Английский язык в профессиональной сфере (стр. 1 )

-Ким

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

В ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОЙ СФЕРЕ

Учебное пособие

Чита 2012

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение

высшего профессионального образования

«Забайкальский государственный университет»

(ФГБОУ ВПО «ЗабГУ»)

-Ким

Английский язык в профессиональной сфере

Учебное пособие для студентов 1 – 2 курсов

направлений 081100 – Государственное и муниципальное управление, 080100 – Экономика (финансы и кредит), 080200 – Менеджмент

Чита

РИК ЗабГУ

2012

УДК 80

ББК 81.2Англ я7

ББК Ш13(Англ)я7

Л 613

Рецензенты:

1) к. филол. н., ст. преподаватель кафедры иностранных языков ЗабГГПУ им.

2) к. философ. н., доцент кафедры «Гуманитарные науки» ЗабИЖТ ИрГУПС

Липка-Ким язык в профессиональной сфере: учеб. пособие / -Ким, , . – Чита: ЗабГУ, 2012. – 148 с.

В учебном пособии представлены профессионально ориентированные аутентичные тексты с системой упражнений и заданий, направленных на формирование компетенций, необходимых для эффективной профессионально-коммуникативной деятельности менеджеров и экономистов.

Учебное пособие предназначено для студентов 1 - 2 курсов направлений 081100 – Государственное и муниципальное управление, 080100 – Экономика (финансы и кредит), 080200 – Менеджмент.

УДК 80

ББК 81.2Англ я7

ББК Ш13(Англ)я7

Л 613

Утверждено и рекомендовано к изданию решением редакционно-издательского совета ЗабГУ.

Ответственный за выпуск , зав. кафедрой регионоведения Северной Америки

© Забайкальский государственный университет, 2012

© Липка-, , 2012

ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ

Данное учебное пособие предназначено для студентов 1 – 2 курсов направлений 081100 – Государственное и муниципальное управление, 080100 – Экономика (финансы и кредит), 080200 – Менеджмент, а также широкого круга лиц, интересующихся экономикой и управлением и стремящихся усовершенствовать владение английским языком в данных сферах.

Учебное пособие разработано в соответствии с Федеральным государственным образовательным стандартом по направлениям подготовки 081100 – Государственное и муниципальное управление, 080100 – Экономика (финансы и кредит), 080200 – Менеджмент, и может применяться как на практических занятиях по иностранному языку, так и для самостоятельной работы.

Учебное пособие состоит из трех разделов: «Финансы», «Менеджмент», «Государственное управление». В них включены основные темы, составляющие содержание профессиональной деятельности специалистов в области управления и экономики. Каждый раздел включает 7 – 8 тем, которые, в свою очередь содержат следующие постоянные части: профессионально ориентированные тексты по теме, послетекстовые упражнения и задания.

Упражнения и задания направлены на развитие и совершенствование навыков и умений работы с текстом, обсуждение профессионально значимых вопросов, изучение и закрепление лексики (соотнесение лексических единиц с их синонимами, определение значения лексической единицы, овладение правилами образования и сочетания слов, выбор и употребление лексической единицы), повторение и закрепление грамматики (поиск и анализ грамматических явлений, выбор и применение грамматических норм).

UNIT 1. FINANCE

What is Finance?

Finance is the science of funds management. The general areas of finance are business finance, personal finance, and public finance. Finance includes saving money and often includes lending money. The field of finance deals with the concepts of time, money, risk and how they are interrelated. It also deals with how money is spent and budgeted.

One facet of finance is through individuals and business organizations, which deposit money in a bank. The bank then lends the money out to other individuals or corporations for consumption or investment and charges interest on the loans.

Loans have become increasingly packaged for resale, meaning that an investor buys the loan (debt) from a bank or directly from a corporation. Bonds are debt instruments sold to investors for organizations such as companies, governments or charities. The investor can then hold the debt and collect the interest or sell the debt on a secondary market. Banks are the main facilitators of funding through the provision of credit, although private equity, mutual funds, hedge funds, and other organizations have become important as they invest in various forms of debt. Financial assets, known as investments, are financially managed with careful attention to financial risk management to control financial risk. Financial instruments allow many forms of securitized assets to be traded on securities exchanges such as stock exchanges, including debt such as bonds as well as equity in publicly traded corporations.

