the U. S. withdrew, the USSR and China stepped up their aid to North Vietnam again. South Vietnam's end came quickly with the next offensive, and by the middle of 1975 North Vietnam had become the only Vietnam.
USA involvement Stages:
1. Economic & military help
2. Army & carpet bombing
3. Vietnamisation
Question 33: Cold War. Cuban Missile Crisis
Plan:
The Cold War (1960s–1970s)
The USA saw the USSR as a threat to peace, as Soviet leaders tried to spread communism.
The weapons were ideas, economic and military hlp.
The war began with the establishment of the soviet governments in Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia. Soviet also occupied a part of Germany – East Germany. So the Germany was divided. So was Korea in Asia. In North Korea was communist regime, in South the US tried to establish democratic one. So the cold war in Korea got hot. The war lasted for 3 years.
Reagan teamed up with friend and ally Margaret Thatcher against the "Evil Empire"
Strategic Defense Initiative (dubbed "Star Wars")
Collapse of the USSR in 1991
Cuba
With Fidel Castro’s becoming the President, Cuba turned out to be the communist country. And he used hlp from USSR, as Cuba was only 145 km from Florida, many Americans thought that the USSR might attack the US trough Cuba. Also the Americans got to know that the USSR was planning to install missiles in Cuba. To stop this process the US ships surrounded Cuba and the USSA ships had to turn back. And the crisis was over.
Question 34: Modern History: 9/11. Iraq War
Plan:
- Gulf War (Operation Desert Storm).
- Bill Clinton’s election
- Islamist Terrorism. Al-Qaida
- Iraq (The regime of Saddam Hussein) vs Kurdish minority and Shiite Arab population
- US attacks Afghanistan and Sudan (August 1998)
- 1998, President Clinton signed the Iraq Liberation Act
9/11
19 extremists hijacked four transcontinental airliners and intentionally crashed two of them into the twin towers of the World Trade Center and one into the Pentagon. The passengers on the fourth plane, United Airlines Flight 93, revolted causing the plane to crash into a field in Somerset County, PA. According to the 9/11 Commission Report, that plane was intended to hit the US Capitol Building in Washington
Iraq War
In response to the attacks, under the administration of President George W. Bush, the United States launched Operation Enduring Freedom which overthrew the Taliban regime which had protected and harbored bin Laden and al-Qaeda.
The reasons cited by the Bush administration for the invasion included
- the spreading of democracy,
- the elimination of weapons of mass destruction
- the liberation of the Iraqi people.
On November 4, 2008, Barack Obama became the first African American to be elected president of the United States.
Question 35: Population: General overview. Immigrants
Plan:
- "a nation of immigrants"
- By the time American independence was declared in 1776, two-fifths of all settlers were of non-English origin.
- Today the great majority of the inhabitants are of European origin.
- Minorities – Hispanics (Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban), African-American population, Asian ppl
- A third of Native Americans lived on reservations
- African Americans
The first slaves were brought to Virginia on board a Dutch ship in 1619
In 1776 probably about one fifth of all inhabitants in the British colonies in America were Negro slaves.
500,000 of Africans were brought over as slaves between 1619 and 1808.
The process of ending slavery began in April 1861 with the outbreak of the American Civil War
Segregation – Ghettos. Dr. Martin Luther King
Current status
Statistics
The population of the US is the 3 largest in the world (after China and India).
The United States is an urbanized nation, with 80.8% of its population of 305,186,613 California and Texas currently the most populous states.
Immigration
1. Pre-Columbian
2. European explorations
3. After the War of Independence period. Slavery
4. XXth century
5. Modern time. Mexican border
Question 36: Population: Native Population
Plan:
1. Pre-Columbian – a migration via Beringia.
2. European explorations – “Noble Savage”. Reintroduction of horses
Decline:
- epidemic diseases brought from Europe along with violence
- displacement from their lands;
- internal warfare,
- enslavement; and
- a high rate of intermarriage.
Breakdowns in Native American societies and disrupted generational exchanges of culture.
George Washington and Henry Knox : 1. impartial justice toward Native Americans 2. regulated buying of Native American lands 3. promotion of commerce | 4. promotion of experiments to civilize or improve Native American society 5. presidential authority to give presents 6. punishing those who violated Native American rights. |
Boarding schools.
