1 Какие видовременные формы английского глагола вы знаете?
2 Назовите признаки, по которым можно определить виды английского глагола
3 Назовите, какое действие обозначает группа Indefinite
4 Назовите, какое действие обозначает группа Continuous
5 Назовите, какое действие обозначает группа Perfect
1.Агабекян язык. Ростов-на-Дону. Феникс. 2010. с. 106
2., Карпова язык для средних специальных учебных заведений. Ростов. Феникс. 2008. с.321
3. Богацкий. И. С., Дюканова – курс. Москва. Логос. 2008. с. 137, 164, 197, 221, 252
Раздел 3 Профессиональный модуль
Тема 3.1 Перевод профессионально-ориентированных текстов.
Студент должен:
Иметь представление:
- о видах научно-технического перевода,
- о рабочих источниках информации.
Знать:
- способы чтения и перевода научно-технической литературы;
Уметь:
- правильно использовать знания в области грамматики и лексики;
- прочесть и понять небольшой текст по специальности.
Для правильного перевода профессионально-ориентированных текстов необходимо хорошо изучить грамматические темы, данные выше. При первом прочтении текста необходимо уточнить значение незнакомых слов, употребляемых в текстах независимо от конкретной темы. Наиболее полную информацию можно получить в специальных словарях.
Вопросы для самоконтроля.
1 С чего начинается перевод технической литературы?
2 Какими словарями необходимо пользоваться?
Электронная библиотека технической литературы http://www. *****/
Тема 3.2. Техника перевода со словарем.
Студент должен:
Иметь представление:
- о необходимости пользования словарем при переводе технических текстов.
Знать:
- типы словарей;
- способы перевода технических терминов.
Уметь:
- прочитать и понять текст профессиональной направленности со словарем.
При первом чтении важно понять общий смысл текста, определить область знаний, к которой относится тема оригинала, выписать все незнакомые слова в столбик с тем, чтобы рядом внести возможный перевод каждого слова. Если есть фразеологизмы надо воспользоваться специальным словарем.
Вопросы для самоконтроля.
1 Что необходимо сделать при первом прочтении текста?
2 Какими типами словарей необходимо пользоваться при переводе технического текста?
Электронная библиотека технической литературы http://www. *****/
Задания для выполнения контрольной работы.
Вариант 0
1. В каком из следующих слов звук, передаваемый буквой «o», отличается от остальных?
1) phone, 2) know, 3) sorry, 4) zero, 5) no, 6) bone, 7) role
2. Выберите правильную форму глагола «to be»:
1) I…in the 10th grade.
a) is
b) are
c) am
d) were
2) He…at the theatre yesterday.
a) is
b) was
c) will be
d) were
3. Выберите правильную форму глагола «to have»:
Mr. Smith stayed at his office very late because he…a lot of work.
a) has
b) have
c) will have
d) had
4. Выберите правильный модальный глагол:
1) The sky is dark. It…rain soon.
a) may
b) should
c) has to
2) The lights are on. They…be at home.
a) may
b) must
c) are to
3) You…to come here again.
a) must
b) should
c)have
5. Выберите нужное местоимение:
1) I invited my friend to…place.
a) me
b) his
c) my
d) mine
2) It’s easy, you can do it….
a) you
b) your
c) yours
d) yourself
6. Выберите правильную форму существительного:
1) The…comes every morning.
а) postman
b) postmen
2) How many…high is this house?
a) feet
b) foot
7. Выберите нужное по смыслу слово:
1) We have…bread, please, go and buy some.
a) much
b) many
c) little
d) few
2) I have…time, I can wait.
a) little
b) a plenty of
c) many
d) few
8.Укажите предложение, в котором числительное является порядковым:
a) There are 300 pages in the book.
b) He was born in 1980.
c) School year begins on the 1st of September.
d) Room 5 is empty.
9.Из следующей группы слов отметьте то, которое не имеет к остальным никакого отношения:
1) weather, season, rain, cloudy, expensive, forecast, hot, cold.
2) London, sights, monuments, tourist, art gallery, to found, to build, to design, guide, the president.