Vocabulary

funds management – управление фондами

public finance – государственные финансы

to interrelate – находиться во взаимосвязи

to budget – ассигновать, выделять денежные средства

aspect – аспект, сторона, разновидность

to charge – назначать цену

to package for resale – оформлять для перепродажи

bonds – облигации, ценные бумаги

debt instruments – долговые обязательства

secondary market – вторичный рынок

facilitator - координатор

funding – финансирование, выделение средств

provision – обеспечение, предоставление

private equity – прямое частное инвестирование,

mutual funds – взаимный фонд, инвестиционный фонд открытого типа

hedge funds – фонд использующий технику хеджирование

financial risk management – управление финансовыми рисками

financial instruments – финансовые документы

securitized - секьюритизированный

assets – активы, фонды, капитал

securities - ценные бумаги

securities exchange – фондовая биржа

stock exchange – акционерный рынок

financially – в финансовом отношении

debt – долговое обязательство

equity – акция, доля акционера в капитале предприятия

publicly traded corporation – открытое акционерное общество

1. Write the transcription of the words and train their pronunciation.

science fund general public field hedge

interrelate consumption charge increasingly package securitized

resale provision facilitator equity mutual exchange

2. Work with the following groups of words. Define their part of speech and translate. Point out prefixes and suffixes. Memorize the words and use them in the sentences of your own.

1.  Science, scientist, scientific.

2.  To consume, consumer, consumption.

3.  To increase, increasing, increasingly.

4.  To sale, sale, resale, salesman, saleslady.

5.  To provide, provision, provider.

6.  To change, exchange, changeable.

3. Translate the following nouns and write their plural form.

Science, fund, finance, business, company, facilitator, equity, security.

4. Translate these sentences. Define the tense form of the pile special questions to the underlined words.

1.  The general areas of finance are business finance, personal finance, and public finance.

2.  Finance includes saving money and often includes lending money.

3.  Loans have become increasingly packaged for resale.

4.  The investor can then hold the debt and collect the interest.

5.  Financial instruments allowed many forms of securitized assets to be traded on securities exchanges.

6.  Banks became the main facilitators of funding through the provision of credit.

7.  The bank lends money out to individuals or corporations for consumption or investment and charges interest on the loans.

5. Write degrees of comparisons of the following adjectives using the words much, less, the most, the least. Use them in the sentences of your own.

General, personal, careful, important, expensive, profitable, successful.

6. Explain these words and word combinations in English:

finance, to save money, to lend money, investor, bonds, to invest money, financial instrument.

7. Answer the questions on the text.

1.  What is finance?

2.  What are the general areas of finance?

3.  What does finance include?

4.  What are the concepts the field of finance deals with?

5.  Who are the participants of financial process?

6.  What does each of them do?

7.  What does the resale of loans mean?

8.  What are bonds? What can investors do with bonds?

9.  How do banks facilitate funding?

10.  What other facilitators appeared and why have they become important?

11.  Why should financial assets be managed carefully?

12.  Where can securitized assets be traded?

Personal Finances

Many people regard financial security as the most important thing in family finances. This is not the same thing as being rich. It means being freed from the need to think about money, living within your means. For day-to-day living you need ready cash but you also need a bit in reserve for a rainy day. The first thing to think about is your cur­rent account and how much is in it. Credit cards can be a helpful way of handling unexpected expenses, but credit is always costly, and of course it's just another form of debt.

For some people, the English and the Americans, however, living on credit is a normal way of life. They believe that credit enables them to enjoy the use of goods and services before they have fully paid for them. Such people are not afraid to use consumer credit (credit from suppliers, hire purchase and loans from banks) because they have an income. If they want to buy a house they almost always borrow the money in the form of a mortgage from a building society or a mortgage bank. They pay for expensive things in installments by means of a hire purchase plan.

People earn money in different ways. First of all they get an income from employment, then from keeping money in a saving account with a bank, from renting property, and from investing in shares in the stock market.

People who are paid by the hour get wages. People who are paid on an annual basis get salaries and people, paid for a particular service, get fees.

The worst-off people are the unemployed and the homeless.

For those living at a subsistence level, even buying essentials is a strug­gle. People on low incomes sometimes take out loans, borrow money from banks. Very often they are unable to cope with repayments and in­terest on loans. Banks are not willing to lend money to such people.

