– a considerable increase in yield.
We invite to cooperation all those who are interested in long term contracts.
Our address: JSC “Uralkaly”,
63 Pyatiletka st., Berezniki,
Perm region, Russia
Telex: XXXXXXXX
Fax: XXXXXXXX
Phone: XXXXXXXX
Notes on the Text
supplier – поставщик
potassium – калий
potassium dioxide – двуокись калия
calculated as 100% - в 100-процентном исчислении
to exceed – превышать, превосходить
non-dust-forming – непылящий
dedusted – обеспыленный
polycomponent – многокомпонентный
yield – урожай
2. You are listening to a telephone conversation of the manager from the External Economic Links Department of Uralkaly with the representative of a foreign company. You hear only answers. Reconstruct questions.
- ….?
- Our company comprises four mine boards (рудоуправления).
- ….?
- Yes, of course. Our enterprise closely follows the market situation, thus quickly meeting the demands of users.
- ….?
- At all concentration plants (обогатительные фабрики) we brought the production of nondusting forms of fertilizers to a commercial level, that meets higher ecological demands to the produce. Part of potassium chloride is produced in the content of useful matter fertilizers produced by JSC Uralkaly correspond to the best world specimens (образцы).
- ….?
- Only here in the Russian Federation high-pure technical potassium chloride fitting electrolysis (пригодный для электролиза) is produced. In addition to potassium fertilizers we produce a considerable amount of technical salt, dressed carnallite (карналлит обогащенный) and sodium chloride brine (хлорнатриевый рассол), as well as fertilizer mixtures for private farms.
- ….?
- The finished products of the JSC Uralkaly are sent to users by railways in covered vans (крытые вагоны) and mineral carries, as well as by ships of the ‘river-sea’ class down the Kama, the Volga tributary (приток).
3. Tell what have you learned about JSC Uralkaly from the conversation. Use the plan:
a) Structure of the enterprise.
b) Range of products (ассортимент продукции).
c) Quality of products.
d) Delivery (доставка).
4. Tell what you know about the JSC Uralkaly? Write the plan of your report. You can use the following words and word combinations given below:
rich natural resources, to produce, potash fertilizers, the largest producer, four mine boards, high-pure technical potassium chloride fitting electrolysis, technical salt, dressed carnallite, sodium chloride brine, fertilizer mixtures for private farms, to conform, the level of globally recognized analogs, to keep good relations, stable traditions, foreign trade, to export.
5. You have to tell foreign visitors about JSC Uralkaly. Prepare for the meeting.
a) Translate the words given below into Russian.
fertilizer, potash fertilizers, fertilizing mixture, potash salts, technical salts, magnesium [mæg`ni:zj¶m], fluorine [`flu¶ri:n], iodine [`ai¶udi:n], natrium [`neitri¶m], potassium [p¶`tæsj¶m], chloride [`klo:raid], natural oceanic salts, high-quality products, environmental friendly product, medical effect, consumer, consumer goods, to invest, scientific investigations, agriculture, soil, vegetables, berries, flowers, medicine, pharmacology, stage, environment, negative influence.
b) Choose Russian equivalents from the right column.
1. mining and chemical enterprise - a) комнаты искуственного климата
2. highly efficient mining - b) эффективная система контроля
3. machines
4. salt mining - c) природные свойства
5. pit - d) лечение
6. delivery [di`liv(ǝ)ri] - e) профилактика
7. place of processing - f) выпуск продукции
8. wide range - g) декоративные культуры
9. to meet a requirement - h) запросы рынка
to meet the needs
10. ice-crusted ground - i) гололед
11. animal husbandry - j) животноводство
12. environmentally friendly / - k) доставлять железнодорожным
high purity table salt транспортом
13. medical preventive salt - l) продукция
14. output - m) лечебно-профилактические соли
15. to deliver (to supply) by - n) экологически чистая соль
railway (railroad)
16. market’s needs - o) удовлетворять требованиям
17. efficient checking (control) - p) высокопроизводительные горные
systems машины
18. ornamental plants - q) широкая номенклатура
19. product release - r) место переработки
20. preventive measures - s) доставка
21. treatment - t) шахта
22. natural characteristics - u) добыча соли
23. rooms with artificial climate - v) горно-химическое предприятие
c) Find synonyms to the given below words:
port, mine, ground, ice-covered ground, cure, produce.
d) It’s your report about the JSC Uralkaly. Translate it into English:
Акционерное общество “Уралкалий” – современное горно-химическое предприятие и один из крупнейших в мире производителей калийных удобрений.
