Английский язык в профессиональной сфере (стр. 5 )

Resolving conflicts between workers is also a leadership task. Good managers lead by example. This is especially important when leading a team. Showing respect to others, honesty, loyalty, courtesy, and a strong work ethic can have a positive effect on employees. Managers who show motivation, initiative, cooperation, and punctuality demonstrate to employees the importance of each person’s contribution.

Controlling

Controlling involves measuring how the business performs to ensure that financial and operational goals are met. Controlling the operation means keeping the company on track and making sure goals are met. Managers keep track of the budget, the schedule, and the quality of the products or services they provide.

They also monitor their employees and review their performance according to standards. Taking corrective action when goals are not met is another management task. Controlling also involves monitoring customer satisfaction. Your marketing manager can measure the success of your comic book by studying sales figures and reviews. You might find out your comic book sold well in certain parts of the country but sold poorly in others. If you comic book is more popular with adults than children, you might want to develop a new marketing plan.

A challenge for many managers, especially in small businesses, is dealing with multiple objectives, each at a different functional level. For example, suppose your company’s manager discusses plans to produce a new comic book with the marketing and production teams. The manager directs the marketing team to research the national and global markets for comic books. The manager also tells the production team to prepare to produce the new product.

Vocabulary

to create – создавать; порождать, производить

to hire – нанимать

to train – обучать

to fire – увольнять с работы (с должности)

tool – инструмент; оборудование; орудие, средство

to require – требовать

to fulfill – выполнять; делать, исполнять, осуществлять, совершать

to inspire – воодушевлять, вдохновлять

to set a standard – устанавливать критерий / норму

to enforce – осуществлять, приводить в исполнение

to provide feedback – обеспечивать обратную связь

contribution – вклад, взнос

to keep track of smth. – следить за чем-л.

performance – выполнение; работа; производительность; показатель деятельности

customer – клиент, потребитель

team – команда, группа

1. Write the transcription of the words and train their pronunciation.

create strategy equipment require

guide guidance inspire enforce

policy contribution ensure budget

quality schedule measure discuss

2. Form derivatives of the following words and translate them into Russian. Memorize the words and use one from each group in a sentence of your own.

Example: different (различный, разный, другой, иной) → difference (разница, отличие, различие) → to differ (отличаться, различаться) → differential (разница в оплате труда) → differently (по-другому, иначе; различно, по-разному) → differentia (отличительное свойство, отличительный признак вида или класса) → differentiate (различать, проводить различия; дифференцировать)

to create, orderly, functional, to train, guidance, fulfill, to inspire, respect, to measure, to contribute.

plete the table.

Verb	Noun
to cooperate	cooperation
to focus
	training
to guide
to solve
	creature
	initiative
to delegate
	inspiration
to monitor
to accomplish
	coordination
to discuss
	enforcement
to research
	development
to require
	motivation
	success
to manage

4. Translate the following words and word combinations.

1) осуществлять кадровое обеспечение; 2) достигать требуемых показателей; 3) определять (вычислять) количество необходимых ресурсов; 4) принимать на работу и обучать работников; 5) финансовые и производственные показатели; 6) эффективно выполнять свои обязанности; 7) определять (устанавливать) стандарты; 8) делегировать (передавать) полномочия; 9) демонстрировать мотивацию; 10) инициатива; 11) изучать информацию о сбыте (данные о сбыте, торговую статистику); 12) совершенствовать маркетинговое планирование (план по сбыту продукции); 13) функциональный уровень; 14) изучать внутренний и внешний рынки; 15) готовить к выпуску новый продукт.

5. Fill in prepositions or particle to where necessary and translate the sentences into Russian.

1.  Most managers carry … four different functions … management: planning, organizing and staffing, leading, and controlling.

2.  Some managers may primarily focus … one or two … them.

3.  Planning involves figuring … the resources.

4.  Managers are responsible … making sure employees have all the tools they need … do their jobs well.

5.  Good management also requires … good leadership

6.  You have … create a vision … the company … inspire your employees.

7.  Managers also have … delegate … work.

8.  A challenge … many managers, especially … small businesses, is dealing … multiple objectives, each … a different functional level.