Vocabulary

finance - финансовое дело, финансы

consumer credit - потребительский

to regard — считать кредит

financial security - финансовая обеспечение

to borrow — занимать, заимствовать

mortgage — закладная

to be freed from — быть свободным от чего-либо

building society — строительное общество

means — средство, способ

to pay in installments — платить в рассрочку

to live within smb's means — жить по средствам

hire purchase — покупка или продажа в рассрочку

employment — работа, занятость

in reserve — в запасе

saving account — сберегательный счет

current account — текущий счет

to rent — сдавать в аренду

credit card — кредитная карта

property — собственность

to handle — обращаться с чём-л., с кем-л.

share — акция

stock market — рынок акционерного капитала

debt — долг

on credit — в кредит

wages — заработная плата

annual basis - годичная основа

essentials - предметы первой необходимости

salary — жалованье, оклад

fee - гонорар

to соре with - справиться

worst-off - находящийся в худшем положении

repayment - погашение (долга)

interest on loan - ссудный процент

subsistence level - прожиточный минимум

to lend (lent, lent) - давать взаймы

1. Write the transcription and train the pronunciation of the following words. Memorize them.

current unexpected subsistence

reserve expenses essentials

financial expensive consumer

supplier mortgage annual

finances debt account

service purchase employment

security society loan

2. Transform the following sentences into negative and translate them

1.  It means being freed from the need to think about money.

2.  Credit cards can be a helpful way of handling unexpected expenses.

3.  They pay for expensive things in installments by means of a hire purchase plan.

4.  The worst-off people are the unemployed and homeless.

5.  He always borrows the money in the form of a mortgage from a mortgage bank.

6.  He is now studying international banking and public finance.

7.  The college was closed due to lack of finance.

8.  Personal finances are how much money you have.

9.  My finances are in a bad way now.

10.  The present state of the country's finances is quite good.

3. Transform the following sentences into special questions and translate them

1.  Financial security is the most important thing in the family finances.

2.  Everybody needs ready cash and a bit in reserve for a rainy day.

3.  Credit is always costly.

4.  Many people live on credit.

5.  Students must be taught how to handle their finances.

6.  Some people are afraid to use consumer credit.

7.  People earn money in different ways.

8.  Sometimes people are unable to cope with repayments.

4. Guess what word is meant

1.  Money used to run a business, an activity or a project

2.  Having a lot of money or property

3.  Money in the form of coins or notes

4.  Available to be used in the future or when needed

5.  Money that you spend

6.  A sum of money that somebody owes

7.  To make it possible for somebody to do something

8.  Something that you have bought

9.  Regular amount of money that a person earns, usually every week

10.  Something that is needed in a particular situation or in order to do a particular thing

5. Explain the meaning of the following words:

salary, the homeless, fee, the unemployed, to lend, to borrow, loan.

6. Answer the questions

1.  Do you study Finance at your university?

2.  Is finance one of your favorite subjects?

3.  Are you going to major in finance?

4.  Do you regard financial security as the most important thing in family finances?

5.  Do you know how to handle your finances?

6.  Do you live within your means? Do you sometimes have to borrow mon­ey?

7.  Do you have the means to buy things you need?

8.  Do you agree that testing is the usual means by which students' progress is measured?

9.  Do small businesses have the means to develop and grow fast?

10.  Do many people in Russia have bank accounts now?

11.  What accounts are most popular?

12.  Do you think it is easy to open a bank account?

13.  Is it convenient to have a bank account?

14.  Does a current account pay an interest? What about a saving account?

15.  Is the idea of "living on credit" popular in Russia?

16.  Is consumer credit used by the general public in Russia?

17.  What purchases can be financed by consumer credit? How?

7. Translate into English.

1.  Он получает доход от своей работы.

2.  Вы получаете доход от средств, которые вы держите в банке?

3.  Он не получает доход от сдачи в аренду своей собственности.

4.  Дает ли вам доход вложение средств в акции?

8. Develop the following ideas. Make use of the words from the text.

1.  People earn money in different ways.

2.  The worst-off people are the unemployed, the homeless, and people liv­ing at a subsistence level.

9. Read the text and fill each gap with a suitable word from the list: sold, pension, costs, poverty, invested, contrast, on credit, unemployment, income.

Do you agree that there is a contrast between wealth and poverty in many countries of the world?

