4. Whom were you at the Ministry with that day?
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.
1. The suitcase is too heavy for her to carry.
2. I looked for the book everywhere but could not find it.
3. A new comfortable coach was developed to transport people over long distances.
4. To overcome vibration in the engine, the crankshaft and flywheel are balanced separately.
V. Подчеркните в производных словах суффиксы и префиксы и переведите эти слова на русский язык:
1. to arm | вооружать | to disarm, to rearm, armament, disarmament, rearmament (ср.: an unarmed man, a disarmed man, a rearmed man) |
2. to appear | появляться | to disappear, to re-appear, appearance, disappearance, reappearance |
3. to develop | развивать | development, undeveloped, under-developed, over-developed |
4. to connect | соединять | to disconnect, connection, unconnected, disconnected |
5. to signify | значить | significant, insignificant, significantly, insignificantly, significance, insignificance |
6. to compare | сравнивать | comparative, comparatively, comparable, incomparable, incomparably |
7. to exclude | исключать | exclusion, exclusive, exclusively |
8. to satisfy | удовлетворять | to dissatisfy, satisfaction, dissatisfaction, satisfactory, unsatisfactory, satisfactorily, unsatisfactorily, unsatisfied |
9. to relate | относиться | relation, relative, relatively |
10. to attract | привлекать | attractive, unattractive, attraction |
11. to persist | упорствовать | persistent, persistently, persistence |
VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык весь текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 1, 4
IMPRESSIONS OF MODERN ARCHITECTURE (A LETTER FROM ENGLAND)
1. You ask what I think of modern architecture. I don't know very much about modern architecture in Europe, but styles are probably similar in most countries today. I think this is because now architects have no opportunities they had in the past. They are seldom asked to design buildings like wonderful churches and cathedrals of the Middle Ages. Architects today have to design schools, hospitals and huge blocks of flats and offices. If they are asked to make plans for houses, these are usually all alike or nearly alike.
2. Boxes - that's what a good deal of modern architecture reminds me of. The blocks of flats in our big towns are huge boxes, whether the fronts and sides are square or oblong. A man who lives in one of these boxes works in another big box, high up in the air. If he falls ill, he goes to another big box called a hospital.
3. Architects have done some very good work in designing new schools. Many of these are prefabricated, which means that as much of the building work as possible is done not on the building site, but in factories where mass production methods can be used. The parts are taken to a site and put together there. Children who attend the best of these new schools are very happy. Their classrooms are light and big, and they have a fine large assembly hall. The children have dinner at school, and there is a dining-hall completed with modern kitchen.
4. I began this letter by saying that many modern buildings, especially the blocks of flats and business offices, were like big boxes. They do look like boxes from the outside, but when we go inside, we find them very well planned for their purposes. An architect today has to be an engineer too. The best modern buildings help us to live and work in comfort. They save plenty of unnecessary work. There is central heating, for example, instead of the dusty open fires we used to have, with coal to be carried up long stairs and ashes to be carried down.
5. I have given my opinion on what I have seen in England. I know a lot of interesting work has been done in Scandinavia, and, of course, I've read about the work of Le Corbusier in France and I'd like to see what American architects are doing now. You may know the work of the American architect Frank Lloyd Wright. He designed the Imperial Hotel in Tokyo. It was designed to resist earthquakes and it proved so strong that it did. It was one of the few buildings in Tokyo that did not fall in the terrible earthquake of 1923.
VII. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы:
1. Why are styles of modern architecture in Europe similar in most countries today?
2. Where have architects done good work?
3. What helps us to live and work in comfort?
4. For what purpose was the Imperial Hotel designed by architect Frank Lloyd Wright in Tokyo?
Контрольная работа 4
Чтобы правильно выполнить работу 4, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка по рекомендованному учебнику:
1. Сложные формы инфинитива (Passive Infinitive, Perfect Infinitive). Обороты, равнозначные придаточным предложениям: объектный инфинитивный оборот, субъектный инфинитивный оборот.
2. Причастия (Participle I, Participle II). Независимый (самостоятельный) причастный оборот.
3. Условные предложения.
Используйте образцы выполнения упражнений.
Образец выполнения 1 (к упр. I)
1. Millions of people are recorded to have taken part in elections. | Зарегистрировано, что миллионы людей приняли участие в выборах. |
2. We want the new car to be produced by February. | Мы хотим, чтобы новый автомобиль был выпущен к февралю. |
3. The device to be bought must be checked beforehand. | Прибор, который нужно купить, следует предварительно проверить. |
Образец выполнения 2 (к упр. II)
1. Countries wishing to cooperate with us will always find the necessary understanding. | Страны, желающие сотрудничать с нами, всегда найдут должное понимание. |
2. Having finished the work, he left the laboratory. | Окончив работу, он вышел из лаборатории. |
3. New technological processes having been developed, new types of equipment have been installed in the shop. | Когда были разработаны новые технологические процессы, в цехе было установлено новое оборудование. |
Образец выполнения 3 (к упр. III)
1. If the installation is put into operation in time, the economic effect will be greater. | Если установка будет пущена вовремя, экономический эффект возрастет. |
2. If the system had been perfected, we should have applied it for new calculations. | Если бы система была усовершенствована, мы бы применили ее для новых расчетов. |
3. It would be impossible to build spaceships without using new materials and alloys. | Было бы невозможно построить космические корабли без применения новых материалов и сплавов. |
Вариант 1
I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.
