4. Einstein's Theory of Relativity, which seemed a flight of imagination (полет воображения) to many at first, is now the cornerstone of modern physics. Many physical phenomena could never be explained without the Theory of Relativity.
Einstein said that there were only twelve people living who understood his Theory of Relativity, although more than nine hundred books had been written trying to explain it.
He himself explained relativity by this very simple illustration. "When you sit with a nice girl for an hour, you think it is only a minute; but when you sit on a hot stove for a minute, you think it is an hour. Well, well - so that's relativity. It sounds all right to me; but if you don't believe me and would like to try it out, I'll be glad to sit with the girl if you'll sit on the stove."
5. Mrs. Einstein said that even she didn't understand the Theory of Relativity; but she understood something that is more important for a wife; she understood her husband.
Mrs. Einstein said that her husband liked order in his thinking, but he didn't like it in his living. He did whatever he wanted to, whenever he wanted to; he had only two rules of conduct (поведение). The first was: don't have any rules whatever. And the second was: be independent of the opinions (мнение) of others.
V. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы:
what illustration did Einstein explain his Theory of Relativity?
2. What two rules of conduct did Einstein have?
3. What brought Einstein more joy than anything else?
4. What kind of life did Einstein lead?
Контрольная работа 3
Чтобы правильно выполнить работу 3, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка по рекомендованному учебнику:
1. Грамматические функции и значения слов that, one, it.
2. Пассивный залог (The Passive Voice) видовременных форм Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect.
3. Функции глаголов to be, to have, to do.
4. Простые неличные формы глагола. Инфинитив в функции а) подлежащего, б) составной части сказуемого, в) определения, г) обстоятельства цели.
5. Словообразование.
Используйте образцы выполнения упражнений.
Образец выполнения 1 (к упр. I)
Present Perfect Passive
The main question has already been discussed | Главный вопрос уже обсудили. |
Present Indefinite Passive
His scientific work is much spoken about. | О его научной работе много говорят. |
Образец выполнения 2 (к упр. II)
1. It is necessary to use the latest means of control in industry. | Необходимо использовать в промышленности новейшие средства контроля. |
2. One should agree that experiment was of great importance for our research. | Следует согласиться, что тот эксперимент имел большое значение для нашего исследования. |
3. It is hydrogen that will be the main source of energy in the car of the future. | Именно водород будет основным источником энергии в автомобиле будущего. |
Образец выполнения 3 (к упр. IV)
1. What is the name of the book you are reading? | Как называется книга, которую ты читаешь? |
2. The region we must explore possesses great natural wealth. | Район, который мы должны исследовать, обладает огромными природными ресурсами. |
Образец выполнения 3 (к упр. V)
coldly — холодно; coldness — холодность
Вариант 1
I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видовременную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The construction of the road was being completed when the commission arrived.
2. He had never been to doctors.
3. The children of Sparta were given a military education.
4. A new library will be opened in our district next week.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.
1. It is the gravitation that makes the satellites move round the Earth.
2. I am afraid that he has fallen ill.
3. I shall have to buy a new coat for myself and another one for my sister.
III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.
1. You have to go to the dentist’s today.
2. Did you speak to him? – No, I didn’t.
3. You are to go straight to your room.
4. She has come home.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.
1. It is necessary for you to be here at 5 o’clock tomorrow.
2. The children were too excited to behave calmly.
3. In this area there are o monuments to speak of.
4. Dalton’s atomic theory was the first to make successful use of the old Greek theory of atoms in chemistry.
V. Подчеркните в производных словах суффиксы и префиксы и переведите эти слова на русский язык:
1. soft | мягкий | softly, softness, to soften |
2. dark | темный | darkness, to darken |
3. weak | слабый | weakly, weakness, to weaken |
4. wide | широкий | widely, to widen, width |
5. less | меньше | to lessen |
6. worse | хуже | to worsen |
7. serious | серьезный | seriously, seriousness |
9. severe | строгий | severely, severity |
9. bitter | горький | bitterly, bitterness |
10. happy | счастливый | unhappy, happily, unhappily, happiness, unhappiness |
11. sudden | внезапный | suddenly, suddenness |
VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык весь текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 1 и 3.
