2. Kiev is the capital of the Ukraine. It is one of the most beautiful cities in Europe. Its population is some two million people.
3. Kiev is the largest center of national Ukrainian culture. There are many research institutes, the Academy of Science of the Ukraine, many higher and hundreds of secondary schools in Kiev. The University which bears the name of Shevchenko stands in the center of the city. Kiev has a history that goes back for more than ten centuries.
4. Kiev is a highly developed industrial city. There are many engineering, instrument-building, food processing and light industry establishments in Kiev. The Kiev plants and factories produce complex automatic lathes, excavators, sea and river ships, motor-cycles, electrical measuring instruments, planes, machine-tools, artificial fibers and diamonds. The Ukrainian scientists discovered the way of manufacturing artificial diamonds and developed the methods of electric welding. They made progress in nuclear physics, chemistry and other branches of science.
5. The Ukraine exports manufactured goods to more than 70 foreign countries. The Ukraine develops the relationships with Russia and other countries in political, economic and cultural spheres.
КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ №1.
ВАРИАНТ 3.
I. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения. Определите, какой частью речи являются слова с окончанием “S”:
а) показателем 3-го лица ед. ч. глагола в Present Simple;
б) признаком мн. ч. имени сущ.
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени сущ.
1. The country exports its products to 40 countries.
2. The exports consist of non-ferrous metals, machinery, chemical equipment,
etc.
3. What is your teacher’s name?
4. The scientists achieved great results in this branch of science.
II. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, содержащие определения, выраженные сущ.
1. His sister is a ten-year-old girl.
2. This power-station equipment is quite new.
3. The lecturer named cotton yarn production figures in his report.
4. The new institute building is not far from my house.
III. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, содержащие различные виды сравнения.
1. The Moskva River is not as wide and deep as the Neva.
2. This street is as wide as the next one.
3. The Trans-Siberian railway is much more longer than any railway in the
world.
4. The longer I stayed in Minsk, the more I liked it.
IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, обращая внимание на неопределенные местоимения.
1. There are some faculties in our Institute.
2. Some 20 students took part in sport competition.
3. Any result in our experiment is of great importance for the whole research.
4. No one knew about this discovery.
V. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения. Определите видовременную форму глагола ( время и залог ).
1. This student took an active part in the public life of his Institute.
2. The achievements in science will provide for the progress in economy.
3. Machine-builders use the latest technical achievements in their work.
4. The extra-mural students received paid leaves for their exams.
VI. Прочтите и устно переведите с 1-го по 5-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2 и 4-й абзацы текста.
MINSK
1. Minsk is the capital of Byelorussia, its political, economic and industrial center. Before the revolution it was a provincial town with some 100,000 inhabitants. Years of development transformed Minsk entirely. Today it is a large modern city with a population of some 800,000 people.
2. Minsk is a cultural and scientific center of Byelorussia. It has many museums, but perhaps the most famous are the Museum of the 1st Congress of the RSDLP and the Museum of the History of the Great Patriotic War.
3. Before the revolution there was not a single higher educational establishment in Minsk. There are now nearly thirty educational establishments including the University and many scientific research institutes.
4. Nowadays Minsk is a city of highly developed industry. The powerful MAZ lorries of the Minsk Automobile Works are famous not only in the country but far beyond its borders. The designers of the Minsk universal electronic computers, the most popular in the country, were awarded the State Prize. Farmers highly appreciate the new Minsk tractors which are highly reliable and easy to work. The Minsk Tractor Works is one of the biggest industrial enterprises. Every day hundreds of bright newly painted machines leave the factory gates. With each passing year the tractor builders perfect their skills and improve the technology of production.
5. Minsk workers are on friendly terms with their colleagues from other countries. Many specialists come from other countries to perfect their skills.
КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ №1.
ВАРИАНТ 4.
I. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения. Определите, какой частью речи являются слова с окончанием “S”:
а) показателем 3-го лица ед. ч. глагола в Present Simple;
б) признаком мн. ч. имени сущ.
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени сущ.
1. This teacher lectures on physics.
2. His lectures are of great help to us.
3. This city’s art museum enjoys great popularity.
4. The City is London’s financial and commercial heartland.
II. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, содержащие определения, выраженные сущ.
1. London is the nation’s capital and government services are also an important
sector.
2. Tower Bridge is the most famous and distinctive bridge in London.
3. There are many picture galleries and museums in London.
III. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, содержащие различные виды сравнения.
1. The Volga is much longer than the Thames.
2. The second text is as difficult as the first one.
3. This town is not as large as that one.
4. The more exercises we do, the better we understand grammar rules.
IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, обращая внимание на неопределенные местоимения.
1. Our country is very large; no one country is equal to it in size.
2. Do you go anywhere this morning?
3. Any student translates this text without a dictionary.
4. Some 20 students took part in sport competition.
V. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения. Определите видовременную форму глагола ( время и залог ).