Высокопроизводительные горные машины обеспечивают полную механизацию добычи руды в шахтах и ее доставку к месту переработки. Широкая номенклатура калийных солей позволяет удовлетворить самые различные требования потребителей, как в сельском хозяйстве, так и в промышленности.
Это крупнотоннажное (large-capacity) производство. Здесь производятся все виды соли: от технической соли для борьбы с гололедом, соли для промышленности и животноводства, до экологически чистой пищевой соли «Уральская» и целого ряда лечебно-профилактических пищевых солей с добавками магния, калия, фтора или йода.
Продукция «Уралкалия» доставляется потребителям железнодорожным транспортом через порты Балтийского и Черного морей, а также по реке Каме. Продукция «Уралкалия» экспортируется более чем в 50 стран мира, на все континенты, кроме Антарктиды.
Применение современной техники, эффективных систем контроля на всех стадиях производства, а также профессионализм персонала (staff) позволяют обеспечивать выпуск высококачественной продукции, за что АО «Уралкалий» неоднократно награждалось престижными международными призами.
Большие средства предприятие вкладывает в научные исследования и разработку новых видов продукции. За последние несколько лет налажен (develop/ establish) выпуск товаров широкого потребления. Это комплексные (complex, composite) минеральные удобрения и удобрительные смеси, которые применяются при выращивании овощных, плодово-ягодных, цветочных и декоративных культур (crops) на всех почвах.
Освоен выпуск продукции для нужд медицины и фармакологии: хлорида натрия и хлорида калия. Широкой популярностью у населения пользуются природные океанические соли для профилактики различных заболеваний. Все большее признание находят предлагаемые предприятием комнаты искусственного микроклимата на базе природных солевых минералов.
6. You are the representative of a foreign company. You have visited the JSC Uralkaly.
Express your opinion to the statement:
a) URALKALY is a modern mining and chemical enterprise which produce (продукция) conforms to the world standards and meets the highest demands of consumers.
b) URALKALY closely follows the market situation, thus quickly meeting the demands of users.
Part 2:
For Reading
1. Look through the text.
a) Divide it into logical parts and entitle them. Say: What do this parts deal with?
b) Find the dimensions and mineral composition of Verkhnekamsk Deposit.
Verkhnekamsk Deposit of Potassium Salts
Is One of the Largest in the World
More than 250 years ago in Permian period of Paleozoic era the waves of the great Permian Sea lapped from the Artic Ocean to the present Caspian Sea, but the rising of vast platform areas separated this gigantic sea into half-visible basins – lagoons. Under the influence of the sun concentration of salts in the lagoons sharply increased and then soduim, potassium, magnesium salts began to sedimentate. Thus gradually in the space of thousands of years thick salt beds were forming. In the course of centuries they were covered by the sedimentary rocks hiding deeper and deeper in the entrails of the Earth.
Verkhnekamsk deposit of potassium salts is situated in the Western Urals, in Perm area. It is a gigantic lens-like deposit stretched for 200 km from the North to the South, 50 km wide with the area of 6,5 thousand square kilometers. It consists of underlying rock-salt, potassium and potassium-magnesium salts and covering rock-salt. The deposit of potassium salts stretches up to 136 km, its width is up to 40 km, the area is 3,5 thousand square kilometers.
The mineral composition of commercial beds is: sylvinite, halite, carnallite with some amount of calcium carbonates and sulfates and clay mercial reserves (as 100% of potassium dioxide) are 3,8 mlrd. t.