10.Укажите правильный артикль
1) He was born in…small Russian town.
a) a
b) an
c) the
d) -
2) … Petrovs are our neighbours.
a) a
b) an
c) the
d) -
3) … ice-cream is made of milk and sugar.
a) a
b) an
c) the
d) -
11. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст:
METALS
Metals are materials most widely used in industry because of their properties. The study of the production and properties of metals is known as metallurgy.
The separation between the atoms in metals is small, so most metals are dense. The atoms are arranged regularly and can slide over each other. That is why metals are malleable (can be deformed and bent without fracture) and ductile (can be drawn into wire). Metals vary greatly in their properties. For example, lead is soft and can be bent by hand, while iron can only be worked by hammering at red heat.
The regular arrangement of atoms in metals gives them a crystalline structure. Irregular crystals are called grains. The properties of the metals depend on the size, shape, orientation, and composition of these grains. In general, a metal with small grains will be harder and stronger than one with coarse grains.
Heat treatment such as quenching, tempering, or annealing controls the nature of the grains and their size in the metal. Small amounts of other metals (less than 1 per cent) are often added to a pure metal. This is called alloying and it changes the grain structure and properties of metals.
All metals can be formed by drawing, rolling, hammering and extrusion, but some require hot-working. Metals are subject to metal fatigue and to creep (the slow increase in length under stress) causing deformation and failure. Both effects are taken into account by engineers when designing, for example, airplanes, gas-turbines, and pressure vessels for high-temperature chemical processes. Metals can be worked using machine-tools such as lathe, milling machine, shaper and grinder.
The ways of working a metal depend on its properties. Many metals can be melted and cast in moulds, but special conditions are required for metals that react with air.
Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:
1. What are metals and what do we call metallurgy?
2. Why are most metals dense?
3. Why are metals malleable?
4. What is malleability?
5. What are grains?
6. What is alloying?
7. What is crystalline structure?
8. What do the properties of metals depend on?
9. What changes the size of grains in metals?
10. What are the main processes of metal forming?
Составьте словарь профессиональных терминов (15 слов и выражений)
Вариант 1
1. В каком из следующих слов звук, передаваемый буквой «a», отличается от остальных?
1) Kate, 2) age, 3) mate, 4) map, 5) tape, 6) make, 7) lake.
2. Укажите предложение, в котором окончание «-s» является показателем притяжательного падежа:
a) My mother’s friend lives not far from her.
b) She reads a lot.
c) The car’s stopped.
d) The Browns are my neighbours.
3. Выберите правильную форму глагола «to be»:
1) I…writing a letter.
a) is
b) am
c) are
2) You are watching TV, …n’t you?
a) is
b) am
c) are
3) Who…reading the newspaper?
a) is
b) am
c) are
4. Выберите правильный предлог:
1) Let’s meet him …6 o’clock.
a) in
b) on
c) at
2) My brother works…school.
a) to
b) at
c) in
3) Go…the room and make yourself comfortable.
a) out of
b) into
c) from
5. Выберите правильный модальный глагол:
1) He…speak three foreign languages.
a) can
b) may
c) must
2) You…work hard at your English if you want to know it.
a) can
b) may
c) must
3) You…not go out, the lesson is not over yet.
a) can
b) may
c) have
6. Выберите правильный артикль:
1) …Mississippi is the longest river in the USA.
a) a
b) the
c) -
2) …Jack London is a well-known American writer.
a) a
b) the
c) -
3) …tea is cold.
a) a
b) the
c) -
7. Подберите слова, противоположные по значению:
1)
a) cold b) far c) best d) old e) tall f) slim g) light.
a) worst b) new c) fat d) dark e) short f) near g) hot.
2)
a) stand b) leave c) take d) borrow e) find f) come into.
a) come b) lend c) give d) lose e) go out f) sit.
8. Выберите правильный вариант:
1) Our class in English will take place in room….
a) the first
b) one
2) We leave for London on…of January.
a) the tenth
b) ten
3) My watch is…minutes fast.
a) the fifth
b) five
9. В следующей группе слов отметьте то, которое не имеет никакого отношения к остальным:
Traveling: by train, by plain, by car, platform, compartment, to book, suitcase, wonderful, nature, hiking, bookcase, luggage, weather, on foot, a tent.
