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d) I would like to....... about our Draft Contract.

e) We........ to your prompt reply.

f) He wishes to...... with our guests as soon as possible.

g) I don't like the way they......

h) He is so quick - tempered, he cannot.....

33. Заполните пропуски соответствующими буквами.
Company campaign

a) This...... was established 2 years ago.

b) It is very important to conduct political. honestly.

c) He has been with this... for a long time and contributed a lo in... for

diversification of goods.

d) This public.... is devoted to him.

e) Our...... is almost always successful in business.

34. Вставьте в предложения нужные слова (assortment, retailer, costumer, wholesaler, discount, guaranty, channels).

1. The....... is the most expensive link between a producer and a consumer.

2. The....... is an important link between a producer and a customer.

3. I can't...... you good quality of service.

4. Usually a wholesaler has a large..... of items.

5. A wholesaler does not deal with the... , he deals with a retailer.

6. There are different...... of distribution helping to bring goods to the market.

7. The department store gives a 30% .... on all Chinese shoes.

35. Переведите на английский язык.

1. Изучение рынка позволяет предсказывать общие направления спроса на тот
или иной товар.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. Потребители хотят покупать лучший товар по самой низкой цене.

НЕ нашли? Не то? Что вы ищете?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. Спрос на товар очень чувствителен к изменению цены.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………..…………

4. Деятельность бизнесменов направлена на продвижение товаров и услуг а
потребителю.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………

5. Все люди реагируют на рекламу.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

6. Товары этой фирмы пользуются большим спросом на мировом рынке.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

7. Наша фирма ежегодно представляет свой товар на ярмарке.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

8. Все товары и услуги имеют свою цену.

…………………………………………………………………………………

36. Переведите на родной язык следующие высказывания. Знаете ли Вы какие-либо другие английские пословицы или выражения, касающиеся денег и экономики?

1. An accountant is a hired to explain to you that you didn't make the money you did
(anonymous).

2. A bargain is something you have to find a use for once you have bought it.
(Benjamin Franklin).

3. Public money is like holy water. Everyone helps himself. (Italian proverb)

4. Economics is a subject that does not greatly respect one's wishes.
(Nikita Khrushchev).

5. It makes no difference whether you think you can, or you think you can't. You will.
(Henry Ford).

37. Ниже представлены некоторые выражения с числами. Решите, какие из словесных выражений, приведенных ниже, относятся к этим числам. Какие числа пропущены?

Заполните пропуски.

1. Invoice № 000/196

2. A gross profit of 17.5%
3.31 March 1994

4. The list price is $61.558

5. Profit before interest and tax of $ 1.753.000

6. An annual rate of interest of 23.7%

7. A handling charge of 1. 1/2 %

8. Total interest charge of $ 4.22

9. 653 m operating profits

a) Four pounds twenty two

b) Seventeen point five per cent

c) Twenty three point seven per cent

d) Sixty one thousand five hundred and fifty eight

e) One million seven hundred and fifty three thousand

f) Seventeen hundred and ninety-five

g) Six hundred and fifty three million

h) The thirty first of March nineteen ninety-four

i) four point two two

j) One and a half per cent

k) Three о five stroke nineteen......

1) One and a quarter per cent

38. А теперь проверим, насколько Вы экономны в жизни. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. Have you ever borrowed money from anyone?

Who from? How much?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Have you ever lent money to anyone?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Who to? How much?

Are you in a debt at the moment?

Does anyone owe you any money?

Do you save money?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Are you saving anything at the moment? What?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. Do you keep your money:

a) in a bank? c) in a money-box?

b) in a safe? d) under the bed?

3. Do you spend more than earn? Or less than you earn?

Do you have a budget for your money? Do you keep a record of your expenses?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

4. Where do vou keep your money?

a) in a purse

b) in a wallet

c) in a handbag

d) in a pocket

5. If you keep it in a pocket, which pocket do you keep it in?

a) inside jacket-pocket

b) back trouser to pocket

c) side trouser-pocket

d) top jacket-pocket

6.Have you ever had your pocket picked?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..….

