Various types of sleepers
Sleepers which were first introduced in 1855 are now employed universally. They are made of wood, steel, cast iron or concrete. The required number of sleepers is enormous, and timber is becoming scarce. That’s why sleepers of other materials are widely used in many countries. Metal sleepers find a wider application in Britain; wooden sleepers last about 20 years in the main tracks, and then they give further service in sidings. Cast iron sleepers are little used because metal is very expensive everywhere. In our country concrete sleepers are being used increasingly, especially in Metro construction.
Concrete sleepers have the advantage of material which withstands corrosion and rotting.
сast iron – чугун сoncrete - бетон
siding – запасной путь withstand –противостоять
Контрольная я работа №2 (вариант 6)
1. Определите время и залог сказуемых, предложения переведите.
1. Tomorrow we shall be making a test from ten to eleven.
2. Plastic materials are becoming a common part of many designs.
3. Automatic is being widely introduced now in the railway transport.
4. The electronic equipment was designed at our laboratory last year.
2. Определите функцию причастий и переведите предложения.
1. The electric current, consisting of a stream of electrons, can be driven through the conductor.
2. The temperature used varied from 80 to 10 degrees.
3. When measuring the voltage we use a voltmeter.
4. Approaching the bridge the train decreased its speed.
3. Подчеркните модальные глаголы или их эквиваленты. Предложения переведите.
1. You must use the new machinery for the railway transport.
2. The students of our Institute may carry on their work at the new laboratory.
3. The car-building plant will be able to increase its productivity next year.
4. Переведите текст с помощью словаря.
Automatic train driver
This electric train was not usual, it had « automatic train driver ». The driver pressed the button o the control panel and the train left the station. Passing the exit switches the train smoothly gathered the speed. At the speed of 120 km per hour the control lamp indicated that the train’s speed was at a maximum. Sitting comfortably in a corner of the cab the drive looked ahead. All his duties were performed by a high speed electronic computer. As the train continued on the way to its destination, the engineer told us of the first “automatic train driver” built in Russia. The entire apparatus was located in the front part of the motor car.
automatic train driver - автомашинист
control panel - пульт управления
exit switch - выходная стрелка
Контрольная я работа №2 (вариант 7)
1. Определите время и залог сказуемых, предложения переведите.
1. Interesting and important researches are done in our University.
2. The results of the last experiment were published in the magazine.
3. New methods of work will be applied at our factory.
4. We shall be weighing the new substances at 9 o’clock in the morning.
2. Определите функцию причастий и переведите предложения.
1. The man traveling much sees many countries.
2. Do you see technical magazines lying on the table?
3. Using machinery we must know how to control it.
4. Finishing the report the researcher gave new data.
3. Подчеркните модальные глаголы или их эквиваленты. Предложения переведите.
1. Atom must serve peaceful purposes.
2. You may switch on the device now.
3. The chief engineer can improve the accuracy of this device.
4. Переведите текст с помощью словаря.
The operation of Trains
To simplify the problem of running trains all railroads are divided into divisions. A divisions may be three or four hundred miles long or it may be thirty or fourty miles long. Each division is operated as s small railroad. The train with a long run may change locomotives and crews several times before it arrives at the station of its destination.
Each railroad has regular trains and extra trains. A regular train is a train running according to time-table.
Regular trains have definite times of leaving and definite times for arrival at the station where they complete their run.
Extra trains are not common on our railroads. They are usually work trains ТВ wreck trains.
simplify – упрощать
running - зд. движение
extra train-дополнительный поезд
complete- заканчивать
wreck train- аварийный поезд
Контрольная я работа №2 (вариант 8)
1. Определите время и залог сказуемых, предложения переведите.
1. Weather condition in the North are studied by meteorologists.
2. Sound will be amplified by new device.
3. The powerful ventilators were purifying the air the laboratory for 20 minutes.
4. Scientists are developing new processes to produce the necessary metals.
2. Определите функцию причастий и переведите предложения.
1. Knowing English well he worked as a translator.
2. At present we have automatic machines sorting letters.
3. Attending all the lectures he passed all the examinations well.
4. Making new discoveries scientists serve mankind.
3. Подчеркните модальные глаголы или их эквиваленты. Предложения переведите.
1. They must provide us with all necessary data.
2. You may use this instrument in your experiment.
3. You can translate this text without a dictionary.
4. Переведите текст с помощью словаря.
From the History of the Railroad Track
The railway track of today is different from the track, which was used in the early days of the steam railroads. The first track had no ballast; the rails were long wooden bars and they were covered with thin straps of iron.
The wooden rails were put on granite blocks. The centre of the track was a path for the horses which drew the cars. This kind of track was not satisfactory for steam trains. The granite blocks were soon replaced by wooden ties.
In the eighteenth century long before the steam locomotive was invented. English engineers began to experiment with rails which were made of iron. But iron rails also often broke.