1. He is known to be a great book-lover.
2. The members of the committee were expected to come to an agreement.
3. Tell me what you would like me to do.
4. This book seems to be very popular with children.
II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого причастных оборотов.
1. Having lived in that town all his life, he knew it very well.
2. Saying that he left the room.
3. A person bringing good news is always welcome.
III. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие сложные предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод условных предложений.
1. If it didn’t rain now, we would go to the country.
2. If we had booked tickets beforehand, we would not stand in a line now to get them.
3. We could go to the skating-rink, if it were not so cold.
IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык весь текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 1, 2 и 4.
What is a computer?
1. The term computer is used to describe a device made up of a combination of electronic and electromechanical (part electronic and part mechanical) puter has no intelligence by itself and is referred to as hardware. A computer system is a combination of five elements:
• Hardware
• Software
• People
• Procedures
• Data/information
2. When one computer system is set up to communicate with another computer system, connectivity becomes the sixth system element. In other words, the manner in which the various individual systems are connected — for example, by phone lines, microwave transmission, or satellite — is an element of the total computer system.
3. Software is the term used to describe the instructions that tell the hardware how to perform a task. Without software instructions, the hardware doesn't know what to do. People, however, are the most important component of the computer system: they create the computer software instructions and respond to the procedures that those instructions present.
4. The basic job of the computer is the processing of puters accept information in the form of instruction called a program and characters called data to perform mathematical and logical operations, and then give the results. The data is raw material while information is organized, processed, refined and useful for decision puter is used to convert data into puter is also used to store information in the digital form.
characters — символы
data — данные
decision — решение
device — устройство
hardware — оборудование
instruction — команда
intelligence — разум
manner — манера, способ
raw — необработанный, сырой
to come to life — оживать
to convert — превращать, преобразовывать
to evaluate — оценивать
to refer to as — называть что-либо
to refine — очищать
to respond — отвечать
transmission — передача
V. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы:
1) What does the term «computer» describe?
2) Is computer intelligent?
3) What are five components of computer system?
4) What is connectivity?
5) What is software? What's the difference between hardware and software?
6) Why are people the most important component of a computer system?
7) In what way terms «data» and «information» differ?
8) How does computer convert data into information?
Вариант 2
I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.
1. Many buildings were reported to have been damaged by the fire.
2. Many people are expected to attend the meeting.
3. Seeing her enter the room he rose to greet her.
4. She seems to know French well.
II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого причастных оборотов.
1. Having arranged everything, he went home by the 10.30 train.
2. Knowing nothing of the dangers we continued our way.
3. While skating yesterday he fell and hurt himself.
III. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие сложные предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод условных предложений.
1. If he had driven the car more carefully we would not have met with an accident.
2. But for your help, I wouldn’t have been able to finish the work yesterday.
3. If you lied to me now, I would never believe you in future.
IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык весь текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 1, 2, 5
Hardware
1. What is hardware? Webster's dictionary gives us the following definition of the hardware — the mechanical, magnetic, electronic, and electrical devices composing a computer system.
Computer hardware can be divided into four categories:
1) input hardware
2) processing hardware
3) storage hardware
4) output hardware. Input hardware
2. The purpose of the input hardware is to collect data and convert it into a form suitable for computer processing. The most common input device is a keyboard. It looks very much like a typewriter. The mouse is a hand held device connected to the computer by small cable. As the mouse is rolled across the mouse pad, the cursor moves across the screen. When the cursor reaches the desired location, the user usually pushes a button on the mouse once or twice to signal a menu selection or a command to the computer.
3. The light pen uses a light sensitive photoelectric cell to signal screen position to the computer. Another type of input hardware is optic-electronic scanner that I used to input graphics as well as typeset characters. Microphone and video camera can be also used to input data into the computer. Electronic cameras are becoming very popular among the consumers for their relatively low price and convenience.
4. The purpose of processing hardware is retrieve, interpret and direct the execution of software instructions provided to the computer. The most common components of processing hardware are the Central Processing Unit and main memory.
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the brain of the computer. It reads and interprets software instructions and coordinates the processing activities that must take place. The design of the CPU affects the processing power and the speed of the computer, as well as the amount of main memory it can use effectively. With a well-designed CPU in your computer, you can perform highly sophisticated tasks in a very short time.