Residential and Industrial Buildings
1. In technically developed countries the building industry, comprising skilled and unskilled workers in many trades, building engineers and architects, managerial staff and designers employs a considerable proportion of the available labour force.
Building industry including residential public and industrial construction holds a considerable place in the National Economy and is being carried on a large scale. It is the largest single industry in the country. The problems of construction have grown into major, political issues in most countries.
2. The ever growing housing demands have brought to life new methods of construction with great emphasis upon standardization, new levels of technological advance utilizing such techniques as offsite prefabrication, precutting, use of reinforced concrete panels and large-scale site planning. At present, prefabricated structures and precast elements may be classified into two principal groups—for residential houses and industrial buildings.
3. Present-day designs for residential construction envisage all modern amenities for a dwelling, they advocate larger, better built and better equipped flats and houses. There is a marked improvement in the heating and ventilating systems as well as in hot; water supply, kitchen and sanitary fittings. Many tenants now can afford better furnishings, refrigerators, washing machines, etc. A house which is a physical environment where a family develops is acquiring a new and modern look.
Industrial buildings comprise another significant type of construction. This type of construction involves factories, laboratories, food processing plants, mines, office buildings, stores, garages, hangars and other storage facilities, exhibitions halls, etc.
4. Each of these functions demands its own structural solution and techniques. But in general they may be divided into two classes according to whether the plan must give greater attention to the size and movement of machinery or of persons. The building techniques (by techniques we mean building materials and methods) depend upon the types of buildings.
Modern industrial buildings have demonstrated the advantages of reinforced concrete arches, metal frames, glass walls and prefabricated standardized mass produced parts. Steel was gradually substituted for iron and permitted wider rooms and larger windows. Windows can be enlarged to the extent that they constitute a large fraction of the wall area.
VII. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы:
1. What is the largest single industry in the country?
2. How may prefabricated structures and precast elements be classified?
3. What can many tenants afford now?
4. What was steel gradually substituted for?
Вариант 2
I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видовременную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Scientific articles are often published in this magazine.
2. The new film is being demonstrated in all the big cinemas in Moscow.
3. This book has been recommended to us by our teacher.
4. The ship will be unloaded tomorrow.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.
1. It was Yury Gagarin, a citizen of the Soviet Union, who started the era of cosmic flights.
2. This dictionary is very large, show me a smaller one.
3. That he agreed to help his friends is only natural.
III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.
1. The children don’t have to go to school on Sundays, do they?
2. Do you stay with us a little longer?
3. You are not to leave before I come back.
4. These students are always in time for the lessons.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.
1. It is difficult for us to do this work in such a short time.
2. To go on with this discussion is to waste time.
3. To extend the main street they had to destroy some old buildings.
4. Another reason to consider is the absence of necessary facilities for the experiment.
V. Подчеркните в производных словах суффиксы и префиксы и переведите эти слова на русский язык:
1. large | большой | to enlarge, enlargement |
2. rich | богатый | to enrich, enrichment |
3. valid | годный | invalid, validity, invalidity |
4. equal | равный | equally, unequal, equality, unequality |
5. patient | терпеливый | patiently, impatient, impatiently, patience, impatience |
6. responsible | ответственный | irresponsible, responsibility, irresponsibility |
7. stable | стабильный | unstable, stability, instability, to stabilize, stabilization |
8. regular | регулярный | regularly, irregular, irregularly, regularity, irregularity |
9.possible | возможный | possibly, impossible, possibility, impossibility |
10. probable | вероятный | probably, improbable, probability, improbability |
11. free | свободный | freely, freedom |
VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык весь текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 1, 3, 4
TYPES OF BUILDINGS
1. Types of buildings depend upon social formations and may be classified according to the role in the residential community. The types of buildings may be residential, educational, office, industrial, recreational, etc. The type and the function of a building govern its design, building materials and techniques.
