Контрольные задания по английскому языку (стр. 2 )

Economics is a social science studying economy. Why study economics? In fact, people do it for countless reasons. For many people concern for the economy goes no further than the price of tuition or the fear of losing a job. Many others, however, are becoming aware that their job prospects and the prices they pay are somehow related to national trends in prices, unemployment, and economic growth. Although few people think in terms of price indexes and graphs, most of us now recognize the importance of major economic events. And that's why so many people worry about such abstractions as unemployment rates, inflation, economic growth, etc.

Economics has deep routs in, and close ties to, social philosophy. An issue of great importance to philosophers, for example, is distributional justice. Why are some people rich and others are poor? And, whatsoever the answer, is it fair? A number of nineteenth century social philosophers wrestled with these questions and out of their musings economics as a separate discipline was born.

As a scholarly discipline, economics is two centuries old. The first scientist who made extraordinary contributions in economics was Adam Smith.

Almost a century later, as capitalist enterprises began to spread, there appeared the massive critique of capitalism: Karl Marx's "Capital".

In 1936 John Maynard Keynes published 'The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money". Economics was supposed to help government monetary and fiscal policies to tame the worst ravages of business cycles.

What exactly is the subject that the economists from Smith to Marx to the present generation have analyzed?

Economics is the study of how societies use scarce resources to produce valuable commodities and distribute them among different people.

As you begin your study of economics, keep in mind that economics will teach you a new way of looking at the world. In some cases, you will find that the topics we discuss are completely unfamiliar to you. But most of the time you will be looking at things that you already know about from a different perspective. You will discover, for example, that the complex decisions of huge multinational corporations are based on some of the same principals that guide everyday choices like whether to take a day off or to stay up late studying.

VI. Прочтите еще раз весь текст и ответьте письменно на вопросы.

1.  What is economics? What does it study?

2.  Why do people study economics? Give your personal opinion.

Вариант 2

I. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол - сказуемое и определите его видов-ременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на рус­ский язык, обратите внимание на особенности перевода пассивных конструкций (см. образец 1).

1.  The problems of economy were discussed by all scientists, the press and the public.

2.  When air important problems had been discussed the con­ference adopted a number of resolutions.

3.  The plan of research work will be carried out by him in time.

4.  Business and cultural contacts contribute to mutual under­standing and trust.

5.  The car was going slowly at him.

6.  A number of important documents have been signed in Helsinki.

7.  Women in the world are actively working for peace and justice.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните Participle 1, Participle 2 и установите функции каждого из них, т. е. укажите является ли оно определением, обстоя­тельством или частью глагола сказуемого, предложения переведите на русский язык (см. образец 2).

1.  Speaking at the conference he paid particular attention to the problems of peace in that region.

2.  His last novel published a month ago is very popular with young people.

3.  When asked I was glad to report about our scientific work at the meeting.

4.  He can't take part in our meeting today as he is collecting facts for the new trial.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент, предложения переведите на русский язык.

1. I have left my textbook at home. May I have yours?

2.  He will not be able to finish his work in time.

3.  Does the dean receive students today? No, he doesn't. He is to receive students on Monday.

4.  The case to be heard at the court on Friday is very inter­esting.

5.  Yesterday my friend had to return home to take his notes for the seminar.

6.  You needn't come here so early.

IV. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните и определите вид придаточных предложений, переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.  The man that you want to see has just left.

2.  We shall settle the matter after we discuss it.

3.  We know that a just and lasting peace in the world must be gained in the long struggle of all progressive people.

4.  If you stay in the library you will look through the latest magazines.

V. Прочтите и письменно переведите на русский языквесь текст.

Market and Command Economies

Economics is a science that analyzes what, how, and for whom society produces. The central economic problem is to reconcile the conflict between people's unlimited demands with society's ability to produce goods and services.

In industrial Western countries markets are to allocate resources. The market is the process by which production and consumption are coordinated through prices.

In a command economy, a central planning office makes decisions on what, how, and for whom to produce. Economy cannot rely entirely on command, but there was extensive planning in many Soviet bloc countries.

A free market economy has no government intervention. Resources are allocated entirely through markets.

Modern economies in the West are mixed and rely mainly on the market but with a large dose of government intervention. The optimal level of government intervention remains a problem which is of interest to economists.