6. Read the text again and answer the questions on it.

1.  How many functions do managers carry out? What are they?

2.  What does planning involve?

3.  What does a manager do while carrying out his organizing function?

4.  What types of activities does leading involve?

5.  What is the function of controlling?

7. The word motivation (syn.: incentive, motive) has the following equivalents in Russian: стимулирующий фактор, мотив, стимул (то, что побуждает человека к действию).

а) Match the phrases from column A with their Russian equivalents in column B.

A B

1.  to keep up motivation а. интенсивность мотивации

2.  human motivation b. мотивация кнута и пряника

(использование системы по-

ощрений и наказаний для

мотивации сотрудников)

3.  source of motivation c. внутренняя мотивация

4.  secondary motivation d. внешняя мотивация

5.  primary motivation e. источник мотивации

6.  intrinsic (internal) motivation f. поддерживать мотивацию

7.  personal motivation g. структура мотивации

8.  motivation intensity h. вторичная мотивация

9.  employee motivation i. человеческая мотивация

10.  team motivation j. личностная мотивация,

личный мотив, мотив личного

характера

11.  carrot and stick motivation k. первичная мотивация

12.  motivation pattern l. стимулирование группы

(команды, коллектива)

13.  extrinsic (external) motivation m. мотивация работников (труда)

б) Use seven word combinations from column A in sentences of your own.

Example: People who are intrinsically motivated work on tasks because they find them enjoyable.

8. The word planning has the following equivalents in Russian: планирование, проектирование, составление плана (проекта, программы); разработка планов деятельности организации (одна из функций менеджмента).

а) Match the phrases from column A with their Russian equivalents in column B.

А В

1.  planning of objectives a. группа планирования

2.  planning authority b. планирование прибыли

3.  planning process c. последовательность

планирования

4.  planning committee d. планирование целей

5.  business planning e. этап планирования

6.  planning group f. планирование в изме-

няющихся условиях

7.  planning of profit g. процесс планирования

8.  planning sequence h. система планирования

9.  planning stage i. область планирования

10.  production planning j. специалист по плани-

рованию

11.  planning analyst k. органы планирования

12.  planning under uncertainty l. комитет по планированию

13.  planning under dynamic m. функция планирования

conditions

14.  planning cycle n. плановые расчеты

15.  planning area o. процесс планирования

16.  planning system p. планирование в условиях

неопределенности

17.  planning estimates q. допущение ошибок в

планировании

18.  planning function r. цикл планирования

19.  planning flow s. планирование производства

20.  inaccurate planning t. бизнес-планирование

(составление бизнес-плана)

б) Use ten word combinations from column A in sentences of your own.

9. Fill in the table with major functions of management given in the box.

to influence employees, to motivate, to evaluate performance, to coordinate resources, to set objectives, to solve problems, to set standards of work, to obtain resources, to guide people, to resolve conflicts, to make long-term plans, to monitor customer satisfaction, to cut the staffing, to show respect to others, accurate planning, carrot and stick motivation, to review performance, to delegate work, to inspire employees

Planning	Organizing and Staffing	Leading	Controlling
		to show respect to others

10. Make up a dialogue discussing the functions of management and their significance.

UNIT 3. PUBLIC MANAGEMENT

Forms of Business Organization

Sole Proprietorship

There are three principal forms of business organization: the sole proprietorship, the partnership, and the corporation.

The simplest form of business organization is the sole proprietor­ship, which is owned by one person. Many small businesses start out as sole proprietorships. The owner has relatively unlimited control over the business and keeps all the profits. These firms are usually owned by one person who has day-to-day responsibility for running the business. Sole proprietors own all the assets of the business and the profits gener­ated by it. They also have complete responsibility for any of its liabili­ties or debts. In case of breach of contract the business property and personal assets of the owner may be taken to pay judgments for dam­ages awarded by courts.

Sole proprietorships are the most numerous form of business orga­nization. No charter and permit are needed and there are no particular legal requirements for organizing or conducting a sole proprietorship. When started, many sole proprietorships are conducted out of the owner's home, garage, or van and inventory may be limited and may of­ten be purchased on credit.