2. Speaking of residential construction we must say that the apartment houses are mostly built to suit urban conditions. The techniques of construction or the methods by which structures are formed from particular materials are influenced not only by the availability and character of materials but also by the total technological development of society.
3. Large housing programs stimulate technological change in the building industry. Craft operations at the building site are being replaced by mechanised operations at the factory and houses are increasingly becoming assemblages of factory – made elements. Standardization of elements has led to increased possibilities for mass production, with resultant economies. A wide variety of mass – produced elements from which substantial portions of the house can be assembled are now available. Entire apartment assemblages are available and are being used to an increasing extent. These techniques aim at a higher output of better structures at lower cost.
4. The high degree of mechanization and standardization is successfully achieved by the use of reinforced concrete blocks and units. Reinforced concrete homes are produced by a variety of construction methods. Various methods of constructing reinforced concrete houses involve extensive use of large sections manufactured in heavily mechanized factories and erected at the site.
5. Industrial buildings comprise another significant type of construction. This type of construction involves factories, laboratories, food processing plants, office buildings, stores, garages, etc. Each of these functions demands its own structural solution and techniques. Modern industrial buildings have demonstrated the advantages of reinforced concrete arches, metal frames, glass walls and prefabricated standardized mass produced parts.
VII. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы:
1. What types of buildings may be?
2. Where do large housing programs stimulate technological change?
3. How is the high degree of mechanization and standardization achieved?
4. What have modern industrial buildings demonstrated?
Вариант 3
I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видовременную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The contract is being typed.
2. Have you been asked about it?
3. The article is written in English.
4. When will the machines be delivered to us.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.
1. She said that she would come back in ten minutes.
2. He is one of the most experienced drivers.
3. It was yesterday that we discussed the plan of work at the International Club.
III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.
1. He is so rich that he doesn’t have to work.
2. He will do it himself.
3. The students were to submit their course papers before the examination.
4. What language are they speaking to your friend now?
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.
1. It is very important for him to receive the documents this week.
2. He was the first to raise the question.
3. He is looking for a place to live in.
4. To grow fruit one must have good soil.
V. Подчеркните в производных словах суффиксы и префиксы и переведите эти слова на русский язык:
1. ready | готовый | readiness, readily |
2. east | восток | eastwards |
3. harm | вред | harmful, harmless, harmlessness |
4. quantity | количество | quantitative |
5. season | сезон | seasonal |
6. aim | цель | aimless, aimlessly, aimlessness |
7. tact | такт | tactful, tactless, tactfully, tactlessly |
8. attention | внимание | inattention, attentive, inattentive, attentively, inattentively |
9. sun | солнце | sunny, sunless, sunlessness |
10. fear | страх | fearful, fearless, fearlessly, fearlessness |
11. success | успех | successful, unsuccessful, successfully, unsuccessfully |
VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык весь текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 1, 2
THE HOUSE
1. Man has always been a builder. The kind of house he built depended upon the climate, upon his enemies, and upon the building materials at hand. The first houses in many parts of the world were made of wood, for in those days the greater part of the Earth was covered with forests. Men tied together the tops of several trees and covered them with the skins of animals or with leaves and grass. So a tent, or hut, was the first house of the primitive people who lived where there was much wood.
In other regions the most convenient building material was stone. Men began building houses out of stone very long ago. Although they were built without cement, the remains of a few of them still exist.
2. It appears that the most ancient homes on the territory of Russia were earthen houses. One such home was discovered near Voronezh in 1927. It consisted of a shallow hole of oval shape. The floor was covered with limestone slabs. The roof had been conical and stood on poles (столб) covered by branches or animal skins. Such dwellings existed in that part of the country in the Upper Paleolithic Period (from 40,000 to 12,000 years ago).
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