People of those days knew about steel. But steel is very expensive.
thin strap - тонкая полоса life- зд. срок службы times - раз
Контрольная работа №2 (вариант 9)
1. Определите время предложений и переведите их:
1. Every year railway transport of our country carries millions of passengers.
2. Construction workers were building a new railway station for 2 years.
3. The day will come when spaceships fly to other planets.
4. We shall use the results of this experiment in our work.
5. The delegation of this republic has already taken an active part in the conference.
2. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на различные функции глаголов to have и to be.
1. At present our scientists are working on traction problems.
2. The students have already discussed the questions of their practical training.
3. You have to contact manufacturers of railway cars.
4. The express train was to arrive in two hours.
5. He was to come at 10, but he hasn’t come yet.
3. Образуйте существительные от глаголов to achieve, to conduct, образуйте прилагательное от существительного use, переведите их на русский язык.
4. Переведите текст с помощью словаря.
Television for Railways
Some years go one of the research institutes of our country designed a television apparatus. We use it in railway transport to record the serial numbers of freight cars arriving at a station. As a train pulls in at a station, somewhere at a distance of ten kilometers an operator sees this train on the screen of his television set. On another television set the operator can see all the railway lines in a station.
The Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Railways is designing a new television apparatus which will enable engine drivers «to see» the condition of the freight car even when it is dark.
Record- записывать
Serial number - серийный номер
Контрольная работа №2 (10 вариант)
1. Определить время и залог сказуемых. Предложения переведите.
1. This railway line was constructed to link central and eastern regions of the country.
2. The output of building materials will be increased by more than 20 per cent next year.
3. New computers were set in our laboratory.
4. Everything had been done when we came.
2. Определить функцию причастий, предложения переведите.
1. Having treated ties with creosote the railwaymen laid them in the track.
2. Being in Petersburg we visited many museums.
3. We saw new equipment prepared for our laboratory.
4. The computer used I our work is of a new design.
3. Подчеркните модальные глаголы или их эквиваленты, предложения переведите.
1. Electric and diesel locomotives must handle 92 per cent of the total railway freight turnover of Russia.
2. This new railway will have to connect these distant regions.
3. The modern railway track will be able to carry a great volume of freight.
4. Переведите текст с помощью словаря.
Computers
We live in the age of great development in science and engineering. The invention of electronic computers has freed man’s brain from the labor of measurement and computation. A computer is a device solving problems automatically. The first electronic computers went into operation in 1945.
Electronic computers work very quickly, they can carry out several thousands of arithmetic operations in one second. We may divide them into two groups: machines that can measure and those that can count. The latter can add, subtract, multiply and divide. They can combine many problems and solve them in any order. Electronic machines can be used for controlling production.
Контрольная работа №3 (вариант 1)
1. Определить время и залог в предложениях и переведите их.
1. This engine had been installed in our workshop by the end of the last month.
2. Our specialists have made great progress in different fields of science.
3. Electronics and television will have found a wider application on railways by 2010.
4. The devices were fixed by the laboratory assistant.
2. Переведите предложения, учитывая правило согласования времен:
1. They said that he would be carrying out the experiment on Monday.
2. It was reported that Metro builders had used some new methods of construction.
3. We know that he was making a great progress in English.
3. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на союзное и бессоюзное подчинение:
1. We can say the development of industry depends on electricity.
2. The control system we use in automation must constantly measure some process conditions.
3. When we finish our experiment we shall be able to make a report about it.
4. Переведите текст с помощью словаря:
The operation of trains
The work at a freight yard is very difficult and requires much time. We must use technical aids to facilitate this work. The telephone system is only one aspect of telecommunication. Another one is the loudspeaker system for giving information at stations, which plays an important part in passenger traffic. Radio is also essential in the modern freight yard. It helps car inspectors to save their time. If a car inspector finds a car requires repair, he can ask other inspectors for help by radio. Television is finding application on railways too. It helps to check the cars which appear on a television screen. So we see that radio, telephone and television make the job of the railroad workers easier and more efficient.
Контрольная работа №3 (вариант 2)
1. Определите время и залог в предложениях и переведите их :
1. This passenger car will have been repaired by the end of the week.
2. The railwaymen have installed a new signaling system on this railway.
3. This railway had equipped the trains with comfortable passenger cars by the end of the last year.
4. The electric and diesel locomotives replaced the steam locomotives.
2. Переведите предложения, учитывая правило согласования времен:
1. Our professor asked if the students had used the new apparatus for recording temperature.
2. The mechanic said that the work would be finished in time.
3. My friend told me that our teacher knew four foreign languages.
3. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на союзное и бессоюзное подчинение:
1. They say computers are widely used in their research work now.
2. When we compress gas, the number of molecules in each cubic centimeter increases.
3. We know that Bratsk is famous for its hydroelectric power station.
4. Переведите текст с помощью словаря
Underground railways
The first underground railways for city transport appeared in the second part of the nineteenth century. At that time the traffic was operated by steam locomotives. The use of electric power had its beginning in 1887, and the construction of rapid underground lines began in such cities as London, New York and Moscow. For the first time an underground
railway for Moscow was discussed in the beginning of the century.