The degree of government restrictions differs greatly between countries that have command economies and countries that have free market economies. In the former, resources are allocated by central government planning. In the latter, there is not any government regulation of the consumption, production, and exchange of goods. Between the two main types lies the mixed economy where market and government are both of importance.

VI. Прочтите весь текст еще раз и ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы.

1.  What is the central economic problem of a society?

2.  What is the market?

3.  In what way does a free market economy differ from a command economy?

Вариант 3

I. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видов-ременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на рус­ский язык, обратите внимание на особенности перевода пассивных конструкций (см. образец 1).

1.  The last session of the United Nations General Assembly contributed to the strengthening of peace and international se­curity.

2.  Washington, the capital of the United States of America, was named after the first President of the United States.

3.  Tremendous changes have taken place in the world since World War II.

4.  He UN emerged when World War II was coming to its fi­nal stage.

5. Rob was arrested and tried.

6.  All UN members shall fulfil in good faith the obligations assumed by them in accordance with the UN Charter.

7.  The world economy produces mostly for the people living in the industrial countries.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните Participle 1, Participle 2 и установите функции каждого из них, т. е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола - сказуемого, предложения переведите на русский язык (см. образец 2).

1.  Do you know the professor delivering lectures in the his­tory of economics?

2.  Great Britain is one of the leading developed countries of the world.

3.  While discussing the problems the students had to look through a lot of papers.

4.  He has heard some interesting news today.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркнитев каждом из них модальный глагол и его эквивалент, пред­ложения переведите на русский язык.

1.  Will you be able to spend the coming vocation in Mos­cow? I hope I will.

2.  One must read much to know the language well.

3.  You will have to pay for the newspaper.

4.  We were unable to do that work.

5.  I cannot answer your questions because I don't know the meaning of these words.

6.  You must repeat the modal verbs to know this grammar material well.

7.  The students are not allowed to use any dictionaries doing the test.

IV. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркнитеи определите вид придаточных предложений, переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The house they live in is on the other side of the street.

2.  When we want to tell other people what we think, we can do it in many ways.

3.  If he returns early tonight we shall be able to discuss the problem.

4.  We know that the more we study and read the more we understand English.

V. Прочтите и переведите на русский язык весь текст письменно.

MICROECONOMICS AND MACROECONOMICS

Most students taking economics for the first time are surprised by the breadth of what they study. Some think that economics will teach them about the stock market and what to do with their money. Others think that economics deals exclusively with problems like inflation and unemployment. In fact, it deals with all these subjects. But they are peaces of a much larger puzzle.

The easiest way to get a feel for the breadth and depth of what you will be studying is to explore briefly the way economics is organized. First of all, here are two major divisions of economics: microeconomics and macroeconomics.

Microeconomics deals with the functioning of individual industries and the behavior of individual economic decision-making units1: single business firms2 and households. Microeconomics explores the decisions that individual business and consumers make. The choices of firm about what to produce and how much to charge and the choices of households about what to buy and how much of it to buy help to explain why the economy produces the things it does. Another big question that microeconomics addresses is who get the things that are produced. Wealthy households get more output than do poor households, and the forces that determine this distribution of output are the province of microeconomics.

Macroeconomics, in its turn, deals with the functioning of national economic complex and behavior of the main classes and social groups.

VI. Прочтите еще раз весь текст и ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы.

1.  What are the two major divisions of economics?

2.  What does microeconomics deal with?

3.  What does macroeconomics deal with?

Вариант 4

I. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол - сказуемое и определите его видов-ременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на рус­ский язык, обратите внимание на особенности перевода пассивных конструкций (см. образец 1):

1.  We can also classify branches of economics according to the approach or methodology that is used.

2.  Our interest in microeconomics is motivated by more than our need to understand how the larger economy works.

3.  The women throughout the world are opposing war and are actively working for peace and justice.

4.  The principles of equality, sovereignty and self-determination are being supported by all people interested in peace.

5.  In macroeconomics we tend to focus only on how much is produced or how many people are employed in the process.

6.  Urban economics deals with city problems: land use, transport, congestion and housing.

7.  Many economists specialise in a particular branch of the subject.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните Participle I, Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т. е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоя­тельством или частью глагола-сказуемого; предложения переведите на русский язык (см. образец 2).