Notes on the Text
sedimentary rocks – осадочная порода
rock-salt – каменная соль
commercial beds – промышленные пласты
2. Read the following words and word-combinations, pay attention to the pronunciation.
Na – natrium [`neitriǝm], sodium [`sǝudjǝm]
K – kalium [`keiliǝm], potassium [pǝ`tæsjǝm]
Cl – chlorine [`klɔ:ri:n]
chloride [`klɔ:raid] – хлорид
oxide [`ɔksaid] – оксид
hydroxide [hai`drɔksaid] – гидроксид
NaCl – sodium chloride
KCl – potassium chloride
K2O – potassium oxide
KOH – potassium hydroxide
3. Look through the text.
c) Divide it into logical parts and entitle them. Say: What do this parts deal with?
d) Find the description of leaching and floatation technology.
Technology of Concentration of Sylvinite Ore
Today at concentration plants of 'Uralkaly' two methods of dressing potassium salts are used, viz. mineral salt production through leaching and floatation. The former consists in leaching of potassium chloride from sylvinite with hot NaCl saturated lye and consequent crystallization of potassium chloride in vacuum-crystallization plant (VCP). The filtrated and dried product contains not less than 98% of KCl (62% of K2O) white fine crystalline powder.
Negligible amount of admixtures allows to use this product widely for electrolysis to produce KOH and chlorine, for the production of complex fertilizers, in microbiological, tanning, food and other branches of industry.
Halite wastes are used for the production of the technical rock salt. It is a good crude material for the substitution of table common salt in the production of chlorine and caustic soda. Technical salt is widely used in the oil production industry, in the power industry for the systems of water heating in heat electric generation plants and in boiler units as well as in agriculture for additional nutrition of animals and for fodder preservation.
Mineral-salt production mill of the Fourth mine board is equipped with a line of regulated crystallization, which permits to produce white dust-free product with the size of particles 0.2-1.0 mm and 1.0-4.0 mm.
Floatation is used at three concentration plants of the JSC Uralkaly. It is based on different wettability of mineral components, that allows to achieve their separation with subsequent dehydration and drying of the concentrate. The ready product contains 95-96% of potassium chloride (not less than 60% of K2O), that corresponds to the physical properties it is a fine powder with the size of particles not less than 1 mm.
Fine granular potassium chloride is widely used for the production of liquid and complex fertilizers (N:P:K). The product is partly produced in granulars that is especially convenient for dry fertilizer mixing and their mechanized application into the soil.
Modern technical equipment of the large-capacity production of the JSC Uralkaly, cooperation with the leading research organizations of the country allows to keep up the high level of the produce at the level of the best world analogues. In 1988 at all concentration plants mass production of non-dust-forming forms of fine granular potassium chloride started. New effective units for potassium chloride drying and systems of gas cleaning are introduced at the JSC, they guarantee observance of the strict sanitation rates of effluents into the atmosphere.
Notes on the Text:
method of dressing – метод обогащения
viz. – то есть, а именно
leaching – выщелачивание; галургический
floatation – флотация
lye – щелок
vacuum-crystallization plant – вакуум-кристализационная установка
negligible – незначительный
tanning industry – кожевенная промышленность
halite [`hælait] wastes – галитовые отходы
crude material – сырье
oil production industry – нефтедобывающая отрасль
boiler unit – котельная установка
nutrition – подкормка
fodder preservation – консервация кормов
mineral-salt production mill – галургическая фабрика
dust-free product – обеспыленный продукт
wettability – смачиваемость
fine = fine granular – мелкозернистый
unit – аппарат
effluent – выброс, сброс, сток
4. Read the text again and answer the questions.
1. What methods of dressing potassium salts are used concentration plants of 'Uralkaly'? 2. What is the technology of potassium chloride production through leaching? 3. What is potassium chloride used for? 4. How is the technical rock salt produced and what is it used for? 5. What is the technology of potassium chloride production through floatation? 6. What is the fine granular potassium chloride used for? 7. What guarantees observance of the strict sanitation rates of effluents into the atmosphere?