But only in the thirties the construction of the underground system was initiated. Our engineers made a study of existing undergrounts and worked out their own project. Work on the first line from Sokolniky to the Central Park began in 1932 and was completed in 1938. Now the Moscow underground system is one of the most highly developed in the world. The beautiful architecture and cleanliness of its stations are well known.
Контрольная работа №3 (вариант 3)
I. Определите время и залог в предложениях и переведите их:
1. The trainees have already become experienced drivers.
2. A new design of a freight car will have been developed by the beginning of the year.
3. Our workshop fulfilled this year's plan with good results.
4. The experiment had been completed before our professor returned from the expedition.
II. Переведите предложения, учитывая правило согласования
времен.
1. It was reported that the new railway station had been opened by the first of January.
2. The foreman said that his workers were testing the new machine in the workshop.
3. They knew that he would be a locomotive driver.
III. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на союзное и
бессоюзное подчинение.
1. They say their research work will be completed in time.
2. When we heat gas, the motion of molecules becomes still more rapid.
3. The number of electrons an atom loses or receives is called its valence (валентность).
IV. Переведите текст с помощью словаря:
Unique line
The length of the Baikal-Amur railway is more than 3000 km. It runs from the Lena river to Komsomolsk-on-Amur through the Irkutsk region, the Buryat republic, the Chita and Amur regions and the Khabarovsk territory. Never before in the world has such a labourious railway line been built. The construction was carried in the most difficult topographical and geological engineering conditions. Lena station is situated in the upper part of the river Lena. There is a railway there - a branch from Taishet on the Trans-Siberian railway. It was built in the late 50's when new industrial areas were being developed. Among them there was Bratsk, which is famous for its hydro-electric power station, one of the biggest in the world.
КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 3 (вариант 4)
I. Определите время и залог в предложениях и переведите их.
1. Our scientists are solving many complex problems now.
2. Space research has been paid much attention to.
3. Our students will have translated these texts by six o'clock.
4. The new metro stations are being built in residential areas.
II. Переведите предложения, учитывая правило согласования времен:
1. The laboratory assistant said that the results of our experiment were good.
2. Everybody knew that Kurchatov was one of the famous atomic scientists.
3. We were told that the lecture on mathematics would be on Monday.
III. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на союзное и бессоюзное подчинение.
1. If students from other countries study at our University they have the same privileges as our students.
2. We want to ask our teacher when the new laboratory will be ready for work.
3. They knew he had graduated from our University.
IV. Переведите текст с помощью словаря:
Gas turbine
In many respects gas turbines are quite similar to the modern steam turbines. The development of gas turbine installations has been rapid in the past decades. They have a number of advantages over steam turbines. They take up less space, do not require a special water supply, may use natural gas and are easily and quickly operated by automatic control. The greatest gas turbine capacity is about 30.000 kw. Many important ideas have appeared recently which indicate that ways will be found for the direct conversion of atomic, chemical and solar energy into electrical power. A new method of generating electrical power has been developed by our engineers. The new installation produces several times more electric power.
КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 3 (вариант5)
I. Определите время и залог в предложениях и переведите их:
1. World railways are now busy In search of ways to increase their economic efficiency.
2. The underground railway in London was opened to traffic in 1890.
3. Electronics has found a wide application in railway substations.
4. These cars have good sound-insulation.
II. Переведите предложения, учитывая правило согласования времен.
1. We thought that we should go to a business trip in winter.
2. The foreman watched how the railwaymen were repairing a railway track.
3. She told us that all experiments had been finished in time.
III. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на союзное и бессоюзное подчинение.
1. They know they will made a report at the scientific conference.
2. If automatic control is used, many operations will be improved.
3. We are sure their information is absolutely correct. IV. Переведите текст с помощью словаря:
Train dispatcher
At every railway division there is always a train dispatcher. From every station he receives reports of passing trains. He knows at any time the location of every train on his division. When a train becomes late, or when an extra train is started, it is his business to give the orders which will permit the trains to pass over his division with as little delay as possible. He directs the movement of trains. His work requires quick acting, and above all absolute accuracy. The slightest mistake on the part of the dispatcher may cause a terrible accident.
Each dispatcher makes a complete record of the movement of trains on his division. He has to keep traffic moving freely. He provides the best possible utilization of locomotive and train crews, the running of special trains. Train control is carried out from special offices which are equipped with different devices.
extra train - дополнительный поезд
КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 3 (6 вариант)
I. Определите время и залог в предложениях и переведите их:
1. The trainees have already become experienced drivers.
2. A new design of a freight car will have been developed by the beginning of the year.
3. Our workshop fulfilled this year's plan with good results.
4. The experiment had been completed before our professor returned from the expedition.
II. переведите предложения, учитывая правило согласования времен.
1. It was reported that the new railway station had been opened by the first of January.
2. The foreman said that his workers were testing the new machine in the workshop.
3. They knew that he would be a locomotive driver.
III. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на союзное и бессоюзное подчинение.