1. Neither my friend nor I translated this text.
2. The delegation of this republic took an active part in the conference.
3. London lies on either side of the River Thames.
4. A light in the tower shows when the House of Commons is in session.
VI. Прочтите и устно переведите с 1-го по 5-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2 и 4-й абзацы текста.
LONDON
1. London is the capital of the United Kingdom of Great Britain. It lies on either side of the River Thames. The population of London is 6,904,600; the area is 1,579 sq. km. London is more than two thousand years old. It is the United Kingdom’s main center of population, commerce and culture and the largest port in England.
2. There are many places of interest in London. One of them is Trafalgar Square with Nelson’s monument 145 feet high. The Houses of Parliament, built in 1840 on the site of a former royal palace, are steeped in pomp and tradition, ceremony and splendor. Tourism and retail trade are among the major sectors of the city’s economy. And, because London is the nation’s capital, government services are also an important sector.
3. Buckingham Palace is the Royal Residence; it is the London home of the Queen. When the flag is flying on the top she is at home. Now Buckingham Palace is the Royal Residence of the Head of State – Queen Elizabeth II.
4. London is known all over the world for its green parks. The most celebrated parklands are the six royal parks that sweep through London’s West End. Hyde Park is the most popular. It is the largest park in London as well as one of the royal parks.
5. London is the center of the country’s cultural life. There are many picture galleries and museums here. The National Gallery and the others house a priceless collection of paintings. Founded in 1735, the British Museum is a treasure house of the works of man from prehistoric times to the present day. There are important displays of antiquities from Egypt, Western Asia, Greece, Rome and the East.
КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ №1.
ВАРИАНТ 5.
I. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения. Определите, какой частью речи являются слова с окончанием “S”:
а) показателем 3-го лица ед. ч. глагола в Present Simple;
б) признаком мн. ч. имени сущ.
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени сущ.
1. Everything in St. Petersburg reminds you of the history of Russia.
2. The city’s art museums enjoy great popularity.
3. He always watches TV program in the evening.
4. Something is wrong with your watches.
II. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, содержащие определения, выраженные сущ.
1. He passes his examinations with excellent marks.
2. These plants produce automatic control instruments for underground transport.
3. There are many new machine building factories in the country.
III. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, содержащие различные виды сравнения.
1. This film is not as interesting as that one.
2. The more you travel, the better you know our country.
3. This problem was much more important than that one.
4. The Leningrad metro is as beautiful as the Moscow one.
IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, обращая внимание на неопределенные местоимения.
1. Some of these articles are very interesting.
2. Have you any friends in St. Petersburg?
3. There are some 363 bridges in St. Petersburg.
4. No student can translate this article without the help of a dictionary.
V. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения. Определите видовременную форму глагола ( время и залог ).
1. The legendary cruiser Aurora gave the signal for the assault on the Winter
Palace.
2. Every monument and every building in St. Petersburg has a history of its own.
3. St. Petersburg will maintain close contacts with other countries.
4. The magnificent city on the Neva always played a prominent role in Russian
and world history.
VI. Прочтите и устно переведите с 1-го по 5-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2 и 4-й абзацы текста.
ST. PETERSBURG
1. The magnificent city on the Neva always played a prominent role in Russian and world history. Many years ago the working people of Russia accomplished the Revolution here, in Petrograd. The city was founded in 1703 by Peter the Great. Now St. Petersburg is more than 300 years old.
2. In the hard years of the Second World War, Leningrad became a symbol of courage in the bitter fighting against the Nazi invaders. Almost hundred days and nights of the siege of Leningrad multiplied the combat glory of the city.
3. Hundreds of thousands of students from many countries study in more than 50 higher schools of St. Petersburg. The city maintains close contacts with many countries.
4. Its plants and factories produce powerful ships and tractors, giant electric turbines for the largest power-stations of the country, television sets and refrigerators, rolling mills and precision instruments for various branches of industry and science.
5. St. Petersburg is a large industrial, cultural and scientific center. We can see products of its enterprises in many foreign countries. The northern capital always plays a great role in the development of many important branches of the economy.
CONTROL WORK N 2
Для того чтобы выполнить контрольную работу N 2, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка.
1. Видо-временные формы глагола:
а) активный залог – формы Simple (Present, Past, Future); формы Continuous (Present, Past, Future); формы Perfect (Present, Past, Future).
b)пассивный залог этих же форм. Особенности перевода пассивных конструкций на русский язык.
2. Модальные глаголы:
выражающие возможность: can (could), may и эквивалент глагола can – be able;
выражающие разрешение: may (might) и эквивалент глагола may – be allowed;
выражающие долженствование: must, его эквиваленты to have to и to be to; should.
3. Простые неличные формы глагола. Причастие. Participle I (Present Participle), Participle II (Past Participle) в функциях определения и обстоятельства.
a) Употребление временных форм глагола в действительном залоге
Active Voice
Инфинитив Время | Simpleинфинитив без частицы to | Continuous be+Participle I (Ving) | Perfect Have + Participle II (Ved или 3 форма глагола) |
Present | Ask asks (he, she, it) вспомогат. гл. do, does в вопросах и отрицат. предл. |
Is asking are |
has (he, she, it) asked written |
Past | Asked wrote, went вспомогат. глагол did |
were asking | had asked written |
Future | Will ask | will be asking | will have asked, written |
am
have
was Note:
1. Времена группы Continuous переводятся глаголами несовершенного вида (что делаю? что делал? что буду делать?), так как показывают процесс выполнения действия. Чаще всего ошибки происходят при переводе Past Continuous.