Our way of life is closely linked to our economic circumstances. In my retirement, I really have a very good life. When I retired I... my big house and bought a very small cottage. I... the money in securities and that gives me a large part of my .... The rest comes from my... and savings. So I'm comfort­ably off.

In many countries there is a... between the wealth of a small number of people and the... of the masses. It's very difficult to manage if you are poor because everything ... much more. You have to buy.... The more things you buy on credit, the more you have to pay for them. The poorest seem to suffer most in periods of recession in which output falls and... rises.

Words and word combinations you may need

to link — связывать

contrast — противоположность, кон траст

retirement — выход на пенсию

(the) rest — остаток, остальное

to manage - справляться, управлять

to be comfortably off — быть хорошо обеспеченным

to suffer — страдать

recession — спад (деловой активности)

10. Get into pairs and discuss with your partner how people can earn money. Give examples from your family's life, the life of your friends and relatives.

11. Sum up the text “Personal Finances” and work with the situation.

Situation: You and your mate are going to get married. You want a flat, furniture and a TV. You are students and your families are not well off. Dis­cuss with your mate how to solve the problems, consider the following: The flat - borrowing some money from a bank; getting a mortgage to buy a flat; renting a flat. The other things - buying furniture by hire purchase.

12. Read the text “Personal Finances” once more and give answers to the questions.

1.  What do people regard as the most important thing in family life?

2.  What do people need for day-to-day living?

3.  Why do some people live on credit?

4.  How do people earn money?

5.  Who are the worst-off people?

6.  To what people are banks unwilling to lend money?

Personal Expenditure

The modern market economy is populated by three types of eco­nomic agents, whose interaction constitutes economic activity: consumers, producers, and the government. The main purpose of the econ­omy is to produce goods and services for the satisfaction of the needs of consumers.

Consumers, typically representing households, spend their income to buy consumer goods and services or to save.

How does a consumer distribute the income earned by him amongst a variety of goods and services offered in the market?

There are different factors affecting his decisions. For instance, a fall in the price of a good or service will increase his consumption of it, while a rise in its price will have the opposite effect.

Then a rise in his real income will naturally result in an increased consumption of goods and services, a fall in real income having the opposite effect1.

The pattern of consumer expenditure is also influenced by tastes, consumer preferences and family circumstances. As incomes rise, ex­penditure on basic goods will form a smaller proportion of total spend­ing. The terms "necessities" and "luxuries" are of little use in analyzing consumer expenditure because what are today's luxuries will probably be tomorrow's necessities.

It should be stressed here, that some customers, however, want to have high-quality products even when quality means a higher price. Some other customers prefer foreign products.

The amount spent on goods and services and changes in this vari­able have a big impact on the level of economic activity: the increase in consumer spending creates new employment opportunities and causes better living standards.

Note on the Text

1 ... a fall in real income having the opposite effect - ... при этом падение реального дохода будет иметь обратный результат.

Vocabulary

personal expenditure — личные затраты

agent — агент, участник экономической деятельности

market economy — рыночная экономика

interaction — взаимодействие

to populate — населять

to constitute — составлять

consumer – потребитель

to result in - приводить к чему-л.

producer - производитель

pattern - структура, характер

to represent - представлять, быть представителем

consumer expenditure - затраты на потребление

level - уровень

opposite - противоположный, обратный

household - семейная единица, домашнее хозяйство

consumer preferences - предпочтения потребителей

consumer goods - потребительские товары

basic goods - основные товары

to save - экономить, копить, откладывать

luxury - роскошь, предмет роскоши

variable — переменная величина

to distribute – распределять

to have an impact - оказывать воздействие

to affect - оказывать воздействие

to cause — вызывать, быть причиной

to effect - воздействие, влияние

living standard - жизненный уровень

1. Write the transcription and train the pronunciation of the following words. Memorize them.

agent whose constitute purpose

typically earn distribute variety

naturally increase expenditure preference

quality however luxuries circumstances

foreign amount vari­able employment causes opportunities higher opposite

2. Practice the reading of the following groups of words.

market economy eco­nomic agents variety of goods a rise in its price spend their income

there are different factors consumer expenditure increase in consumer spending ex­penditure on basic goods employment opportunities