1. They say their research work will be completed in time.
2. When we heat gas, the motion of molecules becomes still more rapid.
3. The number of electrons an atom loses or receives is called its valence (валентность).
IV. Переведите текст с помощью словаря:
Unique line
The length of the Baikal-Amur railway is more than 3000 km. It runs from the Lena river to Komsomolsk-on-Amur through the Irkutsk region, the Buryat republic, the Chita and Amur regions and the Khabarovsk territory. Never before in the world has such a labourious railway line been built. The construction was carried in the most difficult topographical and geological engineering conditions. Lena station is situated in the upper part of the river Lenaj There is a railway there - a branch from Taishet on the Trans-Siberian railway. It was built in the late 50's when new industrial areas were being developed. Among them there was Bratsk, which is famous for its hydro-electric power station, one of the biggest in the world.
КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 3 (7 вариант)
I. Определите время и залог в предложениях и переведите их.
1. Good harvest has been gathered in this region this autumn.
2. Vast deposits of natural gas, oil and coal were discovered in Siberia.
3. New chemical plant will be built in this highly developed country.
4. The equipment used in this laboratory is very expensive.
II. Переведите предложения, учитывая правило согласования
времен.
1. It was reported that a huge work was being done by this group of engineers.
2. The young man said that he would enter our University.
3. The chief engineer said that this device was very complecated.
III. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на союзное и
бессоюзное подчинение, *,
1. The work the young scientist is doing now is very useful.
2. Mathematics is the subject that is studied at all higher technical schools.
3. In this article the scientist described an experiment he had finished recently.
IV. Переведите текст с помощью словаря:
Kinds of trains
Railways have two distinct kinds of trains. They are "regular" trains and "extra" trains. A regular train is a "scheduled" train, a train listed on the railway time-table. A railway has certain trains which are operated each day. They have definite times of leaving their terminals, definite times to make stops at stations and definite times for arrival at the terminals where they complete their runs. These are the regular trains. All regular trains on a railway are devided into "classes". There may be two or theref1 or four classes of trains. When there are only two classes, the first class trains are the passenger trains, and the second-class trains are the freight trains."Extra" trains are trains which are not scheduled in the railway time-table.
"scheduled" train - поезд, предусмотренный расписанием
"extra" train - дополнительный поезд
КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 3 (8 вариант)
I. Определите время и залов в предложениях и переведите их:
1. World railways are now busy in search of ways to increase their economic efficiency.
2. The underground railway in London was opened to traffic
in 1890.
3. Electronics has found a wide application in railway substations.
4. These cars have good sound-insulation.
II. Переведите предложения, учитывая правило согласования
времен.
1. We thought that we should go to a business trip in winter.
2. The foreman watched how the railwaymen were repairing a railway track.
3. She told us that all experiments had been finished in time.
III. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на союзное и
бессоюзное подчинение.
1. They know they will made a report at the scientific conference.
2. If automatic control is used, many operations will be improved.
3. We are sure their information is absolutely correct.
IV. Переведите текст с помощью словаря:
Train dispatcher
At every railway division there is always a train dispatcher. From every station he receives reports of passing trains. He knows at any time the location 'of every train on his division. When a train becomes late, or when an extra train is started, it is his business to give the orders which will permit the trains to pass over his division with as little delay as possible. He directs the movement of trains. His work requires quick acting, and above all absolute accuracy. The slightest mistake on the part of the dispatcher may cause a terrible accident.
Each dispatcher makes a complete record of the movement of trains on his division. He has to keep traffic moving freely. He provides the best possible utilisation of locomotive and train crews, the running of special trains. Train control is carried out from special offices which are equipped with different devices.
extra train - дополнительный поезд
КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 3 (9 вариант)
I. Определите время и залог в предложениях и переведите их:
1. World railways are now busy In search of ways to increase their economic efficiency.
2. The underground railway in London was opened to traffic in 1890.
3. Electronics has found a wide application in railway substations.
4. These cars have good sound-insulation.
II. Переведите предложения, учитывая правило согласования времен.
1. We thought that we should go to a business trip in winter.
2. The foreman watched how the railwaymen were repairing a railway track.
3. She told us that all experiments had been finished in time.
III. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на союзное и бессоюзное подчинение.