1.  While working at one of the enterprises of our city my friend is a part-time student of our University at the same time.

2.  The students trained at the Volgograd State Technical University work in different companies and plants of our country.

3.  Children are admitted to school at the age of seven.

4.  Being very tired I couldn't help him.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент; предложения переведите на русский язык.

1.  We cannot translate the text without a dictionary because it is a very difficult text.

2.  You speak so loudly that 1 am unable to understand you.

3.  He was not allowed to take books from the University li­brary.

4.  Shall I have to come again?

5.  You needn't hurry; the train is to start only in fifteen min­utes.

6. The students must study hard in order to become good specialists.

IV. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните и определите вид придаточных предложений, переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.  Thank you very much for the present you bought for me.

2.  They will wait till we finish to translate the text.

3.  When autumn comes we shall return to our routine: to our work and study.

4.  He thinks that an agreement between our Universities is quite possible.

V. Прочтите и переведите на русский язык весь текст письменно.

Microeconomic analysis offers a detailed treatment of individual decisions about particular commodities. Microeconomists tend to offer a detailed treatment of one aspect of economic behaviour, but ignore interactions with the rest of the economy in order to preserve the simplicity of the analysis. A microeconomic analysis of miners' wages would emphasise the characteristics of miners and the ability of mine owners pay. It would largely neglect the chain of indirect effects to which a rise in miners’ wages might give rise. For example, car workers might use the precedent the miners' pay increase to secure higher wages in the car industry, thus being able to afford larger houses, which burned more coal in heating systems. When microeconomic analysis ignores such indirectly induced effects it is said to be partial analysis.

Macroeconomics emphasizes the interactions in the economy as a whole. For example, macroeconomists typically do not worry about the breakdown of consumer goods into cars, bicycles, televisions, and calculators. They prefer to treat them all as a single bundle called "consumer goods" because they are more interested in studying the interaction between households' purchases of consumer goods and firms' decisions about purchases of machinery and buildings.

VI. Прочтите еще раз текст и письменно ответьте на во­просы.

1.  What does microeconomics do?

2.  What do most microeconomists leave out of their analysis?

3.  What does macroeconomics do?

Контрольная работа З

(2 курс, 1 семестр)

Выполнение и оформление контрольных заданий

1. Контрольное задание по английскому языку для сту­дентов-заочников на 3 семестр предлагается в 4-х вариан­тах. Необходимо выполнить только один. Остальные варианты можно использовать в качестве дополнительного ма­териала для лучшей подготовки к зачету.

2.  Выполнить письменное контрольное задание следует в отдельной тетради. На обложке тетради напишите фами­лию, инициалы, адрес, номер учебной группы, номер вы­бранного варианта контрольного задания.

3.  Контрольное задание должно быть выполнено акку­ратным, четким почерком. Перед каждым разделом зада­ния обязательно следует писать условие. Необходимо ос­тавлять в тетради широкие поля для замечаний и методи­ческих указаний рецензента.

4.  Абзацы текста, которые нужно перевести письменно, перепишите на левой стороне тетради, на правой стороне сделайте письменный перевод указанных абзацев.

5.  Контрольные задания должны быть выполнены в той последовательности, в какой они даны в настоящем посо­бии.

6.  Выполненное контрольное задание направляйте для проверки и рецензирования в институт в установленные сроки
(за месяц до начала сессии) .

7.  Кафедра оставляет за собой право возвращения рабо­ты без проверки, если она выполнена без соблюдения ука­заний.

Исправление контрольного задания на основе рецензии

1. По получении проверенного рецензентом контроль­ного задания внимательно прочитайте рецензию, озна­комьтесь с замечаниями рецензента, повторите плохо ус­военный Вами материал и проанализируйте отмеченные ошибки.

2.  Все предложения, в которых были обнаружены орфо­графические и грамматические ошибки или неточности, перепишите в исправленном виде в конце контрольного задания.

3.  Прорецензированные контрольные задания являются учебными документами. Помните, что при сдаче зачета или экзамена проводится опрос и по контрольным заданиям.