Advantages of a sole proprietorship

1.  Easiest and least expensive form of ownership to organize.

2.  Sole proprietors are in complete control of business, and within the law, may make any decisions.

3.  Sole proprietors receive all income from the business to keep or reinvest.

4.  Profits from the business flow-through directly to the owner's personal tax return.

5. The business is easy to dissolve, if desired.

Disadvantages of a sole proprietorship

1. Sole proprietors have unlimited liability and are legally respon­sible for all debts against the business. Their business and personal as­sets are at risk.

2.  Sole proprietors may be at a disadvantage in raising funds and are often limited to using funds from personal savings.

3.  Sole proprietors may have a hard time attracting high-caliber employees, or those that are motivated by the opportunity to own a part of the business.

Main Features of a Sole Proprietorship:

(+) Easy to organize

(+) Owner has complete control

(+) Owner receives all income

(-) Owner has unlimited liability

(-) Benefits are not business deductions

Vocabulary

feature – особенность

sole proprietorship – единоличное владение бизнесом

owner – владелец; собственник, хозяин

unlimited liability – неограниченная ответственность

income – доход

benefit – выгода, прибыль

deductions – отчисления

advantage – преимущество

disadvantage – неудобство, недостаток

to run a business – вести дело, управлять предпри­ятием

within the law assets – в рамках закона

liabilities – средства, фонды, авуары, имуще­ство

debt [det] – долги, денежные обязательства, долг

breach of contract – нарушение контракта

to start out – начинать профессиональную деятельность

legal requirements – законные ограничения

inventory – материально-производственные запасы

charter – документ, разрешающий созда­ние компании

permit – разрешение

to raise funds – привлекать фонды, мобилизо­вать средства

personal tax return – личная налоговая декларация

1. Answer the questions on the text.

1. What are the three principal forms of business organization?

2. What is a sole proprietorship?

3. What are the advantages of sole proprietor­ship?

4. What are the disadvantages of sole proprietorship?

5. What are the main positive and negative features of a sole proprietorship?

2. Read and translate the following sentences. Make them active, adding a subject if necessary.

1. The sole proprietor­ship is owned by one person.

2. In case of breach of contract the business property and personal assets of the owner may be taken to pay judgments for dam­ages awarded by courts.

3. No charter and permit are needed.

4.  Sole proprietors are often limited to using funds from personal savings.

5.  Employees are motivated by the opportunity to own a part of the business.

6.  Many sole proprietorships are conducted out of the owner's home, garage, or van.

7.  Inventory may be limited and may of­ten be purchased on credit.

3. Read and translate. Make the following sentences passive.

1. Many small businesses start out as sole proprietorships.

2. The owner keeps all the profits of the business.

3. Sole proprietors own all the assets of the business and the profits gener­ated by it.

4. Sole proprietor, and within the law, may make any decisions.

5.  Sole proprietors receive all income from the business to keep or reinvest.

6.  The business is easy to dissolve.

4. Fill in the appropriate words given below. Translate.

Sole proprietorship, employer identification number, seizing, breach of contract, insurance, limited liability corporation, personal Social Security number, liability, business, employees, ends, the Internal Revenue Service, incorporation

A … is the easiest form of … to begin by a single *****les for sole proprietorships do not permit …. Because the business is unincorporated and also is not a..., the personal assets of the sole proprietor and the business assets are one and the same for … purposes. Adequate … or other protection is important because claims against the business could result in … of a home. Another remedy for … can be "damages" or compensation of money. Sole proprietors must file various tax forms with … and pay any taxes due. The sole proprietor does not file taxes under an … like other businesses do but rather under his …. Death is an area where a sole proprietorship may be definition, a sole proprietorship … with the proprietor's death. The business is sold to a new owner or is reorganized into another form, such as ….

5. Translate the following text into English.

Индивидуальное предприятие – наиболее простая форма ведения бизнеса в США. Под данной формой, как правило, подразумевается именно предприятие одного владельца. Основной недостаток этой формы предприятия – неограниченная ответственность учредителя, который отвечает за долги предприятия всем своим имуществом. Компания налогами не облагается. Налоги уплачивает учредитель согласно действующим ставкам. Все доходы индивидуального предприятия автоматически считаются доходами его владельца. В случае смерти или недееспособности владельца происходит автоматическое закрытие компании.