5. Memory is the system of component of the computer in which information is stored. There are two types of computer memory: RAM and ROM.
RAM (random access memory) is the volatile computer memory, used for creating loading, and running programs and for manipulating and temporarily storing data;
ROM (read only memory) is nonvolatile, no modifiable computer memory, used to hold programmed instructions to the system.
The more memory you have in your computer, the more operations you can perform.
Пояснения к тексту:
capacity — вместительность
circuitry — эл. цепи
CPU, microprocessor — микропроцессор
hard disk — жесткий диск, «винчестер»
input hardware — устройства ввода данных
lap — колени
output hardware — выходные устройства отображения информации
processing hardware — устройства обработки данных
RAM — ОЗУ (оперативное запоминающее устройство)
ROM — ПЗУ (постоянное запоминающее устройство)
CD-ROM — накопитель на компакт-дисках (CD)
sensitive — чувствительный
sophisticated — сложный
storage hardware — устройства хранения данных
temporarily — временно
temporary — временный
the purpose — цель
tier — ярус
to affect — влиять
to convert — преобразовывать
to direct — управлять
to execute — выполнять
to interpret — переводить
to provide — обеспечивать
to reach — достигать
to retrieve — извлекать
to roll — катать, перекатывать
volatile — летучий, нестойкий, временный
V. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы:
1. What is the Webster's dictionary definition of the hardware?
2. What groups of hardware could be defined?
3. What is input hardware?
4. What are the examples of input hardware?
5. What is mouse designed for?
6. What is a light pen?
7. What is processing hardware?
8. What are the basic types of memory used in a PC?
Вариант 3
I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.
1. The delegation is reported to have left London.
2. This mine is considered to be the best in the district.
3. Hearing the bell ring he went to see who was at the door.
4. The house appears to have been built in the eighteenth century.
II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого причастных оборотов.
1. The ship now being unloaded by the workers will leave the port tomorrow morning.
2. The doctor, having felt his pulse and examined his wounds, declared that he was much better.
3. She showed the travelers into the room reserved for them.
III. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие сложные предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод условных предложений.
1. You wouldn’t have made this mistake, if you had taken notice of my words then.
2. If he were younger, I am sure, he would go camping too.
3. If he could ski, he wouldn’t have stayed in town, when we went to the woods.
IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык весь текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 1, 4, 5, 9
Hardware
1. The purpose of storage hardware is to store computer instructions and data in a form that is relatively permanent and retrieve when needed for processing. Storage hardware serves the same basic functions as do office filing systems except that it stores data as electromagnetic signals. The most common ways of storing data are Hard disk, floppy disk and CD-ROM.
2. Hard disk is a rigid disk coated with magnetic material, for storing programs and relatively large amounts of data.
3. Floppy disk (diskette) — thin, usually flexible plastic disk coated with magnetic material, for storing computer data and programs. There are two formats for floppy disks: 5.25" and 3.5". 5.25" is not used in modern computer systems because of it relatively large size, flexibility and small capacity. 3.5" disks are formatted 1.4 megabytes and are widely used.
4. CD-ROM (compact disc read only memory) is a compact disc on which a large amount of digitized read-only data can be stored. CD-ROMs are very popular now because of the growing speed which CD-ROM drives can provide nowadays.
5. The purpose of output hardware is to provide the user with the means to view information produced by the computer system. Information is output in either hardcopy or softcopy form. Hardcopy output can be held in your hand, such as paper with text (word or numbers) or graphics printed on it. Softcopy output is displayed on a monitor.
6. Monitor is a component with a display screen for viewing computer data, television programs, etc.
7. Printer is a computer output device that produces a paper copy of data or graphics.
8. Modem is an example of communication hardware — an electronic device that makes possible the transmission of data to or from computer via telephone or other communication lines.
9. Hardware comes in many configurations, depending on what the computer system is designed to do. Hardware can fill several floors of a large office building or can fit on your lap.
Пояснения к тексту:
capacity — вместительность
circuitry — эл. цепи
CPU, microprocessor — микропроцессор
hard disk — жесткий диск, «винчестер»
input hardware — устройства ввода данных
lap — колени
output hardware — выходные устройства отображения информации
processing hardware — устройства обработки данных
RAM — ОЗУ (оперативное запоминающее устройство)
ROM — ПЗУ (постоянное запоминающее устройство)
CD-ROM — накопитель на компакт-дисках (CD)
sensitive — чувствительный
sophisticated — сложный
storage hardware — устройства хранения данных
temporarily — временно
temporary — временный
the purpose — цель
tier — ярус
to affect — влиять
to convert — преобразовывать
to direct — управлять
to execute — выполнять
to interpret — переводить
to provide — обеспечивать
to reach — достигать
to retrieve — извлекать
to roll — катать, перекатывать
volatile — летучий, нестойкий, временный
V. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы:
1. What is storage hardware?
2. What is CD-ROM used for?
3. Can a user record his or her data on a CD?
4. What kind of storage hardware can contain more information: CD - ROM, RAM or ROM?
5. What is modem used for?
6. Can PC-user communicate with other people without a modem?
7. What is the purpose of storage hardware?
8. What are the most common ways of storing data?
Вариант 4
I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.