Письменные консультации

Сообщайте своему рецензенту обо всех затруднениях, возникающих у Вас при самостоятельном изучении анг­лийского языка и обращайтесь к нему за консультацией по вопросам, которые Вы самостоятельно не можете решить.

Условия успешного выполнения контрольного задания № 3

Для того, чтобы правильно выполнить задание 3, необ­ходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка по рекомендованному учебнику:

1.  Функции и значение слов it, that, since. Выделение от­дельных членов предложения при помощи оборота it is (was). . . that (who). Заменители существительного that (those), one (ones).

2.  Пассивные формы (Passive Voice) в трех временах всех групп Indefinite, Continious, Perfect.

3.  Функции глаголов to be, to have, to do.

4. Инфинитив в функции подлежащего, определения, дополнения и обстоятельства цели.

5. Согласование времен. Бессоюзное подчинение.

Образец выполнения к упражнению 1

1. Many goods and services were bought by the government. Многие товары и услуги покупались правительством. Were bought - Past Indefinite, Passive Voice.

2. The form of the government of the USA is based on the Constitution in 1787. Форма правления США основана на Конституции, принятой в 1787.

Is based-Present Indefinite, Passive Voice.

Вариант 1

I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видовременную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык (см. образец выполнения 1).

1.  The man has been hired by the manager.

2.  The Bill will be introduced by the majority of the House of Commons.

3.  Supply restrictions imposed by cartels are as characteristic of industrialized economies as of developing economies.

4.  When there is a harvest failure, the producers' supply will decrease.

5.  The substitution effect leads consumers to buy less of the goods whose price has increased.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, учитывая разные значения слов "it, that, one, as, for".

1.  It is possible to establish the subject of the crime by spe­cial traces left on the crime scene.

2.  It's easy to be brave from a safe distance.

3.  One must take part in scientific work.

4.  The investigator was working in the laboratory for four hours.

5.  As to this verdict I think it is true.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на перевод конструкции it is (was). . . that (who).

1.  It is the young man who was accused of violating public order.

2.  It is the University that trained highly qualified specialists in economics.

IV. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, имея в виду различные значения to be, to have, to do.

1.  We have two ears and only one tongue in order that we may hear more and speak less.

2.  We have to be at the court in the morning.

3.  There is no doubt that the preliminary testing will last for a month.

4.  Purchasing people are primarily interested in price.

5.  Our task is to finish this work in time.

6.  How far do we have the capability to produce the needed product?

7.  The students are not to be late for the classes.

8.  It is getting cold.

V. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, принимая во внимание правила согласования времен и бессоюзное подчинение.

1.  The man told me that he would graduate from theUniversity in four years.

2.  He said that it was difficult to deal these offshore companies.

3. The teacher thought the students of the group were able to understand a new text.

VI. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.

1. Sometimes we know how to gain a victory but seldom how to use it.

2. To be or not to be - this is the question.

VII. Прочитайте и переведите весь текст письменно. Составьте краткую аннотацию к тексту.

If you want to market your product abroad for the first time you will find the task difficult. The international market is highly competitive, with very many manufacturers chasing the same customers.

It is very difficult to take business away from current suppliers. To be successful, the newcomer must have a compelling offer to make the customer switch to his product.

In business and industrial marketing, there are three compelling things: price, function and source.

Price. A lower price can be a tie-breaker. A substantially lower price can be compelling offer. But it does not mean that the order always goes to the lower bidder. The product must always satisfy the function.

Function. The product must always perform the function for which it is intended and meet quality standards. However, in a world of rapid technological development customers are always looking for new products that do the job better, faster, more efficiently.

Source. A company’s reputation for quality and reliability of delivery are increasingly important. Quality and timely delivery are essential to customers.

Purchasing people are primarily interested in price. Engineers are primarily interested in functions. Management is interested in source. Marketing communications, therefore, must be on three levels: our prices are competitive, our products are good or superior, our company is dependable. Each message must be targeted for the right audience and efficiently delivered through the right channel.

Articles and advertising in technical and professional publications, trade shows and exhibitions, seminars and symposia, technical and product bulletins – all are the basic tools of the industrial marketer. The extensive use of advertising builds in the minds of consumers the company’s image for quality.