6. Read the text once more and write a short essay on: Sole Proprietorships, their advantages and disadvantages, using some additional information.

Partnership

In a partnership, two or more people share ownership of a single business. Like proprietorships, the law does not distinguish between the business and its owners. The partners should have a legal agree­ment that sets forth how decisions will be made, profits will be shared, disputes will be resolved, how future partners will be admitted to the partnership, how partners can be bought out, or what steps will be taken to dissolve the partnership when needed.

Many partnerships split up at crisis times. They also must decide up front how much time and capital each will contribute, etc.

Advantages of a partnership

1.  Partnerships are relatively easy to establish; however partners should develop the partnership agreement.

2.  With more than one owner, the ability to raise funds may be in­creased.

3.  The profits from the business flow directly through to the part­ners' personal tax returns.

4.  Prospective employees may be attracted to the business if given the incentive to become a partner.

5. The business usually will benefit from partners who have complementary work skills.

Disadvantages of a partnership

1. Partners are jointly and individually liable for the actions of the other partners.

2.  Profits must be shared with others.

3.  Since decisions are shared, disagreements can occur.

4.  The partnership may have a limited life; it may end upon the withdrawal or death of a partner. There exist different types of partnerships:

1.  General partnership

Partners divide responsibility for management and liability, as well as the shares of profit or loss according to their internal agreement. Equal shares are assumed unless there is a written agreement that states differently.

2.  Limited partnership and partnership with limited liability "Limited" means that most of the partners have limited liability (to the extent of their investment) as well as limited management decisions, which generally encourages investors for short term pro­jects, or for investing in capital assets. This form of ownership is not often used for operating retail or service businesses. Forming a lim­ited partnership is more complex and formal than that of a general partnership.

3.  Joint venture

Joint venture acts like a general partnership, but it is formed for a limited period of time or a single project. If the partners in a joint ven­ture repeat the activity, they will be recognized as a continuing part­nership and distribute accumulated partnership assets upon dissolution of the entity.

Main Features of a partnership:

(+) Easy to organize, but needs agreement

(+) Partners receive all income

(-) Partners have unlimited liability

(-) Partners may disagree

(-) Life of business may be limited

Vocabulary

partnership – товарищество, партнерство (некорпорированная фирма, кото­рой владеют и которой управля­ют два лица или более)

general partnership – компания с неограниченной ответственностью

limited partnership – товарищество с ограниченной ответственностью

to distinguish – различать, проводить различие

to set forth – излагать, формулировать

legal agreement – юридическое соглашение

complementary – добавочный, дополнительный

capital assets – 1) основные фонды (машины, здания, сооружения, оборудова­ние и т. п.); 2) оборотные сред­ства

retail – розничная продажа

to the extent of – до размера, в пределах

share – доля, часть; квота; акция

withdrawal – уход

joint venture – совместное предприятие

to dissolve the partnership – аннулировать, расторгать партнерство

dissolution of the entity – ликвидация экономического объекта

1 . Answer the questions on the text:

1.  What is a partnership?

2.  What is the difference between the limited partnership and general partnership?

3.  What are the advantages of partnership?

4.  What are the disadvantages of partnership?

5.  What is a joint venture?

6.  What should partners have to be able to run their business?

2. Guess what is meant by the following:

1. A negotiated and typically legally binding arrangement between parties as to a course of action.

2. A business or firm owned and run by two or more partners.

3. Property owned by a person or company that is purchased for long-term use and is not likely to be converted quickly into cash, such as land, buildings, and equipment.

4. An association of persons who are all personally liable for any legal actions and debts the company may face.

5. The maximum amount a person participating in a business can lose or be charged in case of claims against the company or its bankruptcy.

6. An association of two or more individuals or companies engaged in a solitary business enterprise for profit without actual partnership or incorporation.

7. A thing that motivates or encourages one to do something.

8. A special type of partnership which is very common when people need funding for a business, or when they are putting together an investment in a real estate development.

9. The sale of goods to the public in relatively small quantities for use or consumption rather than for resale.

10. One of the equal parts into which a company's capital is divided, entitling the holder to a proportion of the profits.