for instance real income in analyzing are of little use want to have

3. Read, translate, make the following sentences negative.

1.  The modern market economy is populated by three types of economic agents.

2.  Consumers spend their income to buy consumer goods and services.

3.  There are different factors affecting this decision.

4.  The price will have the opposite effect.

5.  Some customers wanted to have high-quality products.

4. Read and translate the following sentences. Make them passive.

1.  Consumers spend their income to buy consumer goods and services.

2.  There are different factors affecting this decision.

3.  A fall in the price of a good or service will increase the consumption of it.

4.  Consumer spending creates new employment opportunities.

5.  Consumer distributes the income earned by him

5. Read, translate, make the following sentences active.

1.  The modern market economy is populated by three types of economic agents.

2.  The pattern of consumer expenditure is also influenced by tastes, consumer preferences and family circumstances.

3.  A variety of goods and services are offered in the market.

4.  The decision is affected by several factors.

5.  The level of economic activity is influenced by the amount spent on goods and services.

pile special and negative questions to the following sentences. Translate them.

1.  The main purpose of the economy is to produce goods and services for the satisfaction of the needs of consumers.

2.  The increase in consumer spending creates new employment opportunities and causes better living standards.

3.  The pattern of consumer expenditure is also influenced by tastes, consumer preferences and family circumstances.

4.  The fall in the price of a good or service will increase the consumption of it.

5.  Some customers want to have high-quality products.

7. Find in the text sentences containing the following Participles and translate them into Russian in writing.

- ... consumers... representing

- ... the income earned by him

- ... goods and services offered

- ... factors affecting

- ... the amount spent....

8. Translate the phrases into English and compose sentences with them.

1. люди, зарабатывающие деньги; деньги, заработанные людьми;

2. клиент, открывающий счет в банке; счет, открытый в банке;

3. покупатель, приобретающий товар; товар, приобретенный покупа­телем;

4. покупатель, оплачивающий товар; товар, оплаченный покупателем;

5. лицо, берущее деньги взаймы; деньги, взятые взаймы;

6. лицо, погашающее ссуду; ссуда, погашенная клиентом.

9. Answer the questions on the text.

1. What economic agents interact in the market?

2. What is the main purpose of the economy?

3. How do consumers spend the income they earn?

4. How do prices influence consumers' decisions?

5. How does a rise in real income affect consumers' decisions?

6. Is it reasonable to use the terms "necessities" and "luxuries" analyzing consumer expenditure?

7. Why does consumer expenditure have a big impact on the level of eco­nomic activity?

10. Read the text. Fill in the correct form of the participle. Say how the business started. Explain the success of the business.

Three years ago my aunt died... (leaving/left) me some money in her will. I borrowed some money from my friend... (promising/promised) to return it as soon as possible. I turned to the bank... (asked/asking) them to lend me some money. Besides, I had a saving account with the bank... (bringing/brought) me interest on my savings. The new shares... (offered/offering) to me by my agent gave me good results that year. The dividends... (paid/paying) to me were more than I expected.

So having collected the money I was able to start my own business, mak­ing leather goods. I worked like a slave, but it was worth it. Now my business is doing quite well.

I'm competing quite successfully with other firms... (established/estab­lishing) in the market. To be a success you must be ahead of your competitors. So I try to understand the people buying my leather goods and to study the market. I think that customers are always looking for new products... (based/ basing) on new technology I'm sure I have the capability to produce the... (needing/needed) product.

11. Most often goods are classified as consumer goods (basic, durable, non-durable, luxury) and industrial goods. Give examples of each class.

12. Answer these questions:

1.  Have you (your family) bought any durable goods lately?

2.  Are you satisfied with them?

3.  Have any goods you bought lately disappointed you? What goods have been the greatest disappointment to you? Describe the problem.

4.  Does the purchase of durable (luxury) goods reflect the rising incomes of the population?

13. Translate into English.

1.  Потребители покупают товары, чтобы удовлетворить свои потреб­ности.

2.  Потребители — это домашние хозяйства.

3.  Если цены растут, то потребление товаров, как правило, снижается.

4.  Несмотря на рост цен, потребление товаров длительного пользова­ния выросло в последнее время.

5.  Потребительские товары высокого качества пользуются спросом.

6.  Сейчас многие семьи потребляют больше товаров высокого качества.

7.  Личное потребление товаров и услуг возросло.

8.  Производители потребительских товаров должны изучать рынок, вкусы и предпочтения потребителей.

9.  Когда эта фабрика начала выпускать потребительские товары?

10.  Что производит эта компания?

11.  Компания увеличила производство легковых автомобилей.

