Английский язык (стр. 3 )

- помогать в работе международной криминальной полиции;

- страны-члены организации;

- решать политические вопросы;

- исполнительный комитет;

- международная деятельность;

- преступления на почве расовой нетерпимости;

- социальная безопасность;

- торговля людьми;

- преступления в сфере хай-тек.

Answer the questions

1. What is Interpol?

2. When was Interpol established?

3. What were the main purposes of Interpol creation?

4. How many member countries are there in the organization at the moment?

5. Where is the organization headquartered?

6. How regularly does the general assembly meet?

7. What does the general secretariat coordinate?

8. Is Interpol a nonpolitical organization?

9. What is forbidden for Interpol?

10. What can you say about the activity of Interpol today?

Part two. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Text 1.2.

Words and expressions

to be governed – управляться

to be exercised - осуществляться

to be composed of – состоять из

hereditary and life peers - наследственные и пожизненные пэры

bishops –епископы

to be supported by the majority - поддерживаться большинством

to be appointed - назначаться

to determine common law – определять гражданское право

independent – независимый

UK POLITICAL SYSTEM

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a constitutional monarchy. This means that Great Britain is governed by Parliament and the Queen is Head of State.

The legislative power in the country is exercised by the Houses of Parliament. The British Parliament consists of two chambers: the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The House of Lords is composed of hereditary, life peers and bishops of the English Church. The members of the House of Commons are elected by the people. The House of Commons is the real governing body of the United Kingdom. The executive power is exercised by the Prime Minister and his Cabinet. The government is usually formed by the political party which is supported by the majority in the House of Commons. The Prime Minister is the majority party leader and is appointed by the Queen. The Prime Minister chooses a team of ministers; twenty of the ministers are in the Cabinet.

The second largest party becomes the official opposition with its own leader and the Shadow Cabinet. The two leading parties in Great Britain are the Conservative Party (the Tories) and the Labour Party.

The judiciary branch of the government determines common law and is independent on both the legislative and the executive branches.

There is no written constitution in Great Britain, only precedents and traditions.

Find in the text the English equivalents for the words and expressions below

- конституционная монархия;

- глава государства;

- Палата общин;

- наследственные пэры;

- правящий орган Соединённого Королевства;

- лидер партии большинства;

- теневой кабинет;

- Лейбористская партия;

- Консервативная партия.

Answer the questions

1. What does the term “constitutional monarchy” mean?

2. What body exercises the legislative power in the country?

3. How are the chambers of Parliament composed?

4. What body exercises the executive power?

5. How is the executive branch of the government formed?

6. What is the official opposition?

7. What does the judiciary branch of the government do?

8. Is there a written constitution in Great Britain?

Text 2.2.

Words and expressions

to reign - править

engagement – дело, занятие, обязательство

Commonwealth – Британское Содружество Наций

THE QUEEN

The formal Head of the Government in Great Britain is the King or the Queen.

The Queen of Britain nowadays is Elizabeth II. There have been kings and queens in England since the year 802 and the monarch once had total power. Now the Queen is said “to reign, not to rule”. However, she has a lot of rights of legislative, executive and judicial character. Though her power is nowadays limited, she and other members of the royal family lead very busy lives. They have a great many public engagements – state ceremonies, like the Opening of Parliament, official meetings for important foreign visitors, good-will journeys abroad. The Queen meets the Prime Minister every week and receives copies of all Cabinet papers. Elizabeth is the official Head of the Church of England. She is also the Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces of the UK. She is not only the monarch of the United Kingdom but also of Australia, Canada, New Zealand and many other countries in the Commonwealth.

For many people, Queen Elizabeth II is a symbol of unity of nation. She is very popular in the country.

Find in the text the English equivalents for the words and expressions below

- официальная глава правительства;

- абсолютная власть;

- править, управлять;

- общественные обязательства;

- визиты доброй воли за границу;

- глава английской Церкви;

- символ единства нации.

Answer the questions

1. Who is the formal Head of the Government in Great Britain?

2. Why is the Queen said “to reign, not to rule”?

3. What are the public engagements of the royal family?

4. How often does the Queen meet the Prime Minister?

5. The Queen is not only the monarch of the United Kingdom but also of some others countries. What are they?

6. What do you think, why is Elizabeth II so popular in the country?

Text 3.2.