VIII. Переведите письмо, ответьте на него по-английски.

Dear Sirs,

We have learnt that you are producing for export hand-made shoes and gloves in pure hide and other natural materials. There is a steady demand here for high-class goods of this type. Espe­cially in the brighter colours. Sales are not high, but a good price can be obtained for fashionable design. Will you please send us your catalogue and full details of your export prices and terms of payment, together with any samples you can let us have.

We look forward to hearing from you. Yours faithfully.

Вариант 2

I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видовременную форму и залог глагола - сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык:

1.  A University should be a place of light, of liberty, and of learning. /Disraeli/

2.  Management involves creating products at reasonable price.

3.  Company’s plans will be based on the needs of the market.

4.  During the burglary the window of the shop was broken.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, учитывая разные значения слов "It, that, one, as, for since".

1.  Since that man is a specialist in that branch of management it is necessary to learn his opinion on that subject.

2.  It's important to study these innovations while working at the project.

3.  He works as a company officil in one of the committees.

4.  It is well known that England is not the country where everything is allowed what is not forbidden by the law.

III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на перевод конструкций "it is (was). . . that (who).

1.  It is the shareholders that vote for the board of directors.

2.  It was the book that you must take from the library.

IV. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, имея в виду различные значения to be, to have, to do.

1.  Motherhood is protected by the state law of the country.

2.  Making friends is not always easy.

3.  There is no doubt that he is a good dealer.

4.  They haven't met since their schooldays.

5.  He has to stay in town for two days.

6.  You are to discuss his paper in details.

V. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, принимая во внимание правила согласования времен и бессоюзное подчинение.

1.  I knew she was determined to move ahead in business ca­reer.

2.  At last he sold all the goods and we were free.

3.  He said that he remembered studying this subject at the university.

VI. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведи­те их, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.

1.  Some people live to work, others work to live.

2.  Old wood best to burn, old wine to drink, old friends to trust, and old authors to read.

3.  It's better to risk saving a guilty person than to condemn an innocent one.

VII. Прочитайте и переведите весь текст письменно. Дай­те краткую аннотацию к тексту.

NATURE OF MANAGERIAL WORK

In for-profit work, management has as its primary function the satisfaction of a range of interested parties. This typically involves making a profit (for the shareholders), creating products at a reasonable price (for customers), and providing rewarding employment opportunities (for employees). In nonprofit management, the importance of keeping the faith of donors is added. In most models of management, shareholders vote for the board of directors, and the board then hires senior management.

The management of a large organisation may have three levels:

§ Senior management (or "top management" or "upper management")

§ Middle management

§ Low-level management, such as supervisors or team-leaders.

Management operates through various functions, often classified as planning, organizing, leading/motivating and controlling.

§ Planning: deciding what needs to happen in the future (today, next week, next month, next year, over the next five years, etc.) and generating plans for action.

§ Organizing: making optimum use of the resources required to enable the successful carrying out of plans.

§ Leading/Motivating: exhibiting skills in these areas for getting others to play an effective part in achieving plans.

§ Controlling: monitoring -- checking progress against plans, which may need modification based on feedback.

Public, private, and voluntary sectors place different demands on managers, but all must retain the faith of those who select them (if they wish to retain their jobs), retain the faith of those people that fund the organization, and retain the faith of those who work for the organization. If they fail to convince employees of the advantages of staying rather than leaving, they may tip the organization into a downward spiral of hiring, training, firing, and recruiting. Management also has the task of innovating and of improving the functioning of organizations.

VIII. Переведите и ответьте на письмо по-английски.

Dear Sirs,

An enquiry has come in from a company owing several high-class hotels and our country. They are opening a new hotel and have asked us to submit quotations for furniture and equipment in accordance with the attached list.

The furniture and equipment must be up-to-date design, and it would have to be delivered in time for opening of the hotel in October. Will you please let us know, therefore, whether you have the goods in stock and if not, how long it take to complete an order for quantities required. We shall also be glad to have an estimate of the number of cases required and the cost of packing.

We look forward to your reply. Yours faithfully.

Вариант 3

I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видовременную форму и залог глагола сказуемого. Пе­реведите предложения на русский язык (см. образец вы­полнения 1).