4. The Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 granted U. S. citizenship to all Native Americans.
5. “Manifest Destiny” and "Indian Removal"
6. Removals and reservations
7. Current status
There are 561 federally recognized tribal governments in the United States. These tribes possess the right --to form their own government
According to 2003 United States Census Bureau estimates, a little over one third of the 2,786,652 Native Americans in the United States live in three states: California, Arizona, Oklahoma
As of 2000, the largest tribes in the U. population were Navajo, Cherokee, Choctaw, Sioux, Chippewa, Apache, Blackfeet, Iroquois, and Pueblo.
Question 37: Geography of the USA
Plan:
It consists of
- forty-eight contiguous states on the North American continent;
- Alaska, an enormous peninsula which forms the northwestern most part of North America;
- Hawaii, an archipelago in the Pacific Ocean.
- It also holds several United States territories in the Pacific & Caribbean.
Area
In 2008, US total area has been "upgraded" to its current 9,800,000 km²
The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south) and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest. | The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. | |
Physiographic divisions The eastern United States has a varied topography. The western coast – is flat. Further inland feature rolling hills and temperate forests. | Plains The Great Plains. Prairie. Steppe Central Plains Atlantic Lowland. Death Valley | |
Mississippi River Missouri Ohio River Hudson River Columbia River Colorado River Rio Grande St. Lawrence River | Lake Superior Lake Michigan Lake Huron, Lake Erie Lake Ontario | Rocky Mountains Appalachian Mountains Cordillera Mountains Sierra Nevada Range |
Coasts
The Atlantic coast – lowland, greatly indented
The Pacific coast – mountainous, in northern part – cut by fiords.
Lowest point: Death Valley, Inyo County, California 282 feet below sea level (-86 m)
Highest point: Mount McKinley, Denali Borough, Alaska 20,320 feet above sea level (+6,194 m)
The highest point in the contiguous 48 states, Mount Whitney (14,505 ft; 4,421 m)
The Niagara Falls on the short Niagara Riv
Climate
- The climate is temperate in most areas,
- tropical in Hawaii and southern Florida,
- polar in Alaska,
- semiarid in the Great Plains west of the 100th meridian,
- Mediterranean in coastal California and arid in the Great Basin.
Question 38: Government: Congress
Plan:
The United States is a federal union of fifty states.
- Acquiring of the land.
It is a constitutional republic, structured as a representative democracy.
- the system of checks and balances
- federal, state, local government
Legislative: The bicameral Congress – makes federal law, declares war, approves treaties, has the power of impeachment,
Executive: The president is the commander-in-chief of the military, can veto legislative bills before they become law, and appoints the Cabinet and other officers, who administer and enforce federal laws and policies.
Judicial: The Supreme Court and lower federal courts, whose judges are appointed by the president with Senate approval, appoints, interpret laws, and can overturn laws they deem unconstitutional.
Congress
÷ ø
The Senate | The House of Representatives |
Is composed of 100 voting members, 2 from each of the states. They are elected for 6 years number of terms is unlimited Leader – Speaker | Has 435 voting members, in addition 2 ones from Puerto Rico and D. C.. They are elected for 2 years. N depends on the state’s population. Leader – Vice President of the US |
The executive branch consists of 13 departments and many independent agencies.
Secretary of State. The ministers are called secretaries. Attorney Genera
The Supreme Court, led by the Chief Justice of the United States, has nine members, called Justices, who serve for life.
It is the highest court of the nation. It interprets the law and determine weather they correspond the Constitution or not. If he majority have found out a law to violate the Constitution, it is declared unconstitutional and becomes invalid.
Question 39: President of the USA
Plan:
- Head of state and head of government, highest political
- Leads the executive branch of the federal government
- Article Two of the Constitution
- The President is elected indirectly through the United States Electoral College to a four year term
- The 22 Amendment limits president’s administration to 2 terms.
Origin
The Treaty of Paris in 1783
The Second Continental Congress
Qualification a presidential candidate must:
be a natural-born citizen of the United States;
be at least thirty-five years old;
have been a permanent resident in the United States for at least fourteen years.