10.Подберите слово, близкое по значению к подчеркнутому:
1) We do English at school.
a) work
b) learn
c) teach
d) know
2) She spoke to her English teacher after classes.
a) talked
b) said
c) told
d) discussed
11. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст:
STEEL
The most important metal in industry is iron and its alloy — steel. Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon. It is strong and stiff, but corrodes easily through rusting, although stainless and other special steels resist corrosion. The amount of carbon in a steel influences its properties considerably. Steels of low carbon content (mild steels) are quite ductile and are used in the manufacture of sheet iron, wire, and pipes. Medium-carbon steels containing from 0.2 to 0.4 per cent carbon are tougher and stronger and are used as structural steels. Both mild and medium-carbon steels are suitable for forging and welding. High-carbon steels contain from 0.4 to 1.5 per cent carbon, are hard and brittle and are used in cutting tools, surgical instruments, razor blades and springs. Tool steel, also called silver steel, contains about 1 per cent carbon and is strengthened and toughened by quenching and tempering.
The inclusion of other elements affects the properties of the steel. Manganese gives extra strength and toughness. Steel containing 4 per cent silicon is used for transformer cores or electromagnets because it has large grains acting like small magnets. The addition of chromium gives extra strength and corrosion resistance, so we can get rust-proof steels. Heating in the presence of carbon or nitrogen-rich materials is used to form a hard surface on steel (case-hardening). High-speed steels, which are extremely important in machine-tools, contain chromium and tungsten plus smaller amounts of vanadium, molybdenum and other metals.
Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:
1. What is steel?
2. What are the main properties of steel?
3. What are the drawbacks of steel?
4. What kinds of steel do you know? Where are they used?
5. What gives the addition of manganese, silicon and chromium to steel?
6. What can be made of mild steels (medium-carbon steels, high-carbon steels)?
7. What kind of steels can be forged and welded?
8. How can we get rust-proof (stainless) steel?
9. What is used to form a hard surface on steel?
10. What are high-speed steels alloyed with?
Составьте словарь профессиональных терминов (15 слов и выражений)
Вариант 2
1.В каком из следующих слов звук, передаваемый буквой «s», отличается от остальных?
1) six, 2) miss, 3) bus, 4) house, 5) seem, 6) busy.
2. Выберите правильную форму глагола «to be»:
1) My car…at the entrance.
a) was
b) were
c) will be
2) We…watching TV at that time yesterday.
a) was
b) were
c) will be
3. Выберите правильный предлог:
1) I was looking…the gloves everywhere, but couldn’t find them.
a) out
b) at
c) for
d) after
2) You must put…your coat, it’s cold outside.
a) out
b) at
c) on
d) off
4. Какое из утверждений является верным?
1) a) English is impossible to learn.
b) English is the most difficult language in the world.
c) English is the most popular foreign language in our country.
2) a) After Friday comes Monday.
b) The sun rises in the West.
c) The 1st of April is “All Fools’ Day” in Britain.
5. Выберите правильный артикль:
1) On…Monday we open at 9 o’clock.
a) a
b) the
c) -
2) …English are reserved.
a) a
b) the
c) -
3) It was…cold day.
a) a
b) the
c) -
6. Выберите правильный модальный глагол:
1) The weather…change tomorrow.
a) may
b) must
c) should
2) The water is cold, you…swim.
a) can
b) can’t
c) must
3) I…to cover the whole distance on foot.
a) can
b) have
c) must
7.Подберите слово, близкое по значению к подчеркнутому:
1) We do English at school.
a) work
b) learn
c) teach
d) know
2) She spoke to her English teacher after classes.
a) talked
b) said
c) told
d) discussed
8. Выберите правильное местоимение:
1) She wanted to tell me...interesting.
a) somebody
b) something
c) some
d) somewhere
2) I think we have met her….
a) somebody
b) something
c) some
d) somewhere
9.Укажите правильные варианты перевода:
1) The flowers are in the vase.
a) Цветы в вазе.
b) В вазе цветы.
2) There is no telephone in the room.
a) Телефона нет в комнате.
b) В комнате нет телефона.