1. They know they will made a report at the scientific conference.
2. If automatic control is used, many operations will be improved.
3. We are sure their information is absolutely correct. IV. Переведите текст с помощью словаря:
Train dispatcher
At every railway division there is always a train dispatcher. From every station he receives reports of passing trains. He knows at any time the location of every train on his division. When a train becomes late, or when an extra train is started, it is his business to give the orders which will permit the trains to pass over his division with as little delay as possible. He directs the movement of trains. His work requires quick acting, and above all absolute accuracy. The slightest mistake on the part of the dispatcher may cause a terrible accident.
Each dispatcher makes a complete record of the movement of trains on his division. He has to keep traffic moving freely. He provides the best possible utilization of locomotive and train crews, the running of special trains. Train control is carried out from special offices which are equipped with different devices.
extra train - дополнительный поезд
КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 3 (10 вариант)
I. Определите время и залог в предложениях и переведите их:
1. World railways are now busy In search of ways to increase their economic efficiency.
2. The underground railway in London was opened to traffic in 1890.
3. Electronics has found a wide application in railway substations.
4. These cars have good sound-insulation.
II. Переведите предложения, учитывая правило согласования времен.
1. We thought that we should go to a business trip in winter.
2. The foreman watched how the railwaymen were repairing a railway track.
3. She told us that all experiments had been finished in time.
III. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на союзное и бессоюзное подчинение.
1. They know they will made a report at the scientific conference.
2. If automatic control is used, many operations will be improved.
3. We are sure their information is absolutely correct. IV. Переведите текст с помощью словаря:
Train dispatcher
At every railway division there is always a train dispatcher. From every station he receives reports of passing trains. He knows at any time the location of every train on his division. When a train becomes late, or when an extra train is started, it is his business to give the orders which will permit the trains to pass over his division with as little delay as possible. He directs the movement of trains. His work requires quick acting, and above all absolute accuracy. The slightest mistake on the part of the dispatcher may cause a terrible accident.
Each dispatcher makes a complete record of the movement of trains on his division. He has to keep traffic moving freely. He provides the best possible utilization of locomotive and train crews, the running of special trains. Train control is carried out from special offices which are equipped with different devices.
extra train - дополнительный поезд
Контрольная работа №4 (вариант 1)
1. Определите время и залог в предложениях и переведите их :
1. They have already passed their exams.
2. Four reports will have been presented before you return from St. Petersburg.
3. The house was built at the end of the 18th century.
4. Nuclear power station will produce vast amount of electricity.
5. Metro lines are being built in new districts.
2. Определите форму и функцию причастий. Предложения переведите:
1. The equipment used in our shop is very expensive.
2. While mechanizing the process of production we increase the productivity of labour.
3. Having lost the plan of the district, she could not find the street.
3. Подчеркните независимый причастный оборот. Предложения переведите:
1. The site having been chosen, the builders started the work.
2. The scientist gave the explanation of the observed facts, his report being accompanied by some tables.
3. The tunnel having been bored, there was no need in building a bridge.
4. Переведите текст с помощью словаря.
Science and technology
Our science and engineers are transforming nature for the benefit of humanity. Science has solved a lot of important problems and will solve more in future to make our life still better. New beautiful towns and cities will be built throughout the country.
Space exploration is and will be extremely important in different fields, television via satellites being of great potential benefit to developing countries. Nuclear energy is and will be used in a lot of different ways. Our great demands for power in the next 30 years will be met by nuclear power to a great extent. Nuclear power stations on floating platforms will not only produce great amounts of fresh water from sea, but will also help in weather control.
To a great extent – в большой степени
Nuclear power station – атомная электростанция
Fresh water – пресная вода
Контрольная работа №4 (2 вариант)
1. Определите время и залог в предложениях и переведите их:
1. Our country has become a highly industrialized state.
2. When the student came to the Institute he saw his friend who was reading a wall newspaper.
3. Every year our scientists solve a lot of important scientific problems.
4. Next month an expedition will leave for the Far East.
5. Since the early thirties atomic research has been successfully conducted in our country.
2. Определите форму и функцию причастий. Предложения переведите:
1. Having decided to bore the tunnel through hard rock, the tunnel builders thought of the shortest line possible.
2. Students taking exams next week should come to the dean’s office.
3. Making these experiments we can compare the weight of elements.
3. Подчеркните независимый причастный оборот. Предложения переведите:
1. The work being finished, the students went home.
2. The electronic computers having been used, we improve the technology.
3. The delegation returned from Moscow, its work being approved.
4. Переведите текст с помощью словаря:
Science and education
In the of scientific and technological revolution when the further development of production and the society as a whole depends more and more upon the progress of human knowledge, the role of higher education is taking on immense significance. The young specialist who graduates from higher educational establishment must not only be trained to meet the demands of modern production, science, technology and culture, but to some extent he must foresee the prospect of their development.
He must be a creative specialist, highly qualified and capable of using the latest methods of scientific research. This explains the fact that in higher schools science and education have now become inseparable from each other.