Every president has had prior experience as a Congressman, Senator, Cabinet Secretary, Governor, General in the U. S. Army,
Election
- 270 electoral votes are required for a majority out of 538 overall
- Presidents are elected indirectly in the United States.
- A number of electors (US Electoral College) select the president instead.
- Each state is allocated a number of electors, equal to the size of its delegation in both houses of Congress combined.
- Election Day, set by law as the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November
- A simple majority of electoral votes is needed to become President; if no candidate receives that many votes, the election is thrown to the House of Representatives, which votes by state delegation.
- The president's term of office begins at noon on January 20 of the year following the election. Before assuming office, the president-elect is constitutionally required to take the presidential oath.
Articles One and Two of the Constitution allow the House of Representatives to impeach high federal officials, including the president, for "treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors"
The only president to resign was Richard Nixon on August 9, 1974. Watergate scandal
NB: The Constitution states that the vice president is to be the president's successor in the case of a vacancy. If both the president and vice president are killed or unable to serve for any reason, the next officer in the presidential line of succession, currently the Speaker of the House, becomes acting president.
Question 40: Political Parties and Elections in the USA
Plan:
Historically – Democratic-Republican and Federal Parties
Constitution Party
is a conservative party. It was founded as the U. S. Taxpayers Party in 1992.
CP advocates a platform that purports to reflect the Founding Fathers' original intent of the U. S. Constitution, principles found in the U. S. Declaration of Independence, and morals taken from the Bible.
Democratic Party
One of two major parties
This party tends to be more liberal. It has support of working-class
Traces its origins to the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison
Franklin D. Roosevelt has shaped much of the party's economic agenda since 1932.
He civil rights movement of the 1960s has continued to inspire the party's liberal principles
Green Party
In the United States, the Green Party has been active as a third party since the 1980s. Greens emphasize environmentalism, non-hierarchical participatory democracy, social justice, respect for diversity, peace and nonviolence.
Libertarian Party
The Libertarian Party is an American political party founded on December 11, 1971. It is one of the largest continuing Third parties in the United States,
The political platform of the Libertarian Party reflects that group's particular brand of libertarianism, favoring minimally regulated, noninterference markets, strong civil liberties, minimally regulated migration across borders, and non-interventionism in foreign policy that respects freedom of trade and travel to all foreign countries.
Republican Party
Founded in 1854 by anti-slavery expansion activists and modernizers, Republican Party rose to prominence with the election of Abraham Lincoln.
RP supports a conservative platform with further foundations in economic liberalism, fiscal conservatism, and social conservatism.
Election
- 270 electoral votes are required for a majority out of 538 overall
- Presidents are elected indirectly in the United States.
- A number of electors (US Electoral College) select the president instead.
- Each state is allocated a number of electors, equal to the size of its delegation in both houses of Congress combined.
- Election Day, set by law as the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November
- A simple majority of electoral votes is needed to become President; if no candidate receives that many votes, the election is thrown to the House of Representatives, which votes by state delegation.
- The president's term of office begins at noon on January 20 of the year following the election. Before assuming office, the president-elect is constitutionally required to take the presidential oath.
Question 41: Capital of the USA
Plan:
- Washington, D. C. founded on July 16, 1790
- The city is located on the north bank of the Potomac River and is bordered by the states of -Virginia to the southwest and Maryland to the other sides.
- The centers of all three branches of the federal government of the US are located in the District, as are many of the nation's monuments and museums.
- The city is governed by a mayor and a 13-member city council.
History
Native American people had largely relocated from the area by the early 18th century.
An attack on the Congress at Philadelphia by a mob of angry soldiers, known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, had emphasized the need for the government to see to its own security ð the authority to establish a federal capital was provided in Article One, Section Eight, of the US Constitution, which permits a "District (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular states, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United States". The Constitution does not, however, specify a location for the new capital.
On July 16, 1790, the Residence Act provided for a new permanent capital to be located on the Potomac River, the exact area to be selected by President Washington.
As permitted by the U. S. Constitution, the initial shape of the federal district was a square, measuring 10 miles (16 km) on each side, totaling 100 square miles (260 km2).