10. Переставьте буквы в таком порядке, чтобы получились слова.
1) s o l o c h
2) r e a c h e t
11. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст:
METHODS OF STEEL HEAT TREATMENT
Quenching is a heat treatment when metal at a high temperature is rapidly cooled by immersion in water or oil. Quenching makes steel harder and more brittle, with small grains structure.
Tempering is a heat treatment applied to steel and certain alloys. Hardened steel after quenching from a high temperature is too hard and brittle for many applications and is also brittle. Tempering, that is re-heating to an intermediate temperature and cooling slowly, reduces this hardness and brittleness. Tempering temperatures depend on the composition of the steel but are frequently between 100 and 650 °C. Higher temperatures usually give a softer, tougher product. The color of the oxide film produced on the surface of the heated metal often serves as the indicator of its temperature.
Annealing is a heat treatment in which a material at high temperature is cooled slowly. After cooling the metal again becomes malleable and ductile (capable of being bent many times without cracking).
All these methods of steel heat treatment are used to obtain steels with certain mechanical properties for certain needs.
Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:
1. What can be done to obtain harder steel?
2. What makes steel more soft and tough?
3. What makes steel more malleable and ductile?
4. What can serve as the indicator of metal temperature while heating it?
5. What temperature range is used for tempering?
6. What are the methods of steel heat treatment used for?
Составьте словарь профессиональных терминов (15 слов и выражений)
Вариант 3
1. В каком из следующих слов звук, передаваемый "th", отличается от остальных:
1) thin 2) thing 3) thick 4) bathe 5) bath 6) mathematics 7) path
2. Выберите правильную форму глагола:
1) Не... school two years ago.
a) finishes
b) will finish
c) finished
2) I... in the garden last Sunday.
a) worked
b) work
c) am working
3) He... a pilot during the World War II.
a) is
b) wilt be
c) was
3. Выберите правильный вспомогательный глагол:
1)... you meet her at the station?
a) does
b) did
c) was
2)... she cook breakfast every morning?
a) does
b) did
c) was
3)... the guests dancing when you came?
a) does
b) was
c) were
4. Укажите в предложениях слова с окончанием "ed", которые являются сказуемыми:
1) The unemployed demanded jobs.
a) unemployed
b) demanded
2) The author invented all the characters described in the novel.
a) invented
b) described
3) I looked through the article translated into Russian.
a) looked
b) translated
5. Укажите предложение, в котором глагол "have" является вспомогательным:
1) I had a good time in the south.
2) He has got a house in the country.
3) She had to tell the truth.
4) They have told the truth.
6. Выберите правильную форму глагола:
1) I... all my exams in June.
a) have passed
b) passed
c) is passing
2) I... my exams and can have a good time now.
a) have passed
b) passed
c) am passing
3) I... my exams in June and go to the seaside with you.
a) have passed
b) passed
c) shall pass
7. Подберите слова, близкие по значению:
1) describe 2) writer 3) interesting 4) novel 5) famous 6) hero 7) scene 8) main | 1) exciting 2) book 3) author 4) well-known 5) write about 6) leading 7) character 8) action |
8. Укажите, какое из слов не имеет отношения к остальным:
1) did, 2) make, 3) described, 4) have come, 5) is writing, 6) looked, 7) showed, 8) will return, 9) enjoy, 10) dinner, 11) cooked, 12) is singing, 13) takes.
9. Укажите, к какой теме относятся все три предложения:
1) The plot is very simple. We enjoyed all the three acts. The show began at five.
a) cinema
b) theatre
c) exhibition
2) It's open from 9 till 6. We enjoyed it very much. The tickets are not expensive.
a) cinema
b) theatre
c) exhibition
10. Выберите правильный модальный глагол:
1) He…speak three foreign languages.
a) can
b) may
c) must
2) You…work hard at your English if you want to know it.
a) can
b) may
c) must
3) You…not go out, the lesson is not over yet.
a) can
b) may
c) have
11. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст:
METALWORKING PROCESSES
Metals are important in industry because they can be easily deformed into useful shapes. A lot of metalworking processes have been developed for certain applications. They can be divided into five broad groups:
1. rolling,
2. extrusion,
3. drawing,
4. forging,
5. sheet-metal forming.