5. Choose the key words on the subject and give the summary of the text.
Unit IV
AVISMA
Part 1:
For Reading and Speaking
1. Translate the following word-combinations.
titanium sponge, pure and alloyed magnesium producer; production constant improvement; the personnel of all production and management layers; products quality inspection; packing, shipments and transportation conditions, volumertic and mass analysis.
2. Here is an advertisement of Berezniki joint stock company “AVISMA”. You are a foreign businessman. Look through the advertisement and find information about:
1) range of products
2) access (доступ) to foreign markets
3) membership in international associations
4) checking quality of products
5) analysis methods applied
JSC AVISMA
JSC AVISMA being one of the biggest titanium sponge, pure and alloyed magnesium producers in the world plays the important role in our city. AVISMA's products are consumed by dozens of customers within Russia. Our company established business relations with foreign customers long time ago. In the past our company had access to foreign markets through the state entities, since 1990, however, AVISMA entered titanium and magnesium markets independently.
Currently AVISMA is a member of International Magnesium Association and Titanium Products Development Association due to many years experience, methods of production constant improvement and a thorough study of consumers' needs.
Now AVISMA is acknowledged as a reliable partner on the world titanium and magnesium markets. We focus on production of products of stable quality meeting our customers' requirements. Quality policy involves in the production process the personnel of all production and management layers. Introduced testing and metrology control methods require products quality inspection on all stages of production process. JSC AVISMA constantly observes the quality of packing, shipments and transportation conditions. Our company products have been certified by the major world consumers.
There is the accredited analytical laboratory at AVISMA having advanced equipment of the best world manufactures.
Continuous improvement of quality resulted in significant reduction of detrimental impurities in pure magnesium and alloys, in development and manufacturing of products corresponding to the best world standards what is proven by the stable demand for the products.
The Central Laboratory of the company checks the incoming materials, intermediate products, finished goods, pollution and wastes, and conditions of the working places. The Lab is accredited as technically competent and independent. Good equipment and highly skilful personnel of the lab ensure the fastness and reliability of the tests.
The following analysis methods are applied in the lab:
– X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF);
– X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD);
– ICP optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES);
– atomic absorption spectroscopy;
– atomic emission spectroscopy;
– infrared spectroscopy;
– neutron activation method;
– coulometry;
– spectroscopy of visible spectrum;
– volumertic and mass analysis.
Notes on the text:
sponge [spʌnʤ] – губка
alloy – сплав
entity – организация
acknowledged – признанный
layer – уровень
to observe – соблюдать
shipment – погрузка, отправка
detrimental [,detri`mentl] – вредный
impurity [im`pjuǝriti] – примесь
intermediate product – продукт технологии, полупродукт
pollution and wastes – выбросы и сбросы
infrared – инфракрасный
neutron activation method – нейтронно-активационный анализ
coulometry – кулонометрия
3. Sum up the information you have got.
4. You are working in the External Economic Links Department at JSC AVISMA. You have to tell the representatives of a foreign company about your enterprise. Prepare for the meeting with them.
a) Translate the words and word-combinations.
- один из крупнейших производителей титановой губки, магния и сплавов на основе магния;
- устанавливать деловые отношения;
- отечественные (domestic) и зарубежные потребители;
- благодаря методам постоянного улучшения производства и тщательному исследованию нужд потребителей;
- быть признанным на международном рынке титана и магния;
- приоритеты;
- качество, отвечающее нуждам потребителей;
- аккредитованная аналитическая лаборатория;
- быть оснащенным современным оборудованием;
- контролировать поступающее сырье, продукты технологии, готовую продукцию, выбросы и сбросы в окружающую среду, санитарное состояние рабочих мест;
- быть аккредитованным на техническую компетентность и независимость; использовать различные методы анализа;
- соблюдение качества упаковки, отгрузки и транспортировки;
- быть сертифицированным.
b) Write the plan of your report. Tell about the enterprise according to your plan.
5. You are listening to the conversation with the representative of a foreign company. You hear only answers, the underlined words are the answers to the questions. Reconstruct questions.
– …?
– 1941 – 1943. In 1943 the Magnesium Works were put in operation (был введен в эксплуатацию). So the first Berezniki magnesium, necessary for national economy, and primarily for military needs was produced.