Words and expressions

to influence - влиять

feature - черта

the sources of law – источники права

legislation – законодательство, законы

common law – общее право

Order - устав

by-law – подзаконный акт

case law – прецедентное право

decision - решение

accusatorial - обвинительный

evidence –свидетельские показания

LAW IN UK

The United Kingdom does not have a single legal system. England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland all have their own legal systems and law courts. The law in Scotland was influenced by Roman law and is different from the law of England, Wales and Northern Ireland. However, there are some common features to all systems in the United Kingdom: the distinction between civil law and criminal law, the sources of law. The main sources of law are legislation, common law and European Community law. Legislation consists of Acts of Parliament, Orders and by-laws made by local government.

The English legal system is centralized through a court structure which is common to the whole country. Some important characteristics of English law are:

1. English law is based on the common law tradition. We also call the common law as “case law”. By this we mean a system of “judge-made” law which has developed over the years through the decisions of judges in the cases brought before mon law systems are different from the civil law systems of Western Europe and Latin America.

2. English judges have an important role in developing case law and stating the meaning of Acts of Parliament.

3. The judges are independent of the government and the people appearing before them.

4. Court procedure is accusatorial. This means that judges do not investigate the cases but make a decision based only on the evidence presented to them by the parties to the dispute.

Find in the text the English equivalents for the words and expressions below

- общие черты;

- основные источники права;

- право, созданное судьей;

- система общего права;

- развивать прецедентное право;

- расследовать дело;

- стороны в споре.

Answer the questions

1. Does the United Kingdom have a common legal system?

2. What are the common features to all systems in the United Kingdom?

3. What are the main sources of law in UK?

4. What does legislation consist of?

5. What is English law based on?

6. What can you say about the role of judges in the English legal system?

7. What do we mean when we say that court procedure is accusatorial?

Text 4.2.

Words and expressions

Equity – право Справедливости

сode – кодекс, свод законов

a point of law – правовой вопрос

decide the case – вынести решение по дулу

opinion - мнение

scholary writing – научные работы

influence - влияние

the Chancery – канцлерский суд

to supplement - дополнять

justice –(зд.) справедливость

substance – суть, сущность, содержание

rigid – жёсткий, суровый, непреклонный

COMMON LAW AND EQUITY

English law is based on Common mon law system has no codes. It is based on judicial precedent. We also call the common law as “case” law or “Judge-made” law. It means that when one judge decided a point of law, any judge who has the similar set of facts must decide the case in the same way as in the earlier judgement. In other words, the judge uses the process of analogy. And it is in this way that the generations of judges have built up the Common law. When a court consists of several judges, each can express a separate opinion. Scholary writing has some influence, and its influence is growing, but the opinion of practising lawyers – professional opinion – is more important.

Equity is a system of law originating in the English Chancery. It supplements Common law. There are no legal rights in Equity, as the decision is based on moral rights and natural justice. In a court of Equity precedent is secondary to natural justice. Over the centuries, equity courts developed maxims to assist the judges. Some of the typical maxims of equity are:

- He who comes into equity must do so with clean hands.

- He who seeks equity must do equity.

- Equity regards the substance rather than the form.

Equity has become a system of law protecting rights of individuals. It can soften Common law rules where they are too rigid.

Find in the text the English equivalents for the words and expressions below

- судебный прецедент;

- похожий состав фактов;

- раннее судебное решение;

- высказывать свою точку зрения;

- дополнять Общее право;

- моральные права и естественная справедливость;

- разрабатывать принципы;

- помогать судьям;

- защищать права личности;

- смягчать строгие правила.

Answer the questions

1. What is Common law based on?

2. What are the other terms for Common law?

3. What is more important in Common law – the scholary writing or the professional opinion of lawyers?

4. What is Equity?

5. What is Equity based on?

6. Give some examples of the typical maxims of equity.

7. How can Equity protect the rights of individuals?

Text 5.2.

Words and expressions

magistrates’ court – мировой суд, магистратский суд

Crown Court – суд Короны (уголовный суд присяжных)

magistrate, Justice of the Peace - мировой судья

to impose a sentence - налагать наказание

County Courts – суды графств

divorce - развод

the High Court of Justice – Высокий суд правосудия

property rights – имущественные права

Queen’s Bench – суд королевской скамьи

chief judicial officer – главное судебное должностное лицо

THE COURT SYSTEM OF ENGLAND AND WALES

There are two main types of courts in England and Wales: magistrates’ courts and Crown Courts.

The most common type of Law court is the magistrates’ court. It’s the court of the first instance. It deals with about 95 per cent of criminal cases and with some civil matters. There are 700 magistrates’ courts in England and Wales. A court usually consists of three magistrates or Justices of the Peace (JPs) who are ordinary citizens. They work part-time and are unpaid. But in London and some other big cities magistrates are professional men. They are full-time and paid. Magistrates may not impose a sentence of more than six months imprisonment or a fine more than 2000 pounds.