Educational establishment - учебное заведение
To meet the demands-удовлетворять потребности
Контрольная работа №4 (3 вариант)
1. Определите время и залог в предложениях и переведите их:
1. I saw a man who was standing on the platform.
2. The site of the city Washington was chosen by George Washington as the national capital.
3. We were told that he was making progress in his research.
4. Many problems have been solved with the help of scientific methods.
5. Our scientists will be working for the benefit of humanity.
2. Определите форму и функцию причастий. Предложения переведите.
1. Automatic control system used in electric locomotives are of high quality.
2. Having been told to join the expedition we started to the north.
3. The apparatus was broken while being carried from place to place.
3. Подчеркните независимый причастный оборот. Предложения переведите:
1. The signal having been given, the train began to move.
2. The railway was built between two stations, the distance being 30 kilometers.
3. The work having been done, the chief engineer inspected it very carefully.
4. Переведите текст с помощью словаря:
The largest hydroelectric station
The largest hydroelectric station – the Sayano-Shushenskaya - was constructed on the Yenisey river. The station has ten turbines, the dam being 242 metres high. Construction work on the Yenisey river was conducted under the hard climatic conditions.
For many months this territory is exposed to intense cold. To reach the site where the dam spans the Yenisey river a road had to be laid through solid rock. Due to the achievements of our country in the construction of hydroelectric stations the Sayano-Shushenskaya station began the commercial generation of electricity before the project was fully completed.
Energy consumption in all branches of industry, agriculture and in domestic use will increase greatly.
To span- соединять берега
Due to – благодаря
Контрольная работа №4 (4 вариант)
1. Определите время и залог в предложениях и переведите их:
1. Every year our country produces many types of machines.
2. The equipment for the enterprises constructed in our country is manufactured at the large plants of Russia.
3. A new method has been applied at our factory.
puters will soon carry out more difficult tasks of economy.
5. Many important observations are being made by our cosmonauts.
2. Определите форму и функцию причастий. Предложения переведите.
1. We saw our engineer testing new machines.
2. The research work being done in our laboratory is of great importance for the national economy.
3. Having built up heavy industry our country began to accelerate the economic development.
3. Подчеркните независимый причастный оборот. Предложения переведите:
1. The train having come to the station, the passengers began to get out.
2. The new machine having been installed, the productivity of the plant went up.
puters represent a new branch of science, the first of them having appeared many years ago.
4. Переведите текст с помощью словаря:
Refrigerator cars
The refrigerator cars is a special kind of a box car, used for hauling fresh meat, fruit, vegetables, fish, milk and other goods. Most refrigerator cars depend upon ice or upon a mixture of ice and salt keeping their contents cool. The walls and floors are airtight. They are made of several layers of material. The inside layer is of wood, and the outside is usually of steel. There is the insulating material between the inner and outer layer. The layers of insulating material are covered with one or more layers of waterproof paper. Water and air cannot enter the walls, roof or floor of a well-built refrigerator car, the doors of the car being also insulated.
Box car- крытый товарный вагон
Waterproof- водонепроницаемый
Airtight - воздухонепроницаемый, герметичный
Контрольная работа №4 (5 вариант)
1. Определите время и залог в предложениях и переведите их:
1. A new railway line will have been built by the end of the year.
2. Our teacher showed us a new machinery.
*****ssia is sending machinery to many countries.
4. Many raw materials have been found in Siberia.
5. Many countries are seeking an effective way of developing rail transport.
2. Определите форму и функцию причастий. Предложения переведите.
1. Being tested the new machine showed good results.
2. Working at our chemical laboratory the students learned many interesting thing.
3. Having discovered the properties of the electron scientists put it to the service of mankind.
3. Подчеркните независимый причастный оборот. Предложения переведите:
1. The new method having been studied in details, the engineers introduced it at the plant.
2. The problems of transition to the new type of traction having been solved, the train speed has increased considerably.
3. A large research centre was built last year, all its laboratories being equipped with new instruments.
4. Переведите текст с помощью словаря:
Technical cybernetics
The high-speed electronic mathematical machines of today have created entirely new technical possibilities in the area of automatic control of industrial processes. First designed for solving mathematic problems, they soon paved the way for a new field of science – cybernetics. Its aim is to establish general principles of controlling different system.
The theoretical principles of cybernetic are closely connected with the theory of information, computers and automatic control.
The significance of cybernetics is particularly great in the area of engineering sciences, this part of the newly developed field of knowledge being referred to as technical cybernetics.
To pave way for – прокладывать путь для
Cybernatic – кибернетика
Контрольная работа №4 (6 вариант)
1. Определите время и залог в предложениях и переведите их:
1. Considerable scientific efforts are being made to develop new electric locomotives.
2. The construction of underground railways will be started in Krasnoyarsk and Chelyabinsk.
3. Professional engineers carry out laboratory and field experiments.
4. Concrete and steel sleepers proved their reliability.
5. The engine is fitted with a series of alarms to warn the crew of impending problems.
2. Определите форму и функцию причастий. Предложения переведите.