– …?
– Oh, no. In 1945 the Magnesium Works were shut down for reconstruction. New Works after reconstruction equipped with new electrolyzers and advanced processes were put into operation in 1954, simultaneously the development and introduction of titanium production has been started.
– …?
– In 1990 our company entered foreign markets and became independent and competent partner in magnesium and titanium business.
– …?
– In 1992 the company was privatized and renamed into Joint Stock Company AVISMA Titanium-Magnesium Works.
– …?
– In 1993 AVISMA's titanium sponge was certified by RMI, CEZUS, and DEUTSCHE TITAN.
– …?
– Since 1994 JSC AVISMA Titanium-Magnesium Works has been a member of International Magnesium Association.
– …?
– Pilot plant (опытная установка), Project & Design department, and their highly qualified personnel, connections with leading Russian research & development institutes are the main conditions providing development and introduction of new technologies and equipment producing products of the most advanced level.
6. Write a report about JSC AVISMS using the following plan:
- year of erection (сооружение);
- stages of the development;
- form of ownership at present;
- number of employees;
- main products;
- business partners;
- economic outlooks.
Part 2:
For Reading
1. Read the names of the following chemical elements, pay attention to the pronunciation.
Mg – magnesium [mæg`ni:zjǝm]
Ti – titanium [ti`teinjǝm]
V – vanadium [vǝ`neidjǝm]
Zn – zinc [ziŋk]
Sn – stannium [`stænjǝm]
Pb – plumbum [`plʌmbǝm]
P – phosphorus [`fɔsfǝrǝs]
Ca – calcium [`kælsiǝm]
Cd – cadmium [`kædmiǝm]
2. Read and translate some information about products produced at JSC ”AVISMA”.
TITANIUM SPONGE
Titanium heat resistance, plasticity, corrosion resistance is higher than those of many structural materials.
Steel parts are being superseded by titanium in airspace industry and in aircraft building. Architects and designers widely use titanium as construction and decoration material. Low grade titanium sponge is used in high quality alloyed steels production. Generally speaking this metal is used in wide range of applications: submarines, sea-water drilling platforms, aircraft, golf clubs, watch case and bracelets, etc.
The consumers of JSC AVISMA are offered several grades of titanium sponge different in chemistry, mechanical properties, and Brinnel hardness.
Titanium products are being improved due to constant relations with the consumers and demand study.
Notes on the text:
resistance – сопротивление
heat resistance – термостойкость
to supersede [,sju:pǝ`si:d] – заменять, замещать
low grade – низкий сорт
case – корпус
MAGNESIUM
Magnesium is a light metal, 1.5 times lighter than aluminum, resistant to impact load, features high chemical activity.
Magnesium is used to strengthen aluminum based alloys and modify steel.
JSC AVISMA produces two grades of magnesium: MG-90 and MC-95
MAGNESIUM ALLOYS
JSC AVISMA produces wide range of magnesium alloys. Magnesium based alloys feature high mechanical strength. It alloys to use magnesium alloys in aircraft building, automotive and airspace industries as structural materials.
Alloys are the base material to produce cast anodes for protection against corrosion.
Besides traditional alloys (MA8ZnBehp, MASZnhp, and MM2hp) AVISMA developed and introduces process to produce magnesium alloys according to ASTM: AZ91D, AM50A, AM60B, andAZ91HP.
Notes on the text:
impact load – ударная нагрузка
to feature – проявлять
cast – литой
VANADIUM PENTOXIDE
Vanadium pentoxide is used to produce vanadium based foundry alloys and vanadium containing catalysts. We produce three grades of this product depending on vanadium pentoxide consentration.
ELECTROLYTIC POTASSIUM CHLORIDE
Electrolytic potassium chloride is the product resulting from electrolytic magnesium production. Potassium chloride concentration is 72%. The product is widely used in agriculture as a potassium fertilizer. It is packed in polypropylene bags with polyethylene linings weighing 45 to 50 kg each.