7. Have you bought anything this week? What?

What did it cost?

Was it worth it?

Was it new or second-hand?

Was it a bargain?

Did you get a receipt?

39. Read and translate the text

40. Put different types of questions the text

41. Read and translate the dialogue.

42. Put questions to the dialogue and let your fellow-students answer them.

43. Translate the vocabulary words.

44. Make up several sentences using the words from the vocabulary.

Раздел VIII

СТРАНОВЕДЕНИЕ

1. Read and translate the text.

UK Political System

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a constitutional monarchy. This means that Great Britain is governed by the Parliament and the Queen is Head of State. The Houses of Parliament exercise the legislative power in the country. The British Parliament consists of two chambers.: the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The House of Lords is composed of hereditary and life peers and peeresses. The people elect the members of the House of Commons. They are elected from the constituencies in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The House of Commons is the real governing body of the United Kingdom.

The executive power is exercised by Prime Minister and his Cabinet. The governments usually formed by the political party whishes supported by the majority in the House of Commons. Prime Minister is the majority party leader and is appointed by the Queen. Prime Minister chooses a team of ministers; twenty of the ministers are in the Cabinet.

The second largest party becomes the official opposition with its own leader and the Shadow Cabinet.

The two leading parties in Great Britain are the Conservative Party (the Tones) and the Labor Party.

The judiciary branch of the government determines common law and is independent of both the legislative and the executive branches.

There is no written constitution in Great Britain, only precedents and traditions.

Vocabulary

2. Learn the wards by heart.

- A constitutional monarchy – конституционная монархия;

The Queen – королева;

Head of State – глава государства;

- The legislative power – законодательная власть

To be exercised by – осуществляться чем-либо;

The Houses of Parliament – парламент;

The House of Lords – палата лордов;

The House of Commons – палата общин;

To be composed of smb. – состоять из кого-либо;

Hereditary and life peers – наследственные и пожизненные;

- The executive power – исполнительная власть

Prime Minister – премьер-министр;

The Cabinet – кабинет;

To be formed by smth. – образовываться, формироваться чем-либо;

To be supported by the majority – поддерживаться большинством;

The majority party leader – лидер партии большинства;

To be appointed by – назначаться кем-либо;

To choose a team of ministers – создавать команду министров;

- The official opposition – официальная оппозиция;

The Shadow Cabinet – теневой кабинет;

- The judiciary branch of the government – судебная власть;

To determine common law – определять гражданское право;

To be independent of smth. – не зависеть от чего-либо;

- A written constitution – «письменная» конституция;

A precedent – прецедент.

3. Answer the questions.

1. What does the term «constitutional monarchy» mean? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. What body (орган) exercises the legislative power in the country? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. How are the chambers of the Parliament composed? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

4. What body exercises the executive power? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

5. How is the executive branch of the government formed? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

6. What is the official opposition? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

7.What does the judiciary branch of the government do? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

9. Is there a written Constitution in Great Britain?…………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

4. Translate into English.

1. Термин «конституционная монархия» означает, что Великобритания управляется парламентом, а главой государства является королева.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. Законодательная власть принадлежит парламенту, состоящему из двух палат.

3. Члены палаты общин, реального органа управления страной, избираются: народом.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

4. Премьер-министр назначается королевой, и сам назначает кабинет.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

5. Исполнительная власть в стране осуществляется премьер-министром и его кабинетом.

6. Партия, имеющая большинство в палате общин, формирует правительство.

7. Члены палаты общин избираются от округов в Англии, Шотландии, Уэльсе и Северной Ирландии. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

8. Официальная оппозиция формирует свой теневой кабинет. ……………………………………………………………………………………………

9. Судебная власть определяет гражданское право. ……………………………………………………………………………………………..10. В Англии вместо письменной конституции существуют прецеденты и традиции.