On September 9, 1791, the federal city was named in honor of George Washington, and the district was named the Territory of Columbia, Columbia being a poetic name for the United States in use at that time. Congress held its first session in Washington on November 17, 1800.
On August 24–25, 1814, in a raid known as the Burning of Washington, British forces invaded the capital during the War of 1812. The Capitol, Treasury, and White House were burned and gutted during the attack.
Cityscape
Washington, D. C. is a planned city. The design for the City of Washington was largely the work of Pierre (Peter) Charles L’Enfant
The plan for Washington was modeled in the Baroque style and incorporated avenues radiating out from rectangles, providing room for open space and landscaping
A garden-lined "grand avenue" approximately 1 mile (1.6 km) in length and 400 feet (120 m) wide in the area that is now the National Mall.
Historic sites and museums
National Mall
Washington Monument
Jefferson Pier.
Lincoln Memorial,
Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial,
The Smithsonian Institution
Question 42: Local Government (UK & USA)
Plan:
UK:
England and Wales
ò ò
Counties (54) Greater London
(Mayor of London)
|
Metropolitan (6) Non-metropolitan (London Boroughs
ò ò
|
Districts (369)
|
|
|
Scotland: 9 regions – 52 districts
USA:
Local government in the United States depends on the laws of the various individual states.
Typically each state has at least two separate levels: – counties (parishes or boroughs),
– municipalities.
Some states have their counties divided into townships.
There are several different types of municipal government, generally reflecting the needs of different levels of population densities;
Many rural areas and even some suburban areas of many states have no municipal government below the county level.
County governments are organized local governments authorized in state constitutions and statutes and established to provide general government in an area generally defined as a first-tier geographic division of a state.
Question 43: Russian-American Relations
Plan:
1. WWII
2. Cold War. Mikhail Gorbachev. START I treaty cutting back nuclear warheads was signed by Gorbachev and U. S. president George H. W. Bush.
3. Post-Cold War Era
- Boris Yeltsin vs George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton
Privatization, "shock therapy" ð economic crisis in Russia
In regard to international affairs, Russia largely stayed on the sidelines during this period. It did not attempt to block the 1999 Kosovo War in Serbia
- Vladimir Putin vs George W. Bush
U. S. and Russia began to have more serious disagreements. Under Putin, Russia became more assertive (aggressive) in international affairs than it had been under his predecessor; under Bush, the U. S. took an increasingly unilateral course in its foreign policy
In 2002, Bush withdrew the United States from the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty in order to move forward with plans for a missile defense system.
- Iraq War
- expansion of NATO into the old Eastern Bloc (Poland, Czech Republic, Ukraine, Georgia)
- Russian-Venezuelan military cooperation
on a new strategic relationship.
- 2005 The United States rescues the Russian submarine AS-28 off the coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula in Russia.
- 2005 Russia offers to send a rescue plane to New Orleans to aid the United States in search and - rescue operations after Hurricane Katrina hit New Orleans.
- 2007 Russia offers The United States to put missile defences on Azerbaijan.
- Russian aid to the United States
- Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans
- Russian-American rescue of Russian submarine
- General Motors has opened a Car manufacturing plant in St Petersburg
- Bering Strait bridge/tunnel
- Military ties
- War on Terror
- Russian military rescue of American girl
Question 44: Modern Foreign Policy of the USA
Plan:
The U. S. Secretary of State is the foreign minister and is the official charged with state-to-state diplomacy.
Foreign Policy Agenda – "to create a more secure, democratic, and prosperous world for the benefit of the American people and the international community."
US House Committee on Foreign Affairs – "export controls, including nonproliferation of nuclear technology and nuclear hardware; measures to foster commercial intercourse with foreign nations and to safeguard American business abroad; International commodity agreements; international education; and protection of American citizens abroad and expatriation."
In XXI U. S. influence remains strong but is declining in terms of economic output (China, India, Russia, Brazil, UN). Substantial problems remain, such as climate change, nuclear proliferation, and the specter of nuclear terrorism.
- NATO
- United Kingdom
The United States and Britain share the world's largest foreign direct investment partnership.
- Canada
- Australia
- Mexico
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