Notes on the text:
pentoxide – двупятиокись
foundry – литье, отливка
3. Here are some descriptions (описание) of analysis methods applied in the Central Laboratory of AVISMA. Sort out the names of analysis methods given in the left column to the descriptions in the right one.
1. ICP-OES 2. Potentiometry 3. XRF 4. Infrared spectroscopy 5. Coulometry | a) is used to test aluminium in magnesium alloys, magnesium cloride of magnesium production. b) is used to analyzegas generating impurities, carbon and sulpher in steel, pig iron (чугун), titanium spange, vanadium pentoxibe. c) is excellent for the analysis of organic and non-organic impurities in titanium tetrachloride. d) is used for the express-analyses of alloying additives (легирующих компонентов) in various magnesium alloys. e) is widely applied for the analysis of complex multi-component systems of products of the technology to produce titanium sponge, pure and alloyed magnesium, waste water. Reagents used are extra cleaned. This method allows to determine Zn, Sn, Pb, P, Ca, Cd contents in pure and alloyed magnesium. |
Check yourself. Find the answers at the end of unit IV.
4. Translate into Russian.
but – а, но, лишь, только
1. Nitric acid forms a blue salt with copper, but in a mixture with nitrogen dioxide the blue turns to green. 2. Oxygen is but slightly soluble in water. 3. A few elements have but a single atom in the molecule at all temperatures.
according to – согласно
1. According to the theory of atomic desintegration (распад) ordinary atoms are linked by tremendous power. 2. Elements have been classed according to their valence.
neither... nor – ни... ни
1. A simple substance can neither be decomposed nor obtained by a chemical combination of other substances. 2. Forms of matter may change but matter itself is neither created nor destroyed.
5. Read and translate the following words without a dictionary:
actinide [ækti'naid], acetylene [ǝ'setili:n], alloy [`ælɔi], anhydrous [æn`haidrǝs], anode ['ænoud], arsenic [`a:snik], atmosphere ['ætmǝsfiǝ], aluminium [,ælju'minjǝm], berkelium [,bǝ:ki'liǝm], beryllium [be'nljǝm], cathode ['kaeɵoud], carbide ['ka:baid], deuteride ['dju(:)tǝraid], electrolysis [ilek'trɔlisis], electrode [i'lektroud], entropy ['entrɔpi], energy ['enǝʤi], graphite ['græfait], hydride ['haidraid], halogen ['hælouʤǝn], hydrocarbon ['haidro(u)'ka:bǝn], lanthanide ['lænɵǝnaid], magnesium chloride [mæg'ni:zjǝm 'klɔ:raid]
6. Read the text and find the answers to the questions:
1) What element does the text deal with?
2) What are the properties of magnesium?
3) Does magnesium form any alloys?
4) What are their properties?
5) How many binary carbides are there and in what way can they be made?
METALLIC MAGNESIUM
Magnesium is made by the electrolysis of fused anhydrous magnesium chloride at temperature above the melting point of magnesium with a graphite anode and an iron cathode. Metallic magnesium melts at 632° and boils at about 1200°C. It should be noted that it is soluble in cold dry air, but in moist air it is slowly oxidized; it burns with bright flame and the brightness is partly due to the large evolution of heat and partly to the presence of a non-volatile oxide. It gives out 10 per cent of the energy as visible radiation.
Magnesium has a potential to the normal hydrogen electrode of 1.31 volts. According to Nernst equation it would be in equilibrium with hydrogen under a pressure of 1045 atmospheres. If it were heated to red heat it would reduce carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, nitric oxide and nitrous oxide. It combines directly with nitrogen, sulphur, the halogens, phosphorus, and arsenic; at 200°C it reacts with methyl alcohol giving magnesium methylate Mg(0.CH3)2.
Magnesium is of great value as a constituent of light alloys, such as magnesium-aluminium alloy; its density is from 2.0 to 2.5. As would be expected, these alloys, like magnesium itself, are all stable in air under a thin protective layer of oxide, but it would not be the case under water. Thus if stable magnesium alloys are desired, it is required that they be not kept under water.