During the first four processes metal is subjected to large amounts of strain (deformation). But if deformation goes at a high temperature, the metal will recrystallize — that is, new strain-free grains will grow instead of deformed grains. For this reason metals are usually rolled, extruded, drawn, or forged above their recrystallization temperature. This is called hot working. Under these conditions there is no limit to the compressive plastic strain to which the metal can be subjected.
Other processes are performed below the recrystallization temperature. These are called cold working. Cold working hardens metal and makes the part stronger. However, there is a limit to the strain before a cold part cracks.
Rolling
Rolling is the most common metalworking process. More than 90 percent of the aluminum, steel and copper produced is rolled at least once in the course of production. The most common rolled product is sheet. Rolling can be done either hot or cold. If the rolling is finished cold, the surface will be smoother and the product stronger.
Extrusion
Extrusion is pushing the billet to flow through the orifice of a die. Products may have either a simple or a complex cross section. Aluminum window frames are the examples of complex extrusions.
Tubes or other hollow parts can also be extruded. The initial piece is a thick-walled tube, and the extruded part is shaped between a die on the outside of the tube and a mandrel held on the inside.
In impact extrusion (also called back-extrusion), the workpiece is placed in the bottom of a hole and a loosely fitting ram is pushed against it. The ram forces the metal to flow back around it, with the gap between the ram and the die determining the wall thickness. The example of this process is the manufacturing of aluminum beer cans.
Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:
1. Why are metals so important in industry?
2. What are the main metalworking processes?
3. Why are metals worked mostly hot?
4. What properties does cold working give to metals?
5. What is rolling? Where is it used?
6. What is extrusion? What shapes can be obtained after extrusion?
7. What are the types of extrusion?
Составьте словарь профессиональных терминов (15 слов и выражений)
Вариант 4
1. В каком из следующих слов звук, передаваемый "ir", отличается от остальных?
1) first, 2) fire, 3) birth, 4) girl, 5) bird, 6) shirt, 7) skirt.
2. Укажите, в каком предложении глагол стоит в Past Perfect:
a) She has bought a new pair of shoes.
b) She has a lot of different shoes at home.
c) She had bought a pair of new shoes for yesterday's party.
d) She is going to buy a pair of new shoes for the party.
e) She had new shoes on at the party.
3. Выберите правильную форму глагола:
1) The rain... before we reached home.
a) stopped
b) had stopped
2) The 5 o'clock.
a) arrived
b) had arrived
4. Выберите правильную форму глагола:
1) I... not... your book today.
a) have brought
b) had brought
2)... you... the dinner by the time the guests came?
a) have cooked
b) had cooked
5. Выберите правильный вспомогательный глагол:
1) ... the delegation visit your school?
a) did
b) has
c) had
2) … I help you?
a) has
b) have
c) shall
3) I … not seen you for ages.
a) has
b) have
c) shall
6.Выберите правильный модальный глагол:
1) The sky is dark. It…rain soon.
a)may
b)should
c)has to
2) The lights are on. They…be at home.
a)may
b)must
c)are to
3) You…to come here again.
a) must
b) should
c)have
7. Укажите предложения, в которых "have" является вспомогательным глаголом:
1) Have you worked all day?
2) Have a good time!
3) They have never met before.
4) She has a lot of animals at home.
8. Соедините правильно две половины в одно предложение:
1) She plays tennis... 2) She is playing tennis... 3) She has played tennis... 4) She played tennis... 5) She will play tennis... | 1) ... at this moment. 2) ... an hour ago. 3) ... every Monday. 4) ... next Monday. 5) ... for two hours. |
9. Какой вопрос относится к подчеркнутому слову?
Mary loves Nick, her neighbour.
a) Who loves Nick?
b) Whom does Mary love?
c) What is Nick?
d) Why does Mary love Nick?
10. Соотнесите предложения с русским вариантом:
1)
a) I read this book easily without a dictionary.
b) The book is easily read without a dictionary.
a) Книга легко читается без словаре
b) Я легко читаю эту книгу без словаря.