11. The closing down or dismissal of an assembly, partnership, or official body.

3. Find in the text sentences containing the following Participles and translate them into Russian in writing.

1. … employees … if given the incentive…

2. … a written agreement…

3. …limited management decisions …

4. … a continuing partnership…

5. …accumulated partnership assets …

4. Translate the phrases into English and compose sentences with them.

1. решения, принимаемые партнерами; партнеры, принимающие решения;

2. доходы, распределяемые между собственниками; собственники, разделяющие ответственность;

3. меры, предпринимаемые партнерами; партнеры, предпринимающие меры;

4. сотрудники, привлекаемые в бизнес; бизнес, привлекающий сотрудников;

5. ограниченная ответственность; письменный договор, ограничивающий ответственность;

6. накопленные средства; партнеры, накапливающие средства.

5. Fill in with the appropriate words given below. Translate.

Partnership, investments, business, equal responsibility, debts and liabilities, general partners, share, management, tax payments, debts, limited partners, profits and losses, income taxes, income and deductions, individual tax return

A … is a type of unincorporated business organization in which multiple individuals, called …, manage the … and are equally liable for its…. Other individuals, called …, may invest but not be directly involved in … and are liable only to the extent of their …. Unlike a Limited Liability Company or a corporation, in a partnership each partner shares … for the company's …, and its …. The partnership itself does not pay …, but each partner has to report their … of business profits or losses on their …. Estimated … are also necessary for each of the partners for the year in progress. Partnerships must file a return on Form 1065 showing …. Estimated tax payments are also required if they expect their income to be greater than $1,000.

6. Translate the following text into English.

Товарищество – это организационно-правовая форма, при которой бизнесом владеют два или более партнеров. При этом предприятие находится в общей долевой собственности владельцев. Доля каждого определяется исходя из размера его вклада в уставный фонд предприятия, размер которого собственники определяют самостоятельно, но не ниже минимума, установленного законом. Отличительной чертой товарищества с ограниченной ответственностью является то, что в отличие от частного предприятия владельцы по долгам своего предприятия отвечают только своей долей вклада. Личное имущество остается неприкосновенным. При смешанном товариществе партнеры (учредители) делятся на действительных членов и членов-вкладчиков. При этом первые несут ответственность перед предприятием всем своим имуществом, а вторые – только в пределах вклада, имея разные возможности в управлении. Важно отметить, что товарищество является оптимальной формой для многих видов бизнеса, особенно для тех, которые требуют такой начальный капитал, который одному владельцу не собрать или не занять.

7. Read the text once more and write a short essay on: Partnerships, their types, their advantages and disadvantages, using some additional information.

Corporation

A corporation is chartered by the state in which it has headquar­ters. It is considered by law to be a unique entity, separate and apart from those who own it. A corporation can be taxed; it can be sued; it can enter into contractual agreements. The owners of a corporation are its shareholders. The shareholders elect a board of directors to oversee the major policies and decisions. The corporation has a life of its own and does not dissolve when ownership changes.

Advantages of a Corporation

1.  Shareholders have limited liability for the corporation's debts or judgments against the corporations.

2.  Generally, shareholders can only be held accountable for their investment in stock of the company. (Note however, that offi­cers can be held personally liable for their actions, such as the failure to withhold and pay employment taxes.)

3.  Corporations can raise additional funds through the sale of stock.

Disadvantages of a Corporation

1.  The process of incorporation requires more time and money than other forms of organization.

2.  Corporations are monitored by federal, state and some local agencies, and as a result may have more paperwork to comply with regulations.

3.  Incorporating may result in higher overall taxes. Dividends paid to shareholders are not deductible form business income, thus this income can be taxed twice.

Main features a Corporation:

(+) Shareholders have limited liability

(+) Can raise funds through sale of stock

(+) Life of business is unlimited (continuity of life)

(-) To incorporate a firm takes time and money

(-) May result in higher overall taxes

Vocabulary

incorporation – 1) объединение, корпорация;

2) регистрация корпораций

entity – организация

headquarters – главное правление (фирмы)

to be sued – преследоваться в судебном по­рядке

shareholders – акционеры, пайщики, владельцы акций

stock – акции

contractual agreement – контракт, договор

to oversee – наблюдать, следить