The spectrum of magnesium vapour in hydrogen at low pressures gives bands which are due to a hydride MgH; the spectrum of the corresponding deuteride MgD has also been obtained. But of the existence of a solid insoluble hydride MgHg there is no satisfactory evidence.
There are two binary carbides of magnesium, which cannot be got pure enough, but from their behaviour it is evident that they have the compositions Mg2 and Mg2C3. Neither can be made by heating magnesium or its oxides with carbon to a high temperature and both are thermodynamically unstable above 800°C. They can only be made by heating the metal with acetylene or other hydrocarbons.
7. Find in the text equivalents of the following words and word combinations:
расплавленный безводный хлорид магния; следует отметить; обильное выделение тепла; магний является очень ценным; в виде тонкой защитной пленки; нет никаких удовлетворительных доказательств; это было бы не так; закись азота (веселящий газ)
8. Write out from the text the sentences containing the verbs should and would. Determine what these verbs are used for.
9. Translate the following sentences into English using words and word combinations from the text:
1. Магний получают электролизом расплавленного безводного хлорида магния. 2. Металлический магний плавится при температуре 632ºС. 3. Следует отметить, что магний горит ярким пламенем. 4. Если бы магний был нагрет докрасна, он восстановил бы окись углерода. 5. Магний очень ценен как составная часть легких сплавов.
10. Learn the following words and terms:
auxiliary [ɔ:g`ziljǝri] – вспомогательный, дополнительный
brine – рассол
brine environment – соляная среда (рассол)
cathodic deposition – катодное покрытие
compatibility – совместисость, сочетаемость
contamination – загрязнение
corrosion applications – антикоррозийное применение
couple – соединять, спаривать
dimensional – имеющий измерение, пространственный
deposition – осаждение
desalination [,di:sæli`nei∫n] – обессоливание, опреснение
inhibit – задерживать, препятствовать
film – пленка
gas scrubber – промыватель газа
leaching – выщелачивание
leach liquor [likǝ] – щелок от выщелачивания
machining – (механическая) обработка
saline – соль; соляной
sewage – сточные воды, сточный
stainless – нержавеющий, коррозийно-стойкий
sludge – отстой, шлам
tubing - трубопровод, экструзия
turbing blading - лопастная турбина
weld - сваривать
11. Give Russian equivalents to the following words and word-groups consulting a dictionary; mind word-building.
heat exchanger, anode machining, electrochemical dimensional machining, erosion machining; clean brine, purified brine, saturated brine, strong brine; welded thin-walled titanium products; condenser tubing; to inhibit attack, stainless steel, dimensionally stable electrode; ocean thermal energy conversion plants; desalination, deactivation, decontamination, defoaming, dehydration, dewater, deashing (ashing – озоление), deforestation, desoxidant, decompose, destroy, decelerate (celerity – быстрота), titanium's surface film.
12. Arrange the following words into pairs of synonyms.
desalination, auxiliary, brine, stainless, rebuild, requirement, apparently, suitable, replace, exploration
rustless, substitute, convenient, helping, desalting, saline, demand, evidently, research, reconstruct
13. Translate the sentences paying attention to italicized grammar constructions.
1. Several ion exchange systems have been developed. 2. Two other reports have appeared which detail the effect of complexing agents. 3. This process has been successfully adopted by the uranium industry. 4. Results indicate that, as others have noted before, interferences are not in accord with solubility product considerations. 5. Several advantages have been noted with application of liquid ion exchange. 6. This electrode has been found to be an excellent tool for monitoring amine contaminations. 7. Solid-state (полупроводниковый, транзисторный) conductors which have been chemically modified with crystalline-based membranes will be included. 8. Space has not permitted a more comprehensive survey (осмотр, обследование). 9. Numerous papers dealing with the theory of biocatalytic membranes have appeared. 10. We have no intention of reviewing the vast number of studies which have utilized such electrodes. 11. This value, originally reported in Germany, does not appear to have changed substantially. 12. We had to thoroughly study the solidification of eutectic (евтектический) alloys. 13. Recent work has demonstrated the occurrence of epitaxial (эпитаксиальный) precipitation in alloys (during cooling).
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