The Problem of Transport

1. Read the story.

The Problem of Transport

What are cities for - cars or people? Do people without cars not matter at all? In some cities, such as Los Angeles it is impossible to live without a car. A friend of mine used to live opposite a supermarket (напротив универмага) in Los Angeles. Unfortunately the road was a six lane (с шести рядным движением) motorway, and there was no way of crossing it. She had to drive two miles to a cloverleaf junction (развилка) where she was able to turn round, drive two miles back and buy her the time she reached her home again, she'd driven eight miles to cross the road!

All large cities have the problem of transport. In some of them people think that the only answer is to forbid (запретить) cars from coming into the center of the city. But then what will all the people do? There must be better public transport, with more buses and underground trains. Perhaps we will have monorails like they have in Tokyo. In London, Oxford Street, one of the most important and busy roads in the capital is closed to private cars, and a lot of roads have special lanes for buses. This helps traffic to move more freely, and stops traffic jams (пробки).

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

2. Answer, the questions. (Mind that "Don't...", "Aren't...", "Isn't..." take quite a lengthy explanation as a rule.)

1. Are the cities for people? Aren't they for people?

2. Do people without cars matter in the city? Don't people without cars matter in the city?

3. Is it impossible to live without a car in some cities? Isn't it possible to live without a car in the city?

4. Is to forbid cars from coming into the center of the city the only answer? Isn't there any other answer?

5. Must there be better public transport? Mustn't there be better public transport?

6. Do all large cities have the problem of transport? Don't all large cities have the problem of transport?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

7. Is it exciting to have a car? Isn't it exciting to have a car? 8. Do you want to have a car? Don't you want to have a car?

3. Speak on the following topics.

1. Do you think (that) to forbid a car in the city is a good idea?

2.Why is public transport more useful than private in big cities?

3. What do you prefer: the bus or the underground? Why?

4. How is the problem of transport solved in London, Oxford Street?

5. In what part of Moscow is it possible to do the same?

6.What is a traffic jam?

7.Where does one need a car more, in town or in the country? Why?

4. Speak for or against cars and give your reasons.

For …

Cars allow people to travel faster.

To travel in cars is more comfortable.

Good motorways help the economy.

Cars are necessary if you live in the country.

You can stop and see all the beautiful places on your way.

Cars save time.

Against …

Cars destroy (разрушают) the beauty of the countryside.

People walk less and exercise less.

Cars bring air pollution to our cities.

There are so many cars that they leave no place for people. '

Cars don't save, time at all in the cities because of traffic jams.

You pass beautiful places without actually seeing them.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

5. Read and translate the story. What do you think of it? Tell the story in your own words. Read the selection. These words will help you. Learn the wards by heart.

Omnibus (old word) - bus;

Brakes - the part of a bus, car, etc. that makes the wheels stop;

Tilt - Jean to one side;

Self-propelled - that moves by a motor; vehicles - road transport: cars, buses, lorries, etc.;

Restrictions - laws to prevent certain things;

Relaxed - made (them) Jess strict; fuel - substance burned to produce power;

Trailer - an extra section of a car, train, etc. attached to the back of a vehicle and pulled along;

Canteen - restaurant for the staff;

Grandstands - seats for spectators, viewers;

Do away with - remove, discontinue, get rid of;

Flat fare - one price for traveling any distance;

Simulates - copies and gives a similar effect; cab - where the driver sits (bus, lorry);

Ached - was hurt;

Threaten – say or indicate that you will do the unpleasant, violent (if you don't get what you want).

ON THE BUSES

created. The stairs to reach the top deck and the top deck itself were not protected from the wind and the rain, so passengers must have had an uncomfortable ride sitting back to back on long wooden benches. To make it worse, the wheels were made of wood and metal with very primitive brakes.

The basic design remained the same for many years - even when buses became motorized - the only improvement being the introduction of solid rubber wheels. The faults in the design became obvious and caused a public scandal when, in 1906, a long-distance bus lost control going downhill - ten people were swept off the top deck by overhanging trees and killed.

