Английский язык (стр. 6 )

the elderly - пожилые

nuclear weapon – ядерное оружие

to vote - голосовать

to fit – подходить

POLITICAL PARTIES IN THE USA

In the USA there is a two-party system. The US Constitution says nothing about political parties, but they began during George Washington’s term of office. On one side were the Federalists. They wanted a strong federal government. On the other side, the Democratic-Republicans wanted to limit the power of the national government. Their leader was Thomas Jefferson, and later they became the Democratic Party.

Some of the early political parties, such as the Federalists and the Whigs, no longer exist. Since 1854, the major parties have been the Democrats and the Republicans. There are other parties beside these two, but they do not play a role in national politics. “Third” parties have won in local elections, but their candidates have never won Presidential elections.

The Democratic Party is the oldest party in the United States. In 1829, Andrew Jackson became the first Democratic President. Since that time, the ideas of the party have changed. Nowadays Democrats often want the government to establish social programs for people in need, such as the poor, the unemployed, and the elderly. They usually say they believe in equal rights for women and minorities and they oppose nuclear weapon and too much military spending. The symbol of the Democratic Party is the donkey.

The Republican Party began in 1854. The first Republican candidate to become President was Abraham Lincoln. In general, Republicans vote more conservatively than Democrats. They want government to support big business but not to control the lives of citizens. They often oppose government spending for social programs but support military spending. The party symbol is the elephant.

Many people say that there is no difference between the Republican and Democratic Parties. The traditional European terms of “right” and “left”, or “conservative” and “liberal” do not quite fit the American system. Here both liberal and conservative members belong to the two major political parties, and their ideas often change. As a result, the political parties in the USA have much less actual power than they do in other nations.

Find in the text the English equivalents for the words and expressions below

- двухпартийная система;

- с другой стороны;

- ограничивать власть;

- руководитель;

- крупные партии;

- играть роль в национальной политике;

- местные выборы;

- создать социальные программы для тех, кому нужна помощь;

- равные права для меньшинств;

- затраты на военные нужды;

- поддерживать крупное предпринимательство;

- обладать реальной властью.

Answer the questions

1. What are the main political parties in the USA?

2. Are there any other parties in the USA?

3. What is the oldest American party? What is their symbol?

4. What do the Democrats oppose?

5. When was the Republican Party founded?

6. What do the Republicans support?

7. Is there much difference between the Republican and Democratic Parties?

Text 7.3.

Words and expressions

significant differences –существенные различия

courtroom – зал суда

attorney – поверенный, юрист, адвокат, прокурор

counselor – адвокат (США)

negotiator - посредник

litigator –сторона в судебном процессе

to engage in factual investigation – заниматься фактическим расследованием

to order the client’s affairs – приводить в порядок дела клиента

opposing counsel – адвокат противной стороны

to get a favorable resolution – добиться благоприятного решения

motion - ходатайство

locate – устанавливать местонахождение

to maintain order – поддерживать порядок

fact-finder - следователь

to assess - оценивать

to return a verdict – вынести вердикт

critical issues – спорные вопросы

to encourage dispute – способствовать возникновению разногласий

THE AMERICAN LEGAL PROFESSION

The American legal profession, like American law, has its roots in England, but with significant differences. In England, legal profession is divided between office lawyers (solicitors), and courtroom lawyers (barristers).

In the United States, there is no division of the profession, and a lawyer usually does both office work and courtroom work. There is, however, a great deal of variety in the types of work done by lawyers.

Attorney is the official name for a lawyer in the USA. The lawyer may be a counselor, a negotiator and a litigator. In each of these roles, the lawyer will need to engage in factual investigation. Counselors will help to advise the client how to order the client’s affairs. Negotiators will work with opposing counsels to try to get a favorable resolution for the client. Litigators will help to pick a jury and participate in pre-trial motions. All of these roles require investigation, including locating and interviewing witnesses.
The judge is the final arbiter of the law. The main job of the judge is to state, what the law is. The judge also must maintain order in the courtroom. Judges in federal courts are appointed by the President. Many state court judges are elected be popular vote.

The jury, a group of local citizens, is the fact-finder in most trials. The jury will receive instructions from the judge as to the law, and its members will assess the facts in light of the law to return a verdict.

Today, the number of lawyers in the United States is constantly growing. They have one lawyer for every 350 people. The legal profession is very popular in the USA. It’s a well-paid and respectable occupation. Some factors in American life create demand for legal services. For example, the principles of separation of powers and of check and balances make governing difficult, so critical issues are decided in the courts. Pluralist democracy and individualism in American culture also encourage dispute. No wonder that America needs a lot of lawyers.