1. The expedition taking place in Moscow promotes further international cooperation.
2. The problem discussed is of great importance.
3. Testing the new system, the engineers are using the fourth-generation computers.
3. Подчеркните независимый причастный оборот. Предложения переведите:
1. Rails and their joints are tested with the flaw detector, the rails being tested over their entire length.
2. Analytical work having been done, the engineers revealed what was demanded of track.
3. Test having been completed, the new track fastening system was used in turnouts and crossings.
4. Переведите текст с помощью словаря:
Progress on railways
Railroads carry a great volume of passengers and freight, they insure the activities of industry, agriculture, commerse and all economic spheres. The history of railroads has shown that the system is very responsive to new technological solutions. Railways use achievements in chemistry, physics, mathematics, cybernetics and other sciences.
Horse-traction rail was known long before the steam engine was invented. But the invention of the steam locomotives greatly transformed railroads. Then the world community ushered in the era of electric and diesel locomotives which completely replaced steam locomotives. What’s going on today? One cannot imagine a modern railway system without modern computers, satellite communication system, lasers and new materials being already in use on railroads will serve humanity for a long time in the future.
Horse-traction rail - рельсовая колея с конной тягой
Контрольная работа №4 (7 вариант)
1. Определите время и залог в предложениях и переведите их:
1. The program of modernizing 50 major terminals is under realization.
2. Personal computers have been provided to all engineering offices.
3. Regular train service is carried out over the entire length of the Baikal-Amur Railway.
4. Railways emerged and became a centralize means of mass traffic in the 19th century.
5. The most recent scientific and technological achievements have been widely introduced in transport.
2. Определите форму и функцию причастий. Предложения переведите.
1. Diagnostic methods being used everywhere are very important.
2. Having developed a new and better automatic block signalling, the engineers tested it.
3. Having new working components, the ballast cleaning machine minimizes track laying time.
3. Подчеркните независимый причастный оборот. Предложения переведите:
1. The volume of freight traffic in railway transport is to be increased, this being reached by enhancing labour productivity.
2. Automatic block signal system and dispatcher controlled signals having been used, the reconstructed railway went into working operation.
3. The Railway Transport Workers Union deals with a multitude of problems, the most important problems being labour safety.
4. Переведите текст с помощью словаря:
The Future Belongs to Modernized Transport
For a number of reasons, people makign trips to other countries prefer air transport. For example, tickets, passports and other documents of passenger traveling by air are inspected only once, while for rail passengers this procedure is repeated each time the train crosses a national border. The air passengers feel like members of the “elite”, a high-level service being provided to them.
Rail transport, however, has its own advantages: safer travel, location of passenger stations in central parts of cities, etc. At the same time, at passenger stations and in trains passengers are not satisfied enough with services. All extra services are paid separately.
Контрольная работа №4 (8 вариант)
1. Определите время и залог в предложениях и переведите их:
1. Soon each train will be equipped with several computers.
2. My friend offers to go to the railway station and take a look at the time-table.
3. The railroad developed and successfully tested an automatic tamper. (Шпалоподбивочная машина)
4. The problem of eliminating foreign military bases on the other countries’ territories has always been and still remains an important international problem.
5. Specialized wagons and containers will be used on a wider scale.
2. Определите форму и функцию причастий. Предложения переведите.
1. The students preparing new equipment for the laboratory will work at the new computer center.
2. New computers installed in the computer center are very efficient.
3. Having tested by the engineers, the new types of freight cars were launched into operation.
3. Подчеркните независимый причастный оборот. Предложения переведите:
1. The preparation having been completed, the automatic traffic control system was set up.
2. New locomotives are planned to be put into operation, their speed being considerably higher.
3. The newspaper being taken from me, I cannot read the article.
4. Переведите текст с помощью словаря:
Transport modernization
Railroads have to change or die. Modern problems cannot be solved on the basis of the concepts and methods of yesterday. The quality of service is the prime criterion which determines the customer’s choice. This means better services offered in trains and at stations, shortening the terms of delivery of cars, improving safety, providing information and so on. The future should belong to modernized transport. It is high time to think about the standard of life in big cities, where 70% of world population will reside in 30 years. Metro and railroad trains will probably be the only transportation means permitted to prevent the pollution of our air.
Контрольная работа №4 (9 вариант)
1. Определите время и залог в предложениях и переведите их:
1. These post-graduates are given difficult themes for research.
2. The foreign delegation has been met at the railway station.
3. Our students have already passed their exams.
4. They were told that their sister was making progress in German.
5. A new powerful electric locomotive of a new design has been produced at this plant.
2. Определите форму и функцию причастий. Предложения переведите.
1. Delivering a lecture our dean demonstrates a film.
2. They improve their work with the help of new machines received last month.
3. This article describing new computers is very interesting.
3. Подчеркните независимый причастный оборот. Предложения переведите:
1. Railway transport exhibition have become a good tradition, with dozens of countries, transport organizations and firms taking part in them.