However, buses were still not allowed to have roofs because it was thought that the extra weight would make them top-heavy. It is still forbidden for passengers to stand as this might raise the center of gravity and special machines arc used to test how far a loaded bus can tilt before it falls on its side.

Horse-drawn vehicles were still in use many years after the invention of the motor. This was because the government restrictions on "self-propelled" vehicles were very strict. A man with a red flag had to walk in front of any vehicle with a motor. This was of course very slow and not practical for public transport. In 1896 another Act of Parliament relaxed these regulations and allowed motor vehicles to go as fast as horse-drawn vehicles. To celebrate this, the few people who actually owned cars drove down to Brighton at the new speed. This London-to-Brighton rally of fine old veteran cars still takes place each November.

The new motorbuses were made in the same styles as the old horse buses. This meant no windscreen in front of the driver as it was thought to be dangerous.

The original oil-lamp lighting (which the conductor had to pay for) was replaced by acetylene gas lighting; and for a short time during the Second World War buses even used gas as a fuel because of a petrol shortage. This involved pulling a trailer for the water tank and burning anthracite to make the gas; this made the buses so heavy that they could not go up hills.

Before London Transport was formed in 1933 to organize all the buses as well as underground trains, there were many private bus companies. Each company had a different color for its buses, which also helped the public to know where it was going. Nowadays all London buses are red except the single-decker green buses which go out into the country. These "Green-line" buses were taken out of service and used as canteens and ambulances during the war. Afterwards, in 1951, many London buses were sold abroad - especially in Yugoslavia.

Since then buses have been modernized in many ways. The main improvement is that they arc lower so they have roofs (although it is impossible for a tall man to stand upstairs). The old open double-deckers arc still sometimes used as a tourist attraction, for cutting the branches of high trees or even as grandstands at horse-races.

The old colored tickets, which the conductors had to clip, have been replaced by a roll of paper on a machine, which prints the fare. In many cases conductor has been done away with completely and the driver docs both jobs. The first "pay-as-you-enter" buses were tried as far back as 1946. There are both single and double-decker buses and the ones which only make short journeys have started charging a single flat fare however far you go. Unfortunately the automatic machines in these new buses were especially designed for the old sixpenny piece, which had almost gone out of circulation.

There is a very strict training course for all new drivers. Before they are allowed to drive through London they have to be able to control a bus on a dangerous track, which simulates all the worst conditions; these include water spraying to create artificial rain and an oily surface to test his ability to control a skid. At the moment it is still very

unusual for women to drive buses. A woman was employed as a bus driver in London for the first time only in June 1974. Mrs. Rosemount Vainer became London Transport's first woman bus driver after she passed her bus driver's test. She put down her conductor's ticket machine and climbed into the cab of a No. 65 double-decker. Rosemount wanted to be a bus driver when she was only eight years old. And now she is one. Her only problem at the beginning was the heavy steering wheel - sometimes she ached all over. On her first day her passengers reported that she drove the bus carefully "A wonderful driver". Only one-man driver at the garage canteen made an unpleasant remark about women drivers and Women's Lib. London bus service needs drivers badly. Recently, a fully qualified woman was offered the job of a bus driver in the Midlands - and all the men drivers threatened to go out en strike! The London bus itself may have progressed - but certain attitudes ~seem to take a lot longer.

6. Make your choice. Underline.

1. The first omnibuses stopped.

a) on only one side of the road;

b) at special bus-stops;

c) wherever you wanted them.

2.The ride on the top deck was.

a) very interesting;

b) rather uncomfortable;

c) much cheaper.

3. The basic design of a bus remained the same for many years, the only improvement being.

a) better brakes;

b) a roof over the top deck;

c) the introduction of solid rubber wheels.

4. The first motor vehicles were.

a) very practical for public transport;

b) as slow as horse-drawn vehicles;

c) allowed to move much faster.

5. The new motorbuses.

a) had a window-screen in front of a driver:

b) were made in the same style as the old horse buses.

c) had the same oil-lamp lighting.

6. Every company had buses of.

a) red color;

b) green cooler;

c) different colors.