12.  Эта компания производит товары, которые пользуются большим спросом у населения.

13.  Производство товаров длительного пользования значительно вы­росло в прошлом году.

14. Translate into Russian.

1.  The money was distributed fairly.

2.  The company distributed the annual profits to the employees.

3.  Who distributes books to the students at your university?

4.  How do people distribute their incomes?

5.  This decision will affect his choice.

6.  The goal of all producers is to affect buyer behavior.

7.  Price rises affect sales.

8.  How does competition affect the market?

9.  Advertising affects consumers in different ways.

10.  Low incomes affect people.

11.  Changes in wealth can affect current consumption.

12.  The pattern of consumption expenditure is affected by income.

13.  Smith's ideas had an impact on the development of economics as a sci­ence.

14.  Political events have an impact on the development of business and inter­national trade.

15.  Reduction in bank credits has a big impact on the country's economy.

16.  Economic growth has an impact on consumption, production and the current standards of living.

ment on the statements.

1.  Political events have an impact on the development of business and inter­national trade.

2.  Economic growth has an impact on consumption, production and the current standards of living.

16. Find evidence in the text to support these statements.

1. There are different factors affecting consumer decisions and spending.

2. The amount of money spent on goods and services has a big impact on the level of economic activity.

Sum up the text and discuss with your partner the factors affecting your decisions as consumers (prices, your income, quality, availability of imported goods).

Eight Steps to Getting Your Finances in Order

Develop a family budget. Instead of budgeting what you’d like to spend, use receipts to create a budget for what you actually spent over the last six months. One advantage of this approach is that it factors in unexpected expenses, such as car repairs, illnesses, etc., as well as predictable costs such as rent.

Reduce your debt. Generally speaking, lenders look for a total debt load of no more than 36 percent of income. Since this figure includes your mortgage, which typically ranges between 25 percent and 28 percent of income, you need to get the rest of installment debt—car loans, student loans, revolving balances on credit cards—down to between 8 percent and 10 percent of your total income.

Get a handle on expenses. You probably know how much you spend on rent and utilities, but little expenses add up. Try writing down everything you spend for one month. You’ll probably see some great ways to save.

Increase your income. It may be necessary to take on a second, part-time job to get your income at a high-enough level to qualify for the home you want. Multiple unrelated cash flows are a vital part of creating the security against losing a job, or a company going out of business.

Save for a down payment. Although it’s possible to get a mortgage with only 5 percent down—or even less in some cases—you can usually get a better rate and a lower overall cost if you put down more. Shoot for saving a 20 percent down payment.

Create a house fund. Don’t just plan on saving whatever’s left toward a down payment. Instead decide on a certain amount a month you want to save, then put it away as you pay your monthly bills.

Keep your job. While you don’t need to be in the same job forever to qualify, having a job for less than two years may mean you have to pay a higher interest rate.

Establish a good credit history. Get a credit card and make payments by the due date. Do the same for all your other bills. Pay off the entire balance promptly.

Vocabulary

instead of – вместо

receipts – чеки по платежам

advantage – преимущество, достоинство

approach – подход принцип, способ

to factor - учитывать

predictable - предсказуемый

costs – издержки, затраты, расходы

generally speaking – говоря вообще

to look for – искать, ожидать

total debt load – общая долговая нагрузка

mortgage – залог, ипотека

installment debt – очередной взнос

to get down – снижать, спускать

total income – общий доход

to get a handle on – разобраться, понять

utilities – коммунальные услуги

to qualify – отвечать требованиям, делать способным

down payment – первая выплата, взнос, аванс

down – первоначальный, наличный, в качестве первонач. взноса

overall cost – полная стоимость

to shoot for - добиваться

monthly bills – ежемесячные счета

interest rate – процентная ставка

to establish – создать, установить, заводить

due date – установленная дата платежа

to pay off – расплачиваться

promptly - аккуратно, своевременно, быстро

1. Write the transcription and train the pronunciation of the following words. Memorize them.

receipts advantage approach repair predictable although higher

load figure typically mortgage range overall establish

installment necessary utilities enough quality shoot entire

2. Practice the reading of the following groups of words.

last six months for all your bills is that it factors need to get

for a total debt get a better rate in unexpected certain amount

rent and utilities at a high-enough level since this figure whatever’s left toward

pose your own sentences using the following models and the words from helpful vocabulary. Mind the tenses.