1.  The cultural divide between the countries has been much studied.

2.  The board of directors has been working on this case for 2 months al­ready.

3.  These companies will be successful in foreign markets.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, учитывая разные значения слов "it, that, one, as, for".

1.  One must learn new words before reading the text.

2.  This investigation is of great importance for the develop­ment of our science as the one mentioned above.

3.  This article is as interesting as that one.

4.  In many countries of the world working people are fight­ing for their rights.

5.  It is necessary for me to decide it for myself; nobody can help me in this matter.

III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на перевод конструкций it is was). . . that (who).

1.  It is the company that wants to be successful in the foreign market.

2.  It is the Board of directors that determines the strategy of the company.

IV. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, имея в виду различные значения to be, to have, to do.

1.  The instrument used by the accused was a sharp knife.

2.  A form of indirect tax is included in the selling price of a prod­uct and eventually paid by the consumer.

3.  The author of that book has to show that there are limitations in the economy that no person and no policy can overcome.

4.  The British Sovereign is to visit Japan next year.

5.  Unemployment benefit systems doesn’t vary considerably from country to country.

V. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, принимая во внимание правила согласования времен и бессоюзное подчинение.

1.  He thinks a dog is a good protection against breaking of a criminal into the house.

2.  They thought he would be back in a minute

3.  The director approved the method they had adopted.

VI. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.

1.  It is better to have a little than nothing. /Syrys P. /

2.  A man is never too old to learn. /Middleton. /

3.  In 1889, E. F. Burinsky, an outstanding photogra­pher, used his own money to found a photo laboratory in St. Petersburg.

VII. Прочитайте и переведите весь текст письменно. Со­ставьте краткую аннотацию к тексту.

In most economies government revenues come mainly from direct taxes on personal incomes and company profits as well as indirect taxes levied on purchase of goods and services such as value added tax (VAT) and sales tax. Since state provision of retirement pensions is included in government ex­penditure, pension contributions to state-run social security funds are included in revenue, too. Some small component of government spending is financed through government borrowing.

Government spending comprises spending on goods and services and trans­fer payments.

Governments mostly pay for public goods, that is, those goods that, even if they are consumed by one person, can still be consumed by other people. Clean air, national defense, health service are examples of public goods. Governments also provide such services as police, fire-fighting and the ad­ministration of justice.

A transfer is a payment, usually by the government, for which no cor­responding service is provided in return. Examples are social security, re­tirement pensions, unemployment benefits and, in some countries, food stamps.

VIII. Переведите и ответьте на письмо по-английски.

Dear Sirs,

We have received your quotations of 1 February and the samples of men' s suiting we asked for, and thank you for these. While we appreciate the good quality of your products, we find the prices of these materials rather high for the market we sup­ply, as materials of this type are exported by European manu­facturers at prices from 10% to 15% below yours. Your prices make it impossible for us to complete on the market. We would like to place our order with you, but must ask you to reduce your prices if possible.

Yours faithfully.

Вариант 4

I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видовременную форму и залог глагола ска­зуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.  He is studying management.

2.  The prices must have been temporarily depressed as a result of accu­mulated public stores of essential goods and the government programmes of producer support.

3.  Although it was prohibited to use foreign currency as a medium of ex­change or a means of payment, it is known to have been widely used as such in the Russia of the 1990s.

4.  The duties performed by the company management have considerably been changing in recent times.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, учитывая разные значения слов "it, that, one, as, for. "

1.  One must choose a profession one likes.

2.  It is an accepted measure of fu­ture payments in contracts.

3.  As you have worked all night, you must have a rest.

4.  The colour of silver is grey, that of gold is yellow.

5.  You must close the window for it is rather cold.

III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на перевод конструкций it is (was)... that (who).

1. I was the last who expressed opinion on the problem dis­cussed at our classes.

2. It was in 1945 on the 24 of October that the Charter of the United Nations was ratified.

IV. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, имея в виду различные значения to be, to have, to do.

1. Robin Hood was a legendary hero of England in the times of Norman Conquest.

2.  Music is a universal language of mankind. /Longfellow/.

3.  The US has long been "melting pot" of the world, and various people have brought with them native celebrations.

4.  He had to telephone to hospital to find out what doctor had told his wife.

5.  The president is elected for four years of service.