I was asking– Я спрашивал (нельзя переводить спросил )
2. Времена группы Perfect чаще всего переводятся глаголами совершенного вида (что сделал? или что сделаю?), так как показывают законченное, завершенное действие.
I have asked – Я спросил.
Употребление временных форм глагола в страдательном залоге
Passive Voice
Инфинитив Время | Simple be +Participle II (Ved или 3 форма глагола) | Continuous be+being+Participle II | Pertfect have+been+Part. II |
Present |
is asked, are written |
is being asked, are written |
Has been asked, written |
Past |
were written |
were written | had been asked, written |
Future | will be asked written | - | will have asked, written |
am
am
Have 
was asked, 
was being asked,Note: 1. О переводе глагола-сказуемого и подлежащего в страдательном
залоге смотрите ниже.
2. Continuous Passive переводится:
The house is being built – Дом строится (дом строят).
The house was being built - Дом строился
Дом строили (что делали?)
3. Perfect Passive переводится:
The house has been built – Дом (что сделали?) построили
Дом был построен.
b) СТРАДАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ
To be + Participle II (Ved, V3F)
Страдательный залог показывает, что подлежащее пассивно, т. е. оно подвергается воздействию со стороны другого лица или предмета.
Страдательный залог широко употребляется для научных описаний, для описания технических и экономических процессов, в отчетах, объявлениях и т. д.
Показателем времени, лица и числа является вспомогательный глагол to be, который имеет формы am, is, are для настоящего времени, was, were – прошедшего времени, will be и shall be – будущего времени. Смысловой глагол в форме причастия прошедшего времени (Participle II) не изменяется и может переводиться тремя способами:
1) сочетанием глагола быть + краткая форма причастия
The article was written. Статья была написана.
The article will be written. Статья будет написана.
Глагол-связка быть в настоящем времени в русском языке опускается.
The article is written. Статья написана.
2) возвратным глаголом с окончанием –ся, - сь.
The houses will be built here. Здесь будут строиться дома.
3) неопределенно-личной формой глагола (3-лицо множественного лица)
The paper was translated Эту статью (они) перевели неделю назад.
a week ago.
Подлежащее английского предложения может переводиться на русский язык существительным (или местоимением) в именительном падеже и во всех косвенных падежах.
The house was built by a Дом был построен новым методом.
a new method.
He was seen in the laboratory Его видели в лаборатории 2 часа назад.
2 hours ago.
He was given a new job to do. Ему поручили выполнить новую работу.
Если за сказуемым в страдательном залоге следует предлог, относящийся к глаголу, то при переводе предлог ставится перед подлежащим.
The design of the house was Над проектом этого дома много работали.
much worked at.
II. PARTICIPLE
Функция | Participle I (прич. наст.вр.) Ving от глагола | Participle II (прич.прош.вр.) Ved или 3 форма нестандартных глаголов |
Часть сказуемого (после форм глаголов to be и to have) | Входит в состав сказуемого времени гр. Continuous (to be +Participle I) The builders are applying… Строители применяют… The builders were applying… Cтроители применяли… | Входит в состав сказуемого в Passive Voice (to be +Participle II) I was told… – Мне сказали… и Perfect Tense (to have + Participle II) He has changed … Он изменил… |
Обстоятельство (причастие стоит в начале или в конце предложения или с союзами) | (When, while)changing изменяя при изменении когда изменяют being changed будучи измененным или когда (так как, если, после того как) изменили having changed изменив having been changed когда (так как, если, после того как) изменили | С союзами when-когда, if-если, unless-если не, as - как- переводится придаточным предложением, а иногда – при + существительное Unless tested the machine must not be put into operation. –Если машина не прошла испытаний, ее нельзя эксплуатировать. When heated the polymer changed… - Когда полимер нагрели, он изменил… При нагревании полимер изменил |
Определение (причастие стоит перед определяемым словом или после него и можно задать вопрос какой?) | changing conditions-изменяющиеся условия conditions changing - условия изменяющие being changed –изменяющийся, изменяемый, который изменяется | changed – изменяемый, измененный |
MODAL VERBS
Долженствование | Present | Past | Future | |
must - должен | Must | - | - | |
have to - должен, вынужден, придется | have to has to | had to | will have to | |
Be to - должен, предстоит в силу запланированности или договоренности | am to is to are to | was to were to | - | |
Should должен (следует) | should | - | - | |
ought to должен (следует) | ought to | |||
Способность или возможность совершить действие | Can - может (умеет) | can | could | - |
be able - может (умеет) | am able is able are able | was able were able | will be able | |
Разрешение или возможность (вероятность) | May - может (разрешает) | may | might | - |
be allowed -- может (разрешает) | am allowed is allowed are allowed | was allowed were allowed | will be allowed |
КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ №2.
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