1. The ship was reported to have arrived in Odessa.
2. The expedition is said to have reached Vladivostok.
3. I don’t like you to say such things.
4. He seemed to know the subject well.
II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого причастных оборотов.
1. Having been well prepared for the examination, the student could answer all the questions the teacher asked him.
2. He left the room seen by no one.
3. When writing a telegram we must use as few words as possible.
III. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие сложные предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод условных предложений.
1. We could go to the skating-rink, if it were not cold now.
2. If it hadn’t been so cold yesterday, we might have gone to the skating-rink.
3. If I were you, I would have told him the truth long ago.
IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык весь текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 1, 2, 4
Software
1. A computer to complete a job requires more than just the actual equipment or hardware we see and touch. It requires Software — programs for directing the operation of a computer or electronic data.
2. Software is the final computer system component. These computer programs instruct the hardware how to conduct processing. The computer is merely a general-purpose machine which requires specific software to perform a given puters can input, calculate, compare, and output data as information. Software determines the order in which these operations are performed.
3. Programs usually fall in one of two categories: system software and applications software.
4. System software controls standard internal computer activities. An operating system, for example, is a collection of system programs that aid in the operation of a computer regardless of the application software being used. When a computer is first turned on, one of the system programs is booted or loaded into the computers memory. This software contains information about memory capacity, the model of the processor, the disk drives to be used, and more. Once the system software is loaded, the applications software can be brought in.
5. System programs are designed for the specific pieces of hardware. These programs are called drivers and coordinate peripheral hardware and computer activities. User needs to install a specific driver in order to activate a peripheral device. For example, if you intend to buy a printer or a scanner you need to worry in advance about the driver program which, though, commonly goes along with your installing the driver you «teach» your mainboard to «understand» the newly attached part. However, in modern computer systems the drivers are usually installed in the operating system.
6. Applications software satisfies your specific need. The developers of application software rely mostly on marketing research strategies trying to do their best to attract more users (buyers) to their software. As the productivity of the hardware has increased greatly in recent years, the programmers nowadays tend to include as much as possible in one program to make software interface look more attractive to the user. These class of programs is the most numerous and perspective from the marketing point of view.
7. Data communication within and between computers systems is handled by system munications software transfers data from one computer system to another. These programs usually provide users with data security and error checking along with physically transferring data between the two computer's memories. During the past five years the developing electronic network communication has stimulated more and more companies to produce various communication software, such as Web-Browsers for Internet.
Пояснения к тексту:
to attach - присоединять
to check - проверять
control - управление
to direct - управлять, руководить
developer - разработчик
general-purpose - общего назначения
to handle - управлять, обращаться с
internal - внутренний
to provide with - обеспечивать чем-либо
mainboard - материнская плата
to require - требовать
peripheral - периферийный
to transfer - переводить, переносить
regard - отношение
regardless - несмотря на, безотносительно
Web-browser - «браузер»
security - безопасность
specific - конкретный, определенный
to boot - загружать
V. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы:
1. What is software?
2. In what two basic groups software (programs) could be divided?
3. What is system software for?
4. What is an operating system — a system software or application software?
5. What is a «driver»?
6. What is application software used for?
7. What is the tendency in application software market in the recent years?
8. What is the application of the communication software?
Вариант 5
I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.
1. He is known to have a large collection of pictures.
2. The weather can be expected to improve soon.
3. Put on a thicker coat, I don’t want you to catch cold.
4. The play seems to have made a deep impression on him.
II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого причастных оборотов.
1. Being checked with great care, the report didn’t contain any errors.
2. While learning the pronunciation of the words we learned their meaning.
3. The leaves lying on the ground reminded us of autumn.
III. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие сложные предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод условных предложений.
1. If I were you, I would ring him up myself.
2. If you gave me the article tomorrow, I would give it back to you on Saturday.
3. If he hadn’t announced his decision to go away last week, he would stay with us.
IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык весь текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 1, 2, 5, 9.
OPERATING SYSTEMS
1. When computers were first introduced in the 1940's and 50's, every program written had to provide instructions that told the computer how to use devices such as the printer, how to store information on a disk, as well as how to perform several other tasks not necessarily related to the program. The additional program instructions for working with hardware devices were very complex and time-consuming. Programmers soon realized it would be smarter to develop one program that could control the computer's hardware, which others programs could have used when they needed it. They created the first operating system.
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