2)
a) A lot of new houses are built in our district every year.
b) They build a lot of new houses every year.
a) В нашем районе каждый год строится много домов.
b) Они строят в нашем районе каждый год много домов.
11. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст:
METALWORKING AND METAL PROPETIES
An important feature of hot working is that it provides the improvement of mechanical properties of metals. Hot-working (hot-rolling or hot-forging) eliminates porosity, directionality, and segregation that are usually present in metals. Hot-worked products have better ductility and toughness than the unworked casting. During the forging of a bar, the grains of the metal become greatly elongated in the direction of flow. As a result, the toughness of the metal is greatly improved in this direction and weakened in directions transverse to the flow. Good forging makes the flow lines in the finished part oriented so as to lie in the direction of maximum stress when the part is placed in service.
The ability of a metal to resist thinning and fracture during cold-working operations plays an important role in alloy selection. In operations that involve stretching, the best alloys are those which grow stronger with strain (are strain hardening) — for example, the copper-zinc alloy, brass, used for cartridges and the aluminum-magnesium alloys in beverage cans, which exhibit greater strain hardening.
Fracture of the workpiece during forming can result from inner flaws in the metal. These flaws often consist of nonmetallic inclusions such as oxides or sulfides that are trapped in the metal during refining. Such inclusions can be avoided by proper manufacturing procedures.
The ability of different metals to undergo strain varies. The change of the shape after one forming operation is often limited by the tensile ductility of the metal. Metals such as copper and aluminum are more ductile in such operations than other metals.
Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:
1. What process improves the mechanical properties of metals?
2. What new properties have hot-worked products?
3. How does the forging of a bar affect the grains of the metal? What is the result of this?
4. How are the flow lines in the forged metal oriented and how does it affect the strength of the forged part?
5. What are the best strain-hardening alloys? Where can we use them?
6. What are the inner flaws in the metal?
7. Can a metal fracture because of the inner flaw?
8. What limits the change of the shape during forming operations?
Составьте словарь профессиональных терминов (15 слов и выражений)
Вариант 5
1. В каком из следующих слов звук, передаваемый "i", отличается от остальных?
1) six, 2) five, 3) right, 4) write, 5) I'm, 6) bite, 7) mine.
2.Выберите правильную форму глагола «to be»:
1) I…in the 10th grade.
a) is
b) are
c) am
d) were
2) He…at the theatre yesterday.
a) is
b) was
c) will be
d) were
3. Выберите правильный артикль:
1) On…Monday we open at 9 o’clock.
a) a
b) the
c) -
2) …English are reserved.
a) a
b) the
c) -
3) It was…cold day.
a) a
b) the
c) -
4. Укажите, какой частью речи являются подчеркнутые в предложениях слова:
1) The new room was light and spacious.
a) существительное
b) прилагательное
c) глагол
2) Where shall we place the sofa?
a) существительное
b) прилагательное
c) глагол
3) He will head our delegation at the congress.
a) существительное
b) прилагательное
c) глагол
4) The exhibition was a great success.
a) существительное
b) прилагательное
c) глагол
5. Выберите нужное по смыслу слово:
1) We have…bread, please, go and buy some.
a) much
b) many
c) little
d) few
2) I have…time, I can wait.
a) little
b) a plenty of
c) many
d) few
6. Выберите правильную форму глагола «to be»:
1) I…writing a letter.
a) is
b) am
c) are
2) You are watching TV, …n’t you?
a) is
b) am
c) are
3) Who…reading the newspaper?
a) is
b) am
c) are
7. Укажите, к какой теме относятся все три предложения:
1) I like every piece of it.
2) It's very popular now.
3) It was written by Benjamin Britten.
a) theatre
b) fine art
c) music
8. Поставьте предложения так, чтобы получился связный рассказ:
1) Then it is decorated and put into a cool place for some time.
2) Then they are put into a pot.
3) First different fruits are taken.
4) It is served for dessert.
5) After that the salad is mixed.
6) They are carefully washed and cut into pieces.
7) Cream may also be added.
8) This is how a fruit salad is made.
9. Выберите правильный модальный глагол:
1) The weather…change tomorrow.
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