7. Now there are.

a) both single - and double-decker buses;

b) only pay-as-you-enter buses in London;

c) only double-decker buses.

8. Answer the following questions.

1. When were omnibuses introduced to London?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

2. How many people did they carry at first?

3. How were the first double-deckers created?

……………………………………………………………………………………………

4. What were wheels of omnibuses made of?

……………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………….

5. When was a public scandal caused?

…………………………………………………………………………………………….

6. Why was it forbidden for passengers to stand?

…………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………

7. Why were horse-drawn vehicles in use many years after the invention of the motor?

…………………………………………………………………………………………….

8. When were the restrictions relaxed?

……………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………

9. Where did people who owned cars drive to celebrate this?

……………………………………………………………………………………………

10. When did the London-to-Brighton rally take place?

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

11. How were buses used during the Second World War?

12. When was London Transport formed?

13. When were many London buses sold abroad?

……………………………………………………………………………………………

14. How are old London buses still used?

……………………………………………………………………………………………

15. When did the first pay-as-you-enter London bus appear?

……………………………………………………………………………………………

16. Which buses have started charging a single flat fare?

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………

17. What were automatic machines in these buses designed for?

……………………………………………………………………………………………

18. When was the first woman employed as a bus driver?

19. What is her name?

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

20. Where else except London was a woman driver offered a job?

21. What was the reaction of men drivers?

8. Fit the meaning and the word.

1. obvious (2)

2. design (2)

3. fault (2)

4. gravity (3)

5. ambulance (6)

6. artificial (9)

7. go on strike (9)

8. attitude (9)

a) defect

b) a closed motor-van for carrying people who are ill, wounded (in the war) or hurt (in accidents)

c) man-made

d) the force that attracts all bodies on the earth towards the center of the earth

e) project, outline sketch, the general arrangement (of a machine)

f) a way of looking at life, a way of thinking, feeling or behavior g) clear, easily seen or understood

h) stop work to enforce demands

9.Use words from the reading selection.

1. The seats were put on the roof and the first double-decker buses were _____________

2. The basic _______________ remained the same for many years.

3. The faults in the design became __________________and caused a public scandal.

4. It is still ___________ for passengers to stand as this might raise the center of gravity.

5. The Act of Parliament relaxed these ________________ and allowed motor vehicles to go as fast as horse-drawn vehicles.

6. During the Second World War buses even_________________ used gas as a fuel because of the petrol.

7. The "Green-line" buses were taken out of service and used as __________________ and during the war.

8. The old colored tickets have been ____________by a machine, which prints the fare.

9. There is a very strict ___________________ course for all new drivers.

10. Only one-man driver at the garage canteen made an unpleasant _________________ about women drivers and Women's Lib.

10. What do these words mean?

a) downward inward outward upward homeward-

……………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………….

b) whenever wherever whoever whatever however-

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

c) downhill uphill downstairs upstairs inside outside –

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………..

d) long-distance top-heavy one-man horse-drawn self-propelled –

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

a. horse-races double-decker single-decker water-spraying-

……………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………….

11. Mini-test (dictation).

Omnibuses were introduced to London in 1829. These carriages were pulled by horses and, because there were no bus stops, they stopped wherever you wanted them to - and on either side of the road. At first they only carried about twelve people who all sat inside; but later, seats were put on the roof and the first double-decker buses were created. The stairs to reach the top deck and the top deck itself were not protected from the wind and the rain, so passengers must have had an uncomfortable ride sitting back to back on long wooden benches. To make it worse, the wheels were made of wood and metal with very primitive brakes.

12. Fill in the wards in the table.

H……………… S………………

Из за большого объема этот материал размещен на нескольких страницах:
1 2 3 4 5

Экономическое сотрудничество (стр. 4 )

Партнерка на США и Канаду по недвижимости, выплаты в крипто

The Problem of Transport

ON THE BUSES

Домашний очаг

Справочная информация

Техника

Общество

Образование и наука

Мир

Бизнес и финансы