Find in the text the English equivalents for the words and expressions below

- профессия юриста;

- работать и в офисе и в зале суда;

- давать советы клиенту;

- участвовать в ходатайстве до суда;

- допрашивать свидетелей;

- поддерживать порядок в зале суда;

- избираться всеобщим голосованием;

- судебный процесс;

- хорошо оплачиваемая и уважаемая профессия;

- создавать потребность в услугах юриста.

Answer the questions

1. What are the main roles of a lawyer in the USA?

2. What is the main job of the judge?

3. What are the main functions of the jury?

4. Why is the number of lawyers in the USA increasing?

5. What factors create demand for legal services?

Text 8.3.

Words and expressions

investigative body – следственный орган

internal intelligence agency – внутренняя разведка

field offices – отделения на местах

investigative jurisdiction –следственные полномочия

violation - нарушение

to uphold –поддерживать, защищать

to combat - бороться

white-collar crime –беловоротничковая преступность (коррупция, уход от налогов и т. д.)

fidelity – верность

bravery – храбрость

integrity – честность

FBI – FEDERAL BEREAU OF INVESTIGATION

The Federal Bureau of Investigation is an agency of the United States Department of Justice. It serves as both a federal criminal investigative body and an internal intelligence agency. FBI was established in 1908. In 1924, J. Edgar Hoover became the first FBI Director and served for 48 years. Under his leadership, the FBI was reorganized. Nowadays there are fifty-six field offices in major cities throughout the United States as well as over 400 resident agencies in smaller cities and towns across the country. There are also more than 50 international offices all over the world. The FBI’s headquarter is located in Washington D. C.

The FBI has investigative jurisdiction over violations of more than 200 categories of federal crimes. The FBI's main goal is to protect and defend the United States against terrorist and foreign intelligence threats, to uphold and enforce the criminal laws of the United States, and to provide leadership and criminal justice services to federal, state, municipal, and international agencies and partners. Currently, the FBI's top investigative priorities are:

1. Protect the United States from terrorist attack;

2. Protect the United States against foreign intelligence operations and espionage;

3. Protect the United States against cyber-based attacks and high-technology crimes;

4. Combat public corruption at all levels;

5. Protect civil rights;

6. Combat transnational/national criminal organizations and enterprises (organized crime);

7. Combat major white-collar crime;

8. Combat significant violent crime;

9. Support federal, state, local and international partners;

10. Upgrade technology for successful performance of the FBI's mission

The motto of FBI is "Fidelity, Bravery, Integrity".

Find in the text the English equivalents for the words and expressions below

- штаб-квартира;

- главная цель;

- защищать США;

- угрозы иностранной разведки;

- обеспечивать руководство;

- приоритеты в области расследования;

- шпионаж;

- бороться с крупными насильственными преступлениями;

- успешное выполнение;

- девиз.

Answer the questions

1. What is the FBI?

2. When was the FBI established?

3. Who was the first Director of the FBI?

4. Where is the FBI headquartered?

5. What is the main goal of the FBI?

6. Give at least five examples of the FBI’s top priorities.

7. What is the FBI’s motto?

Список литературы

1. Валдавина, английского языка для студентов юридических специальностей [Текст]: Учебник / , . – М.: ГИС, 2003. – 352с.

2. Гуманова, Ю.Л. Just English. Английский для юристов [Текст]: Учебное пособие / , ёва, . – М.: Гуманитарное знание, ТЕИС, 1996. – 198с.

3. Зеликман, для юристов [Текст]: Учебник / . - Изд. 6-е, доп. и переработ. - Ростов н/Д: Феникс, 2003. – 416с.

4. Комаровская, С. Д. Justice and the Law in Britain [Текст]: учебник английского языка для юристов / . – 2-е изд, исп. – М.: «Книжный дом «Университет», 1998. – 240с.

5. Крупченко, А.К. Law in Russia. Internationalization of law [Текст]: Учебное пособие для юристов / . – М.: 1999. – 187с.

6. Немировская, для юристов [Текст]: Учебное пособие / , , . – М.: Омега-Л; ИМПЭ-ПАБЛИШ, 2004. – 376с.

7. Сарамотина, тем для студентов 1 курса юридического факультета (английский язык) [Текст] / . – Кемерово: КемГУ, 2002. – 28с.

8. Тимощук, темы по английскому языку [Текст] / , . – Ростов н/Д: Феникс; Донецк: Кредо, 2007. – 352с.