2. The work having been completed, we wrote a report about it.
3. The meeting having been over, the students went to the laboratory.
4. Переведите текст с помощью словаря:
International Exhibitions
Rail travel, both freight and passenger, is of international importance today. Society is becoming more and more urban which is creating greater sarvicing and safety requirements. Scientific and technical progress in railway transport will continue to give priority to the electrification of main lines, this being started at the Third International Exhibition “Railway Transport” which was held in our country. The exhibition had on display new types of cars, diagnostic and testing system, technological equipment and instruments for rolling stock repair, passenger traffic technology. This international exhibition promoted accelerated scientific and technical progress in railway transport and technical cooperation.
Both………and…….-как……, так и …..
Контрольная работа №4 (10 вариант)
1. Определите время и залог в предложениях и переведите их:
1. Many kinds of computers are manufactured in the world.
2. The engineer apply new methods in their work.
3. The new computer center will be created by the end of 2010’s.
4. Many raw materials were discovered in Siberia.
5. Great attention is give to the safety of traffic.
2. Определите форму и функцию причастий. Предложения переведите.
1. The building of a new railway is a job involving many workers.
2. We heard our professor delivering a lecture on electronics.
3. Having tested a new equipment we could be sure of its efficiency.
3. Подчеркните независимый причастный оборот. Предложения переведите:
1. The new atomic power station having been built, many cities received cheap electricity.
2. The engineer has already solved this problem, many measurements being done by him.
3. The article on air brakes having been written, he published it in the International Railway Journal.
4. Переведите текст с помощью словаря:
Freight cars
There are different kinds of cars of different kinds of freight. The simplest type of a car is the flat car. It is a platform car with neither sides nor ends above the floor. It is used to carry logs, lumber, rails and heavy pieces of machinery. There are two common types of open-top cars: the gondola car and the hooper car.
The chief different between these two is that the gondola car has a flat floor, while the hopper car has a floor which slopes downward from each end and in some cars from the sides.
The bottom of the car has two or more hoppers, doors being opened downward. When these doors are open the entire contents of the hopper car will drop out.
In the field of the constriction of different kinds of railway cars one of the task is production of high capacity freight cars.
Neither.....nor......- ни….ни slope - наклонить
Platform car - вагон-платформа gondola car- полувагон
Open-top car - открытый вагон hopper car - вагон-хоппер
Методические указания студентам
Зачеты, установленные утвержденным учебным планом, служат формой проверки усвоения студентом знаний по изучаемым дисциплинам (теоретические зачеты), контроля выполнения лабораторных и расчетно-графических работ, курсовых проектов (работ), а также учебной, производственной и преддипломной практик. Теоретические зачеты оцениваются отметкой "зачет", "незачет". По некоторым дисциплинам, а также курсовым проектам (работам), и всем видам практик предусмотрены зачеты с оценками "отлично", "хорошо", "удовлетворительно", "неудовлетворительно" (так называемые дифференцированные зачеты). Теоретический зачет проводится по окончании чтения семестрового курса лекций до начала экзаменационной сессии путем опроса или в иной форме, устанавливаемой филиалом; принимается преподавателем, читающим лекционный курс, и при положительных результатах оценивается отметкой "зачет", проставляемой в зачетную книжку студента и зачетную ведомость, а при отрицательных результатах - отметкой "незачет", проставляемой только в зачетную ведомость. Преподавателю предоставляется право поставить зачет без опроса тем студентам, которые в процессе занятий и по результатам промежуточного контроля и текущей аттестации показали успешное овладение учебным материалом. Неявка студента на зачет проставляется преподавателем в зачетной ведомости отметкой "неявка". Студент имеет право до окончания экзаменационной сессии на пересдачу каждого зачета (курсового проекта, работы и т. д.) не более двух раз. Дата, время и аудитория проведения теоретического зачета и проведения двух его пересдач назначаются преподавателем и согласовываются с учебным отделом филиала. Студенты, не выполнившие без уважительных причин до начала экзаменационной сессии всех установленных учебным планом лабораторных, расчетно-графических работ, домашних заданий, курсовых проектов (работ) не допускаются к экзамену по данной дисциплине. К экзаменам по другим дисциплинам они могут быть допущены по разрешению заместителя директора филиала. При наличии уважительных причин (болезнь, семейные обстоятельства и др.) невыполнения в полном объеме учебного плана семестра студенту по его заявлению на имя директора филиала может быть предоставлена возможность сдачи зачетно - экзаменационной сессии по индивидуальному графику.
Вопросы к зачету
1. Прочитайте и переведите текст. (10 вариантов текста)
2. Прочитайте и перескажите текст (10 вариантов текста)
3. Прочитайте, переведите и опровергните утверждения. (10 вариантов наборов утверждений).
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